Miles Axe Copeland Jr. (July 16, 1916 – January 14, 1991) was an American musician, businessman, and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) founding member[1] best known for his relationship with Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser and his public commentary on intelligence matters.[2] Copeland participated in numerous covert operations, including the March 1949 Syrian coup d'état and the 1953 Iranian coup d'état.[3]
Miles Copeland Jr. | |
|---|---|
 Miles Copeland | |
| Born | Miles Axe Copeland Jr. July 16, 1916 Birmingham, Alabama, U.S. |
| Died | January 14, 1991 (aged 74) Oxfordshire, England |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, businessman, CIA founder |
| Spouse | Lorraine Copeland |
| Children | Miles Copeland III, Ian Copeland, Lorraine (Lennie) Copeland, Stewart Copeland |
| Espionage activity | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Service branch | Central Intelligence Agency Counterintelligence Corps Strategic Services Unit Corps of Intelligence Police |
| Service years | 1940–1957 |
| Operations | Project FF Operation Ajax March 1949 Syrian coup d'état (alleged) Operation Overlord |
A conservative who was influenced by the ideas of James Burnham, Copeland was associated with the American political magazine National Review.[4][5] In a 1986 Rolling Stone interview, he stated "Unlike The New York Times, Victor Marchetti and Philip Agee, my complaint has been that the CIA isn't overthrowing enough anti-American governments or assassinating enough anti-American leaders, but I guess I'm getting old."[6]
Early life
editThe son of a doctor, Copeland was born in Birmingham, Alabama.[7] He did not graduate from college.
According to the history professor Hugh Wilford, there is nothing in Copeland's CIA files to suggest he was a professional musician, but "several relatives and friends have testified to his musical ability." Copeland's books contain "several impressive statements about his days as a jazz musician," including that "he spent a week playing fourth trumpet in the Glenn Miller orchestra," but that claim has been discredited.[8]
Copeland was married to the archeologist Lorraine Adie. He was the father of the music manager Miles Copeland III; the booking agent Ian Copeland; the film producer Lorraine (Lennie) Copeland; and the drummer Stewart Copeland, a founding member of the rock band The Police.[7]
Career
editFoundation of CIA
editAt the outbreak of World War II, Copeland joined the National Guard and contacted Representative John Sparkman of Alabama, who arranged a meeting with William J. Donovan.[9] The two hit it off immediately, but Copeland was not recruited to Donovan's Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and instead joined the Corps of Intelligence Police in Europe, which became the Counterintelligence Corps (CIC) in January 1942.[10][9] Copeland was stationed in London and reportedly gained the top-secret "Bigot" clearance and took part in discussions about Operation Overlord.[9]
After the OSS was converted into the Strategic Services Unit on 1 October 1945, Copeland joined what would become part of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[9][11] Serving in London, he became a lifelong Anglophile. He married Lorraine Adie, a Scot he had met during the war while she was serving in the Special Operations Executive.[12]
CIA career
editAfter the end of World War II and the creation of the CIA, Copeland was asked to organize the agency’s information-gathering unit in the Middle East. He was stationed in Damascus, Syria, as a CIA case officer under the cover title "cultural attaché,"[9] beginning a long career in the Middle East. With Stephen Meade (1913–2004), he supported the March 1949 Syrian coup d'état.[9][13] With Kim Roosevelt, he arranged Operation Ajax, the 1953 overthrow of Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad Mosaddegh.[5][14]
In 1953, Copeland returned to private life at the consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton and remained a non-official cover operative for the CIA.[15] He traveled to Cairo to meet Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had overthrown King Farouk and taken power in Egypt. He became a close advisor to Nasser on the development of the Mukhabarat secret police and other topics.[16][17] With Richard P. Mitchell, Copeland conducted espionage activities on the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.[18][19][Note 1][20] In 1957 in Beirut, he was friends with Kim Philby and Nicholas Elliott and keeping an eye on Philby for James Jesus Angleton, Counterintelligence Chief for the CIA.[21][page needed][22][failed verification]
Copeland opposed major paramilitary CIA operations such as the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in 1961 on the grounds that they were impossible to keep secret because of their size.[5]
Copeland was known for his "Machiavellian sense of pessimism about human nature," which he derived in part from The Machiavellians, a book written by his "intellectual mentor," the Trotskyist-turned-conservative James Burnham. Copeland requested Burnham's "advice about ways to shore up revolutionary governments" and distilled Burnham's teachings into three key points: The major priority of any government is perpetuating its rule; political leaders must remain cognizant of the irrationality of their subjects; and a successful revolution requires political repression although it is more advantageous if repression is kept to a minimum.[23]
In The Game Player, Copeland recounted that he was sent to Egypt to assess the feasibility of assassinating Nasser "on the tacit understanding that he would reach a negative assessment" and thus "discourage any British attempt."
Arriving in Cairo, Miles immediately confessed his mission to Nasser, whereupon the old friends began gaming out possible assassination plots. "How about poison?" the American asked the Egyptian. "Suppose I just wait until you turn your head and then slip a pill into your coffee?" "Well, there's Hassan standing right there," replied Nasser. "If I didn't see you Hassan would." "But maybe we could bribe a servant to poison the coffee before bringing it in?" "The coffee would only kill the taster." And so the conversation carried on—at least in Miles's recollection.[24]
Retirement
editCopeland retired from the CIA in May 1957 to start the consulting firm Copeland & Eichelberger in Beirut, with his CIC and CIA colleague James Eichelberger, but he continued to perform assignments for the CIA on request.[25] Copeland and his family returned to London in 1970. He made regular appearances on British television as an intelligence expert and pursued work in journalism, wrote books on foreign policy and an autobiography, and contributed to the conservative American magazine National Review.[26] He helped Waddingtons design a board game, The Game of Nations, in which superpowers compete for influence in "the imaginary region of Kark"; the game was loosely based on Copeland's book of the same name.[27][28]
Copeland's memoirs have a strong literary quality and contain many embellishments, which make it difficult to gauge the historical accuracy of the covert operations that he describes.[29] He was active in 1970s political efforts to defend the CIA against critics, including the Church Committee.[5] In 1988, he wrote an article titled "Spooks for Bush," which asserted that the intelligence community overwhelmingly supported George H. W. Bush for president;[5] he had named Bush his favorite CIA director.[6]
Books
edit- The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics. New York: Simon and Schuster; London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1969).
- Without Cloak or Dagger: The Truth About the New Espionage. New York: Simon and Schuster (1974).
- Published in the United Kingdom as Real Spy World. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson (1974).
- Beyond Cloak and Dagger: Inside the CIA. New York: Pinnacle Books (1975).
- The Game Player: Confessions of the CIA's Original Political Operative. London: Aurum Press (1989).
Footnotes
edit- ^ Copeland refrains from divulging the identity of his accomplice, "Rupert", in his works. However, Wilford reveals that "Rupert" is indeed the academician, Richard P. Mitchell. Copeland's espionage work and activities with "Rupert" are detailed in pages 150 - 153, and 156 in his 1989 book, The Game Player: Confessions of the CIA's Original Political Operative.
References
edit- ^ CIA. Jazz, Spies and Games: The Extraordinary Life of CIA Founding Member Miles Copeland. Retrieved on 24 Oct. 2023
- ^ Wilford 2013, pp. xi, 67–68, 137, 153, 225, 283.
- ^ Wilford 2013, pp. 101–104, 166–167.
- ^ Wilford 2013, pp. 149–150, 229, 296.
- ^ a b c d e Buckley, Priscilla L. (Feb. 11, 1991). "Miles Copeland, R I P - former CIA official" (obituary). National Review.
- ^ a b Eringer, Robert (January 16, 1986). "Secret Agent Man—Interview with Miles Copeland, Jr". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
- ^ a b Cook, Joan (Jan. 19, 1991). "Miles Copeland, 74, Expert on Mideast, Writer and Ex-Spy" (obituary). New York Times. p. 18. Archived from the original.
- ^ Wilford 2013, pp. 68–69.
- ^ a b c d e f Meyer, Karl E. and Shareen Blair Brysac (2009). Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 348–380. ISBN 978-0393061994.
- ^ Prince, Erik. CIA. Civilian Warriors: The Inside Story of Blackwater and the Unsung Heroes of the War on Terror. Retrieved on July 10, 2023
- ^ Copeland, Miles (1989). The Game Player: Confessions of the CIA's Original Political Operative. London: Aurum Press. p. 71.
Later, I was one of the 200 employees who were on the original list of career members when the CIA became official in July 1974
- ^ Wilford 2013, pp. 70–71.
- ^ "BBC Miles Copeland Interview 1969," BBC.co.uk
- ^ Wilford 2013, pp. 166–167.
- ^ Wilford 2013, pp. 150–151.
- ^ Wilford 2013, p. 155.
- ^ Dale Calhoun, Ricky-Dale. CIA. The Art of Strategic Counterintelligence. Retrieved on July 10, 2023. Director of Central Intelligence Allen Dulles took a particularly favorable view of Nasser even after it became known that Nasser had agreed to purchase arms from the Soviet bloc on very attractive barter terms. The CIA station chief in Cairo, Miles Copeland, was on even more cordial terms with Nasser and shared Nasser’s distrust of the British.
- ^ Copeland, Miles. The Game Player: Confessions of the CIA's Original Political Operative, 1989, pp. 149-151. Aurum Press. London. "A scrawny communicant, dressed as the other (performers) but obviously an American, told me I wasn’t welcome, and that I should get lost…Founded by one Hassan el-Banna in the late twenties, it (ikhwan el-muslimin) was originally a secret society dedicated to the eradication of ‘foreign influence’ in Islam, but by the time the Second World War was in progress it became politicized by certain practical possibilities offered by the Italians and Germans – in particular, their offer to drive out the British…I spotted the American I had seen the evening before…I instantly guessed who he was, and he immediately confirmed it…he had, it seemed, managed to penetrate at least the fringes of an ‘important target’. This is what I surmised from the conversation that followed. The man, whom I will henceforth refer to as ‘Rupert’, knew who I was because he had seen me around headquarters, but he knew nothing of my current mission. He was also too security-conscious and naturally secretive to ask, so I told him. He was amazed! Then he opened up…Kim had taken advantage of his being an academic, used to low pay, and has hired him at whatever level he would accept. I only had to suggest that ‘You’re being screwed kid’ to get him on my side…by the time I had acquired all available data on the ikhwan, though, I knew what I had in mind: the only kind of coup that could be effective in Egypt, either in taking over the government to start with or in consolidating the takeover once it was achieved, would be a combination of the army and the ikhwan. Although I didn’t give Rupert more than a rough idea of my thinking, I told him enough to solicit his aid in locating upper-middle-level and senior army officers who were members of or affiliated with the ikhwan."
- ^ Wilford, Hugh. America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East. 2013. Retrieved on August, 17, 2022. "...Finally, Miles' Rupert invites tentative identification as Richard Paul Mitchell, a young Syrian American graduate student who had come to Cairo in 1951 on a Fulbright scholarship to research the Muslim Brotherhood. According to the later recollection of William Lakeland, a junior political officer at the US embassy at the time, Mitchell 'proved very useful in Cairo, because he could pass for a local...and report on what was going on in the town.'"
- ^ Copeland, Miles. The Game Player: Confessions of the CIA's Original Political Operative. 1989. Page 166. Aurum Press. London. "In 1953, when we wanted to keep Nasser alive, our main worry was the possibility of a counter-coup carried on by the very group that had led us to the army in the first place, the ikhwan el-muslimin. Nasser had what it took to put it down, but there were two obstacles. First, he had taken at face value the disinformation we had channeled to him through our pre-coup resources, and he believed for some months after he had achieved power that the ikhwan could be a valuable ally. Second, after he became convinced that it was no such a thing, he couldn't think of any way of completely neutralizing it without showing up his new regime as being unduly repressive,"
- ^ Brown, Anthony Cave (1994)Treason in the blood : H. St. John Philby, Kim Philby, and the spy case of the century. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.[page needed]
- ^ Macintyre, Ben (2014). A Spy Among Friends: Kim Philby and the Great Betrayal. Bloomsbury. p. 228. ISBN 978-1408851722.[failed verification]
- ^ Wilford 2013, pp. 149–150, 229.
- ^ Wilford 2013, p. 225.
- ^ Wilford 2013, pp. 148, 283–284.
- ^ Wilford 2013, pp. 296–297.
- ^ Wilford 2013, p. 296.
- ^ "'Game of Nations' Board Game: Vintage Strategy Board Game by Waddington's (1973)". Vintage Toys & Games. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
- ^ Wilford 2013, pp. 67–68.
Bibliography
edit- Copeland, Miles, Jr. (1969) The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics.
- Copeland, Miles, Jr. (1989). The Game Player: Confessions of the CIA's Original Political Operative. London: Aurum Press.
- Kahana, Ephraim; Suwaed, Muhammad (2009). "Copeland, Miles (1916–1991)". The A to Z of Middle Eastern Intelligence. Toronto: Scarecrow Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0810870703.
- Meyer, Karl E. and Shareen Blair Brysac (2009). Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 348–380. ISBN 978-0393061994.
- Wilford, Hugh (2013). America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465019656.
