Gallus Anonymus, also known by his Polonized variant Gall Anonim, is the name traditionally given to the anonymous author of Gesta principum Polonorum (Deeds of the Princes of the Poles), composed in Latin between 1112 and 1118. Gallus is generally regarded as the first historian to have described the history of Poland. His Chronicles are an obligatory text for university courses in Polish history. Very little is known of the author himself and it is widely believed that he was a foreigner.
Kromer
edit
The only source for Gallus' real name is a note made by Prince-Bishop of Warmia Marcin Kromer (1512–89) in the margin of folio 119 of the "Heilsberg manuscript."[1] It reads: Gallus hanc historiam scripsit, monachus, opinor, aliquis, ut ex proemiis coniicere licet qui Boleslai tertii tempore vixit (Gallus wrote this history, some monk, in my opinion, who lived in the time of Boleslaus III Wrymouth, as can be conjectured from the preface.') It is not known whether Kromer intended the word "Gallus" as a proper name or as a reference to the author's nationality (Gallus in this period normally means "a Frenchman"), nor what he based his identification on.[1]
The Heilsberg manuscript, one of three extant witnesses of the Gesta, was written between 1469 and 1471. From the mid-16th to 18th centuries, it was kept in the town of Heilsberg (today Lidzbark Warmiński, Poland). It was later published at the behest of Prince-Bishop of Warmia Adam Stanisław Grabowski (1698–1766).[1]
Origin
editThe author of the Gesta wrote little about himself and was not written about in contemporary sources. What Gallus did write about himself may be summed up as follows: Before going to Poland, he likely spent some time in Hungary, where he met Polish duke Boleslaus III Wrymouth; he was a pilgrim; he revered Saint Giles; and he knew little about Scandinavia.
Historians agree that Gallus' writing style indicates a substantial education, available only to nobles and monks; and that he was an experienced writer, thus likely also to have authored earlier works. The clericus de penna vivens ("cleric living by his pen") is suspected by Danuta Borawska[2] and Marian Plezia[3] to have earlier penned the Gesta Hungarorum (Deeds of the Hungarians) and the Translatio Sancti Nicolai (The Transfer of St. Nicholas); and his writing style is thought to have been influenced by recent literary developments that were then common only in northern France and the Netherlands.
Budapest's Vajdahunyad Castle features an evocative bronze statue of a seated Anonymus in monk's habit, the cowl obscuring his face.
Gallus' place of origin is unknown. Several theories have been advanced. Traditional scholarship has assumed that he was French (hence Gallus), perhaps from France or Flanders.[4] Plezia has suggested that he was a monk from Saint Giles' Monastery in Provence, France.[3]
Some scholars have pointed out that Gallus' writing style resembles that of Hildebert of Lavardin and have thought that Gallus had been educated at Le Mans or, according to Zathey,[5] at Chartres or Bec in Normandy.
Before World War II, French historian Pierre David advanced a theory that Gallus might have been a Hungarian monk from Saint Giles' Monastery in Somogyvár who accompanied Boleslaus in his return from Hungary to Poland. This theory enjoys little support.[6]
Another theory has been gaining ground in Poland. Professors Danuta Borawska and Tomasz Jasiński of Poznań University have presented a case for a Venetian origin.[7][8] It has been argued that Gallus may have been a monk from St. Giles' Monastery at the Lido, Venice, Italy,[9] and Professor Plezia has subsequently concurred.[10]
The Venetian theory was first broached in 1904 by Polish historian Tadeusz Wojciechowski.[8] In 1965 it was proposed again by Borawska but did not win acceptance.[8] In recent years, however, it has been revisited and has now gained positive reviews from several Polish medievalists. It has been supported by Professors Janusz Bieniak, Roman Michałowski and Wojciech Fałkowski.[8][11] Fałkowski has noted that the two theories—French and Italian—may be less mutually exclusive than some think, as Gallus might have been born in Italy, been a monk at the Lido, and have later traveled to France and Hungary.[11]
According to Tomasz Jasiński, who in 2008 published a book on Gallus,[12] the chronicler came to Poland over the Via Egnatia across the Slavic-speaking countries of "Epirus, Thrace, Dalmatia, Croatia, Istria." When Jasiński compared the Chronicle with the Transfer of St. Nicholas, he found over 100 similarities. Jasiński has concluded that Gallus, like many Venetian clergymen of the time, had a native knowledge of both Italian and Slavic languages.[13]
However, Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer regard the Venetian suggestion as "too weak to be considered seriously."[14] In Poland, medievalist Professor Jacek Banaszkiewicz supports a French over an Italian origin for Gallus Anonymus.[11]
Influence
editThe anonymous author of the Gesta influenced the subsequent course of Poland's history, in that his version of early Polish history held the ruler's authority to be inferior to that of God, as expressed by the voice of the people (as in the Latin proverb, "Vox populi, vox Dei").
This concept reinforced Poles' electoral traditions and their tendency to disobey and question authority. Via the Chronicles of Wincenty Kadłubek and the Sermons of Stanisław of Skarbimierz, it contributed to the development of the unique "Golden Liberty" that would characterize the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, whose kings were elected and were obliged to obey the Sejm (parliament).
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer, eds., Gesta Principum Polonorum: The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles, Budapest, 2003, pp. xxiv—v.
- ^ Danuta Borawska, "Gallus Anonim czy Italus Anonim?" ("Gallus Anonimus or Italus Anonimus?"), Przegląd Historyczny (Historical Review), 1965.
- ^ a b Marian Plezia, ed., Anonim tzw. Gall, translated [from the Latin into Polish] by Roman Grodecki, Ossolineum, 2003, ISBN 83-7316-258-5.
- ^ Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer, eds., Gesta Principum Polonorum..., pp. xxvii—ix.
- ^ J. Zathey, "W jakich szkołach uczył się Gall Anonim?" ("What Schools Did Gallus Anonimus Attend?"), Sprawozdania Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności (Proceedings of the Polish Academy of Learning), 1952, z. 7-10, p. 555.
- ^ Pierre David, "La Pologne dans l’obituaire de Saint-Gilles en Languedoc au XII e sičcle", Revue des Études Slaves, 19 (1939).
- ^ Danuta Borawska, Mała Historia Literatury Polskiej (A Brief History of Polish Literature), Warsaw, PWN, 2005, pp. 52-53.
- ^ a b c d (in Polish) Roman Sidorski, Interview with Professor Tadeusz Jasiński: Kierunek – Wenecja!, Histmag, 2006-04-10.
- ^ "Historians Know Who Gallus Anonymus Was". Archived from the original on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2007-01-17.
- ^ "Nowe studia nad Gallem-Anonimem" ("New Studies about Gallus Anonymus"), in Mente et litteris. O kulturze i społeczeństwie wieków średnich (Mente et litteris: On Culture and Society in the Middle Ages), Poznań, 1984, pp. 111-20; Anonim tzw. Gall, Kronika polska (The Anonymous "Gaul," The Polish Chronicle), edited by Marian Plezia, translated [from the Latin into Polish] by Roman Grodecki, Wrocław, 1996.
- ^ a b c Na tropie tajemnicy Galla Anonima Archived 2018-02-12 at the Wayback Machine, Polish Press Agency, 2006-02-15.
- ^ Tomasz Jasiński, O pochodzeniu Galla Anonima (On the Origins of Gallus Anonymus), Avalon, 2008, ISBN 978-83-60448-37-3.
- ^ Gallus Anonymus' cursus velox is also in accord with a Venetian origin. Feliks Pohorecki in 1930 formulated a hypothesis that if one found an author using cursus spondiacus (spondee?) simultaneously with cursus velox, that fact might identify Anonymus. The Swedish Latinist Tore Janson found cursus spondiacus in the school of Hildebert of Lavardin, and the anonymous author wrote in the Transfer of St. Nicholas about a stay at Tours and the celebration of a mass at the Lido. Jasiński concludes, "There is no reason, therefore, to doubt that Gallus Anonymous [the Anonymous Gaul] was Monachus Littorensis [the Littoral Monk]." See Tomasz Jasiński, "Was Gallus Anonymus, Monachus Littorensis?" Summaries, Kwartalnik Historyczny (Historical Quarterly), CXII, 2005, 3. (abstract 1 Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, abstract 2 Archived 2007-04-27 at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer, eds., Gesta Principum Polonorum..., p. xxix.
External links
edit- Edmund Kotarski: Gall Anonim (in English and Polish)
- Gazeta Wyborcza article about Gallus Anonymus' Venetian origins (in Polish)
- Kim naprawdę był Gall Anonim? (Who Actually Was Gallus Anonymus?) (in Polish)