Generic routing encapsulation (GRE) is a tunneling protocol developed by Cisco Systems that can encapsulate a wide variety of network layer protocols inside virtual point-to-point links or point-to-multipoint links over an Internet Protocol network.[2]
| Communication protocol | |
| Purpose | Network tunneling |
|---|---|
| Developer(s) | Cisco Systems |
| Introduction | 1994[1] |
| RFC(s) | 1701, 1702, 2784 |
Example uses
edit- In conjunction with PPTP to create VPNs.
- In conjunction with IPsec VPNs to allow passing of routing information between connected networks.
- In mobility management protocols.
- In A8/A10 interfaces to encapsulate IP data to/from Packet Control Function (PCF).
- Linux and BSD can establish ad-hoc IP over GRE tunnels which are interoperable with Cisco equipment.
- Distributed denial of service (DDoS) protected appliance to an unprotected endpoint.
Example protocol stack
edit| OSI model layer | Protocol example |
|---|---|
| 7. Application | HTTP |
| 4. Transport | TCP |
| 3. Network (GRE-encapsulated) | IPv4 |
| Encapsulation | GRE |
| 3. Network | IPv6 |
| 2. Data link | Ethernet |
| 1. Physical | Ethernet physical layer |
Based on the principles of protocol layering in OSI, protocol encapsulation, not specifically GRE, breaks the layering order. It may be viewed as a separator between two different protocol stacks, one acting as a carrier for another.
Delivery protocols
editGRE packets that are encapsulated within IP directly, use IP protocol type 47 in the IPv4 header's Protocol field[3] or the IPv6 header's Next Header field.[4]
For performance reasons, GRE can also be encapsulated in UDP packets.[5] Better throughput may be achieved by using Equal-cost multi-path routing.
Packet header
editExtended GRE packet header (RFC 2890)
editThe extended version of the GRE packet header[6] is represented below:
Extended GRE header format Offsets Octet 0 1 2 3 Octet Bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 0 C K S Reserved 0 Version Protocol Type 4 32 Checksum (optional) Reserved 1 (optional) 8 64 Key (optional) 12 96 Sequence Number (optional)
- C (1 bit)
- Checksum bit. Set to 1 if a checksum is present.
- K (1 bit)
- Key bit. Set to 1 if a key is present.
- S (1 bit)
- Sequence number bit. Set to 1 if a sequence number is present.
- Reserved 0 (9 bits)
- Reserved bits; set to 0.
- Version (3 bits)
- GRE Version number; set to 0.
- Protocol Type (16 bits)
- Indicates the ether protocol type of the encapsulated payload. (For IPv4, this would be hex 0800.)
- Checksum (16 bits)
- Present if the C bit is set; contains the checksum for the GRE header and payload.
- Reserved 1 (16 bits)
- Present if the C bit is set; is set to 0.
- Key (32 bits)
- Present if the K bit is set; contains an application-specific key value.
- Sequence Number (32 bits)
- Present if the S bit is set; contains a sequence number for the GRE packet.
Standard GRE packet header (RFC 2784)
editA standard GRE packet header structure[7] is represented in the diagram below.
Standard GRE header format Offsets Octet 0 1 2 3 Octet Bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 0 C Reserved 0 Version Protocol Type 4 32 Checksum (optional) Reserved 1 (optional)
- C (1 bit)
- Checksum bit. Set to 1 if a checksum is present.
- Reserved 0 (12 bits)
- Reserved bits; set to 0.
- Version (3 bits)
- GRE Version number; set to 0.
- Protocol Type (16 bits)
- Indicates the ether protocol type of the encapsulated payload. (For IPv4, this would be hexadecimal 0x0800; for IPv6, it would be 0x86DD.[4])
- Checksum (16 bits)
- Present if the C bit is set; contains the checksum for the GRE header and payload.
- Reserved 1 (16 bits)
- Present if the C bit is set; its contents is set to 0.
Original GRE packet header (RFC 1701)
editThe newer structure superseded the original structure:[1]
Original GRE header format Offsets Octet 0 1 2 3 Octet Bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 0 C R K S s Recur Flags Version Protocol Type 4 32 Checksum (optional) Offset (optional) 8 64 Key (optional) 12 96 Sequence Number (optional) 16 128 Routing (optional, variable length)
The original GRE RFC defined further fields in the packet header which became obsolete in the current standard:
- C (1 bit)
- Checksum bit. Set to 1 if a checksum is present.
- R (1 bit)
- Routing Bit. Set to 1 if Routing and Offset information are present.
- K (1 bit)
- Key bit. Set to 1 if a key is present.
- S (1 bit)
- Sequence number bit. Set to 1 if a sequence number is present.
- s (1 bit)
- Strict source route bit.
- Recur (3 bits)
- Recursion control bits.
- Flags (5 bits)
- Reserved for future use, set to 0.
- Version (3 bits)
- Set to 0.
- Protocol Type (16 bits)
- Indicates the ether protocol type of the encapsulated payload.
- Checksum (16 bits)
- Present if the C bit is set; contains the checksum for the GRE header and payload.
- Offset (16 bits)
- Present if R bit or C bit is set; contains valid information, only if R bit is set. An offset field indicating the offset within the Routing field to the active source route entry.
- Key (32 bits)
- Present if the K bit is set; contains an application-specific key value.
- Sequence Number (32 bits)
- Present if the S bit is set; contains a sequence number for the GRE packet.
- Routing (variable)
- Present if R bit is set; contains a list of source route entries, therefore is of variable length.
PPTP GRE packet header
editThe Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) [8] uses a variant GRE packet header structure, represented below. PPTP creates a GRE tunnel through which the PPTP GRE packets are sent.
PPTP GRE header format Offsets Octet 0 1 2 3 Octet Bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 0 C R K S s Recur A Flags Version Protocol Type 4 32 Key Payload Length Key Call ID 8 64 Sequence Number (optional) 12 96 Acknowledgement Number (optional)
- C (1 bit)
- Checksum bit. For PPTP GRE packets, this is set to 0.
- R (1 bit)
- Routing bit. For PPTP GRE packets, this is set to 0.
- K (1 bit)
- Key bit. For PPTP GRE packets, this is set to 1. (All PPTP GRE packets carry a key.)
- S (1 bit)
- Sequence number bit. Set to 1 if a sequence number is supplied, indicating a PPTP GRE data packet.
- s (1 bit)
- Strict source route bit. For PPTP GRE packets, this is set to 0.
- Recur (3 bits)
- Recursion control bits. For PPTP GRE packets, these are set to 0.
- A (1 bit)
- Acknowledgment number present. Set to 1 if an acknowledgment number is supplied, indicating a PPTP GRE acknowledgment packet.
- Flags (4 bits)
- Flag bits. For PPTP GRE packets, these are set to 0.
- Version (3 bits)
- GRE Version number. For PPTP GRE packets, this is set to 1.
- Protocol Type (16 bits)
- For PPTP GRE packets, this is set to hex 880B.
- Key Payload Length (16 bits)
- Contains the size of the payload, not including the GRE header.
- Key Call ID (16 bits)
- Contains the Peer's Call ID for the session to which the packet belongs.
- Sequence Number (32 bits)
- Present if the S bit is set; contains the GRE payload sequence number.
- Acknowledgement Number (32 bits)
- Present if the A bit is set; contains the sequence number of the highest GRE payload packet received by the sender.
Standards
edit- RFC 1701: Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) (informational)
- RFC 1702: Generic Routing Encapsulation over IPv4 networks (informational)
- RFC 2637: Point to Point Tunneling Protocol (informational)
- RFC 2784: Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) (proposed standard, updated by RFC 2890)
- RFC 2890: Key and Sequence Number Extensions to GRE (proposed standard)
- RFC 8086: GRE-in-UDP Encapsulation (proposed standard)
See also
edit- Network Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation - carries L2 packets over GRE
- GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP-U is similar to GRE and used in cellular networks
References
edit- ^ a b S. Hanks; T. Li; D. Farinacci; P. Traina (October 1994). Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE). Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1701. RFC 1701. Informational.
- ^ US 7801021B1, Nikolaos Triantafillis; Robert J. Ordemann & Simon D. Barber, "Generic routing encapsulation tunnel keepalives", issued 2010-09-21, assigned to Cisco Technology Inc.
- ^ S. Hanks; T. Li; D. Farinacci; P. Traina (October 1994). Generic Routing Encapsulation over IPv4 networks. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1702. RFC 1702. Informational.
- ^ a b C. Pignataro; R. Bonica; S. Krishnan (October 2015). IPv6 Support for Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE). Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC7676. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7676. Proposed Standard.
- ^ E. Crabbe; E. Crabbet; T. Herbert (March 2017). L. Yong (ed.). GRE-in-UDP Encapsulation. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC8086. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 8086. Proposed Standard.
- ^ G. Dommety (September 2000). Key and Sequence Number Extensions to GRE. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2890. RFC 2890. Proposed Standard.
- ^ D. Farinacci; T. Li; S. Hanks; D. Meyer; P. Traina (March 2000). Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE). Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2784. RFC 2784. Proposed Standard. Updated by RFC 2890.
- ^ K. Hamzeh; G. Pall; W. Verthein; J. Taarud; W. Little; G. Zorn (July 1999). Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP). Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2637. RFC 2637. Informational.
External links
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Generic Routing Encapsulation.
- Generic Routing Encapsulation, Subprotocol homepage at Cisco
- Generic Routing Encapsulation Archived 2018-12-29 at the Wayback Machine, Entry in Cisco DocWiki (formerly known as the "Internetworking Technology Handbook")