A gastrointestinal cocktail, (also known as a GI cocktail or gastric cocktail), is a mixture of medications used to treat symptoms of dyspepsia.[1] The GI cocktail generally contains a mixture of viscous lidocaine, an antacid, and an anticholinergic.[1][2] The GI cocktail is commonly prescribed in the hospital or emergency department, and has been used to help distinguish chest pain as either gastrointestinal or cardiac.[1] While it has been widely used in the treatment of dyspepsia, studies have suggested that the GI cocktail is only as effective as antacids alone.[1]
The "GI cocktail" does not refer to a specific product. Rather, it refers to a mixture of viscous lidocaine, an antacid, and an anticholinergic.[1][2] Viscous lidocaine works as an anesthetic to numb pain in the throat, esophagus, and stomach. Antacids work to neutralize stomach acid. Anticholinergics work to ease symptoms that accompany dyspepsia including nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramping.
Contents and dosing
editThe GI cocktail is a mixture of a viscous anesthetic, an antacid, and an anticholinergic.[1][2] Common viscous anesthetics use are viscous lidocaine or xylocaine. Common antacids used are magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, or simethicone (more commonly known as Mylanta or Maalox).[3] Common anticholinergics used are hyoscyamine sulfate, atropine sulfate, scopolamine hydrobromide, and phenobarbital (more commonly known as Donnatal).[3] Typical dosing is 5ml of viscous anesthetic, 30ml of liquid antacid, and 10ml of anticholinergic.[3]
Medical uses
editThe GI cocktail is commonly prescribed in the hospital or emergency department to treat symptoms of dyspepsia.[4] These symptoms include: belching, heartburn, chest pain, abdominal discomfort, abdominal bloating, nausea, loss of appetite, and flatulence. Dyspepsia itself is not an illness, rather it is an indicator of chronic underlying gastrointestinal issues such as peptic ulcer disease, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, H. pylori gastritis, gastroparesis, or upper gastrointestinal cancers.[5][6] Dyspepsia can additionally be contributed to medications such as potassium supplements, NSAIDs, digitalis, iron, glucocorticoids, and colchicine, as well as lifestyle factors such as diet, stress, and cigarette smoking.[5][6]
Side effects
editSome people experience side effects that are the result of the individual medications used to make the GI cocktail. They include:
Viscous lidocaine:[7]
- Allergic reaction such as rash, itching, or hives. Swelling of the lips, tongue, mouth, face, and throat is possible in severe cases
- Numbness/tingling
- Visual changes
- Nervousness
- Confusion
- Chest pain
- Seizures
- Difficulty breathing
Antacid:[8]
- Allergic reaction such as rash, itching, or hives. Swelling of the lips, tongue, mouth, face, and throat is possible in severe cases
- Stomach cramps
- Nausea
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Headache
Anticholinergic:[9]
- Dry mouth
- Blurry vision
- Dry eyes
- Constipation
- Urinary retention
- Dizziness
- Confusion
- Heart arrhythmia
Efficacy
editPrior studies regarding the GI cocktail for management of dyspepsia in the emergency department have varied in quality of methodology and have demonstrated mixed results. A 1990 single-blind study performed by Welling and Watson[4] compared 30 mL of antacid with or without the addition of 15 mL of viscous lidocaine and concluded that the addition of viscous lidocaine provided a significantly greater degree of immediate pain relief than antacids alone in patients with dyspepsia. A 2004 single-blind study performed by Vike and Davis,[7] compared treatment with antacids plus either viscous lidocaine or benzocaine solution and did not find a statistically significant difference between the two treatment arms – however the study lacked an antacid monotherapy arm. A robust double-blind clinical trial performed in 2003 by Berman et al.[1] compared 30 mL of antacid monotherapy, antacid with the addition of 10 ml of an anticholinergic, and an antacid with anticholinergic with the addition of 10 mL of 2% viscous lidocaine. That study demonstrated no statistically significant difference in pain relief between treatment arms and concluded that all treatments were clinically effective. The ultimately recommended antacid monotherapy alone in the treatment of dyspepsia.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Berman DA, Porter RS, Graber M (October 2003). "The GI Cocktail is no more effective than plain liquid antacid: a randomized, double blind clinical trial". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 25 (3): 239–244. doi:10.1016/S0736-4679(03)00196-3. PMID 14585449.
- ^ a b c Warren J, Cooper B, Jermakoff A, Knott JC (September 2020). "Antacid Monotherapy Is More Effective in Relieving Epigastric Pain Than in Combination With Lidocaine: A Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial". Academic Emergency Medicine. 27 (9): 905–909. doi:10.1111/acem.14069. hdl:11343/276044. PMID 32602148. S2CID 220269999.
- ^ a b c Hamilton R (15 October 2010). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2010 Classic Shirt-Pocket Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-0-7637-7439-4.
- ^ a b Welling LR, Watson WA (July 1990). "The emergency department treatment of dyspepsia with antacids and oral lidocaine". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 19 (7): 785–788. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81704-4. PMID 2202240.
- ^ a b Talley NJ, Silverstein MD, Agréus L, Nyrén O, Sonnenberg A, Holtmann G (March 1998). "AGA technical review: evaluation of dyspepsia. American Gastroenterological Association". Gastroenterology. 114 (3): 582–595. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70542-6. PMID 9496950.
- ^ a b Fisher RS, Parkman HP (November 1998). "Management of nonulcer dyspepsia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 339 (19): 1376–1381. doi:10.1056/NEJM199811053391907. PMID 9801400.
- ^ a b Vilke GM, Jin A, Davis DP, Chan TC (July 2004). "Prospective randomized study of viscous lidocaine versus benzocaine in a GI cocktail for dyspepsia". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 27 (1): 7–9. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2003.12.026. PMID 15219296.
- ^ "CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
- ^ Lieberman JA (2004). "Managing anticholinergic side effects". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 6 (Suppl 2): 20–23. PMC 487008. PMID 16001097.