The International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) describes procedures for creating reference frames suitable for use with measurements on or near the Earth's surface. This is done in much the same way that a physical standard might be described as a set of procedures for creating a realization of that standard. The ITRS defines a geocentric system of coordinates using the SI system of measurement.
An International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) is a realization of the ITRS. Its origin is at the center of mass of the whole earth including the oceans and atmosphere. New ITRF solutions are produced every few years, using the latest mathematical and surveying techniques to attempt to realize the ITRS as precisely as possible. Due to experimental error, any given ITRF will differ very slightly from any other realization of the ITRF. The difference between the latest as of 2006 WGS 84 (frame realisation G1150) and the latest ITRF2000 is only a few centimeters and RMS difference of one centimeter per component.[1]
The ITRS and ITRF solutions are maintained by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). Practical navigation systems are in general referenced to a specific ITRF solution, or to their own coordinate systems which are then referenced to an ITRF solution. For example, the Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame (GTRF) is used for the Galileo navigation system; currently defined as ITRF2005 by the European Space Agency.[2]
Versions
editThe ITRF realizations developed from the ITRS since 1991 include the following versions:[3]
| Name | Ref.
epoch |
EPSG code |
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ITRF91 | 1988.0 | 4913
7903 8991 |
|
| ITRF92 | 1988.0 | 4914
7904 8992 |
First realization of the ITRS |
| ITRF93 | 1988.0 | 4915
7905 8993 |
|
| ITRF94 | 1993.0 | 4916
7906 8994 |
|
| ITRF96 | 1997.0 | 4917
7907 8995 |
|
| ITRF97 | 1997.0 | 4918
7908 8996 |
|
| ITRF2000 | 1997.0 | 4919
7909 8997 |
First solution that combines unconstrained space geodesy solutions free from any tectonic plate motion model.[4]
From this version onwards, the motion of the tectonic plate is represented in the solution for each station as a velocity vector. Previous ITRFs only continued the initial positions, using a motion model to fill in the velocity. |
| ITRF2005 | 2000.0 | 4896
7910 8998 |
Constructed with input data under the form of time series of station positions and Earth Orientation Parameters.[5]
This version introduces extra parameters to describe the year-periodic motion of the stations: A (amplitude) and φ (phase) per-axis. This sort of seasonal variation has an amplitude of around 1 cm and is attributed to non-tidal loading effects (e.g. the shifting weight of water). |
| ITRF2008 | 2005.0 | 5332
7911 8999 |
Includes tropospheric modeling and improved solution methods.[6] |
| ITRF2014 | 2010.0 | 7789
7912 9000 |
Generated with an enhanced modeling of nonlinear station motions.[7] Specifically:
|
| ITRF2020 | 2015.0 | 9988
9989 9990 |
[8] |
Users
editGNSS systems:[2]
- Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame (GTRF), ITRF2005; own implementation using IGS sites.
- GPS just uses WGS 84, ITRF2020 since January 2024 (but used many versions of WGS 84 before), a little modified with International GNSS Service (IGS) implementation, IGS20.
- BeiDou Coordinate System, China Terrestrial Reference Frame (CTRF) 2000 = ITRF97 at epoch 2000.0; own implementation.
- GLONASS PZ-90.11 is nominally its own system, but is quite close to ITRF and uses many of the same techniques.[2]
National systems:
- United States: WGS 84 (see above); domestic use is mainly based on NAD 83 instead.
- China: CTRF 2000 per above.
The GPS reference epoch was moved from 2000.0 to 2001.0 in G1150 due to an Alaskan earthquake in November 2002. Still in 2022 ITRF2020 was released, yet GPS was only using G2139 in its antennas, which was aligned to ITRF2014 (IGb14) (though at epoch 2016.0, not reference epoch 2010.0).[9] On 7 January 2024 move to IGS20 happened, so WGS 84 is now aligned with ITRF2020, including PSD (post-seismic deformation), also called G2296.
On the other hand GLONASS is using PZ-90.11, which is close to ITRF2008 at epoch 2011.0 and is using 2010.0 epoch (that means when you use reference transformation to PZ-90.11 you will get January 2010 date).
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Clynch, James R. (February 2006). "Earth coordinates" (PDF). GPS Geodesy and Geophysics. James R. Clynch. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ a b c "Reference Frames in GNSS". Navipedia. European Space Agency.
- ^ "International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2014 (ITRF2014)". Quality Positioning Services B.V. Retrieved 3 October 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Altamimi, Zuheir; Sillard, Patrick; Boucher, Claude (2002). "ITRF2000: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame for earth science applications". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 107 (B10): ETG 2-1–ETG 2-19. Bibcode:2002JGRB..107.2214A. doi:10.1029/2001JB000561.
- ^ Altamimi, Z.; Collilieux, X.; Legrand, J.; Garayt, B.; Boucher, C. (2007). "ITRF2005: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame based on time series of station positions and Earth Orientation Parameters". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 112 (B9): B09401. Bibcode:2007JGRB..112.9401A. doi:10.1029/2007JB004949. hdl:10338.dmlcz/141752.
- ^ Altamimi, Zuheir; Collilieux, Xavier; Métivier, Laurent (3 February 2011). "ITRF2008: an improved solution of the international terrestrial reference frame". Journal of Geodesy. 85 (8): 457–473. Bibcode:2011JGeod..85..457A. doi:10.1007/s00190-011-0444-4.
- ^ Altamimi, Zuheir; Rebischung, Paul; Métivier, Laurent; Collilieux, Xavier (2016). "ITRF2014: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame modeling nonlinear station motions". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 121 (8): 6109–6131. Bibcode:2016JGRB..121.6109A. doi:10.1002/2016JB013098.
- ^ "ITRF | Itrf2020". itrf.ign.fr. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
- ^ US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Transitioning from IGS14 to IGb14 - National Geodetic Survey". geodesy.noaa.gov. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
External links
edit- Forward and backward transformations using 14 parameters Helmert
- Convertor between ITRF realisations with changing the epoch and tectonics, tectonics for it
- What is ITRF?
- Terrestrial reference systems and frames (PDF; chapter 4 of IERS Conventions 2010)