The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) is a widely used self-administered diagnostic tool designed to screen for and assess the severity of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).[1] Comprising seven items, the GAD-7 measures the frequency of anxiety symptoms over the past two weeks, with respondents rating each item on a scale from "not at all" to "nearly every day." Developed by Dr. Robert L. Spitzer and colleagues,[1] the GAD-7 is commonly used in both clinical settings and research to identify GAD and to monitor treatment outcomes. It is valued for its simplicity, reliability, and validity in detecting anxiety symptoms in diverse populations.
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 item | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | GAD-7 |
| LOINC | 69737-5 |
The GAD-7 is normally used in outpatient and primary care settings for referral to a psychiatrist pending outcome.[2] A systematic review compared screening tools and concluded that the GAD-7 is the most efficient one for identifying GAD as well as panic disorders in primary care populations.[3]
Criteria
editThe GAD-7 has seven items, which measure severity of various signs of GAD according to reported response categories with assigned points.[2] The GAD-7 items include:
- Nervousness
- Inability to stop worrying
- Excessive worry
- Restlessness
- Difficulty in relaxing
- Easy irritation
- Fear of something awful happening[4]
Response options range from “not at all” (= 0 points), “several days” (= 1 point), “more than half the days” (= 2 points), and “nearly every day” (= 3 points) with a score range from 0-21 points.[1]
Interpretation of results
editThe assessment is indicated by the total score, which is made up by adding together the scores for the scale of all seven items with responses getting 0 to 3 points:
- Not at all (0 points)
- Several days (1 point)
- More than half the days (2 points)
- Nearly every day (3 points)[5]
The normative data enable users of the GAD-7 to discern whether an individual's anxiety score is normal, or mildly, moderately, or severely elevated.[6] However, while the GAD-7 seem to be able to provide probable cases of GAD, it cannot be used as replacement for clinical assessment and additional evaluation should be used to confirm a diagnosis of GAD.[1][7]
| Score | Risk Level | Suggested Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| 0-4 | No to Low risk | None |
| 5-9 | Mild | Repeat on follow-up |
| 10-14 | Moderate | Further evaluation required. Consider adjusting treatment plan. |
| 15+ | Severe | Adjust treatment plan. Higher level of care needed. Pharmacology re-evaluation. |
Reliability and validity
editThe GAD-7 was originally validated in a primary care sample and a cutoff score of 10 (which the authors considered optimal) had a sensitivity value of 0.89 and a specificity value of 0.82 for identifying GAD. The authors of the questionnaire also found acceptable sensitivity and specificity values when the questionnaire was used as a general screen to identify other anxiety disorders (Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety, and PTSD) (GAD-7, score ≥ 8: sensitivity: 0.77, specificity: 0.82).[8]
The GAD-7 has further been studied and validated in numerous other samples and settings. [9] It has been shown to correlate with other measures of anxiety and has been considered superior to other questionnaires. [10] [11][12] The GAD-7 has been evaluated in samples of both children and young individuals [13] as well as older adults. [14] It has been used in more than 2500 peer reviewed publications indexed in PubMed (current search here). The consensus is that it can efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.[15] A meta-analysis found that it achieved acceptable accuracy at a cutoff point of 8 (sensitivity of 0.83, specificity: 0.84, pooling 12 samples and 5223 participants).[16]
The use of sumscores (i.e. summing the scores of each item) is supported by psychometric studies in some contexts, but using techniques based on factor analysis are deemed more precise.[17]
See also
editExternal links
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B (May 2006). "A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7". Archives of Internal Medicine. 166 (10): 1092–1097. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092. PMID 16717171.
- ^ a b Löwe B, Decker O, Müller S, Brähler E, Schellberg D, Herzog W, et al. (March 2008). "Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population". Medical Care. 46 (3): 266–274. doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e318160d093. PMID 18388841. S2CID 16052239.
- ^ Herr NR, Williams JW, Benjamin S, McDuffie J (July 2014). "Does this patient have generalized anxiety or panic disorder?: The Rational Clinical Examination systematic review". JAMA. 312 (1): 78–84. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.5950. PMID 25058220.
- ^ Zhong QY, Gelaye B, Zaslavsky AM, Fann JR, Rondon MB, Sánchez SE, et al. (2015-04-27). "Diagnostic Validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 (GAD-7) among Pregnant Women". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0125096. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025096Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125096. PMC 4411061. PMID 25915929.
- ^ Swinson RP (December 2006). "The GAD-7 scale was accurate for diagnosing generalised anxiety disorder". Evidence-Based Medicine. 11 (6): 184. doi:10.1136/ebm.11.6.184. PMID 17213178. S2CID 42283551.
- ^ Löwe B, Decker O, Müller S, Brähler E, Schellberg D, Herzog W, et al. (March 2008). "Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population". Medical Care. 46 (3): 266–274. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e318160d093. JSTOR 40221654. PMID 18388841. S2CID 16052239.
- ^ Dugas MJ, Charette CA, Gervais NJ (2018). "Generalized Anxiety Disorder". In Hunsley J, Mash EJ (eds.). A Guide to Assessments That Work (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 293–310. doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190492243.003.0014. ISBN 978-0-19-049224-3.
- ^ Plummer F, Manea L, Trepel D, McMillan D (2016-03-01). "Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis". General Hospital Psychiatry. 39: 24–31. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005. PMID 26719105.
- ^ Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Löwe B (2010-07-01). "The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review". General Hospital Psychiatry. 32 (4): 345–359. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006. PMID 20633738.
- ^ Dear BF, Titov N, Sunderland M, McMillan D, Anderson T, Lorian C, et al. (September 2011). "Psychometric comparison of the generalized anxiety disorder scale-7 and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for measuring response during treatment of generalised anxiety disorder". Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 40 (3): 216–227. doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.582138. PMID 21770844.
- ^ Simpson W, Glazer M, Michalski N, Steiner M, Frey BN (August 2014). "Comparative efficacy of the generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale as screening tools for generalized anxiety disorder in pregnancy and the postpartum period". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 59 (8): 434–440. doi:10.1177/070674371405900806. PMC 4143300. PMID 25161068.
- ^ Peters L, Peters A, Andreopoulos E, Pollock N, Pande RL, Mochari-Greenberger H (March 2021). "Comparison of DASS-21, PHQ-8, and GAD-7 in a virtual behavioral health care setting". Heliyon. 7 (3): e06473. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06473. PMC 8010403. PMID 33817367.
- ^ Guzick A, Storch EA, Smárason O, Minhajuddin A, Drummond K, Riddle D, et al. (February 2024). "Psychometric properties of the GAD-7 and PROMIS-Anxiety-4a among youth with depression and suicidality: Results from the Texas youth depression and suicide research network". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 170: 237–244. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.12.033. PMID 38169247.
- ^ Wild B, Eckl A, Herzog W, Niehoff D, Lechner S, Maatouk I, et al. (October 2014). "Assessing generalized anxiety disorder in elderly people using the GAD-7 and GAD-2 scales: results of a validation study". The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 22 (10): 1029–1038. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.076. PMID 23768681.
- ^ Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B (May 2006). "A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7". Archives of Internal Medicine. 166 (10): 1092–1097. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092. PMID 16717171.
- ^ Plummer F, Manea L, Trepel D, McMillan D (2016). "Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis". General Hospital Psychiatry. 39: 24–31. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005. PMID 26719105.
- ^ De Man J, Absetz P, Sathish T, Desloge A, Haregu T, Oldenburg B, et al. (2021-05-13). "Are the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 Suitable for Use in India? A Psychometric Analysis". Frontiers in Psychology. 12: 676398. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676398. PMC 8155718. PMID 34054677.