The garden sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis), previously known as the olive-backed sunbird, is a species of passerine bird in the family Nectariniidae that is found in the Philippines except on the Palawan island group. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with seven other species: the ornate sunbird, Palawan sunbird, Sahul sunbird, Tukangbesi sunbird, Flores Sea sunbird, South Moluccan sunbird and the Mamberamo sunbird. It is a small, brightly coloured bird with olive-green plumage on the wings and back with a bright yellow chest. It has a long downward-curved bill it uses for taking nectar and capturing insects. It is primarily nectarivorous, but will take insects and spiders, particularly when feeding chicks.
| Garden sunbird | |
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| Male | |
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| Female | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Nectariniidae |
| Genus: | Cinnyris |
| Species: | C. jugularis
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| Binomial name | |
| Cinnyris jugularis (Linnaeus, 1766)
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| Synonyms | |
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Description
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The garden sunbird is 10–11.4 cm (3.9–4.5 in) in size; males weigh 6.7–11.9 g (0.24–0.42 oz) and females 6–10 g (0.21–0.35 oz).[2]
The male in its nominate (jugularis) form displays an olive hue on its upper body, featuring black wing feathers with green edges and a black tail adorned with white tips. The areas around its eyes (lores), neck, chin, throat, and breast are dark and iridescent, accompanied by yellow pectoral tufts. The lower portion of the bird is dark yellow, sometimes with a brown band encircling the gorget area. The iris is dark brown, while its bill and legs are black. Non-breeding males often have the glossy black coloration limited to the central throat stripe, which may represent juvenile birds transitioning to their adult plumage. In contrast, the female exhibits an upper body of greenish olive, featuring a pale-yellowish stripe above the eyes, yellowish borders on its wing feathers, a tail with black and white markings, and a deep yellow color on the lower portion of its body, slightly lighter on the undertail feathers. Juvenile birds resemble the female but tend to be paler and browner in appearance.[citation needed]
Taxonomy
editIn 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the olive-backed sunbird in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in the Philippines. He used the French name Le petit grimpereau des Philippines and the Latin Certhia Philippensis Minor.[3] Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.[4] When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson.[4] One of these was the olive-backed sunbird. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Certhia jugularis and cited Brisson's work.[5] The specific name jugularis is Medieval Latin for 'of the throat'.[6] This species is now placed in the genus Cinnyris that was introduced by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1816.[7][8]
The garden sunbird (under the name olive-backed sunbird) formerly included 21 subspecies and had a range that extended from Southeast Asia to Australia. Based on the difference in the male plumage and a genetic study comparing mitochondrial DNA sequences of some of the subspecies, the olive-backed sunbird was split into eight species.[9][8] The seven new species are: ornate sunbird (Cinnyris ornatus), Palawan sunbird (Cinnyris aurora), Sahul sunbird (Cinnyris frenatus), Tukangbesi sunbird (Cinnyris infrenatus), Flores Sea sunbird (Cinnyris teysmanni), South Moluccan sunbird (Cinnyris clementiae) and Mamberamo sunbird (Cinnyris idenburgi).[8]
Three subspecies are now recognised:[8]
- C. j. obscurior Ogilvie-Grant, 1894 – north Luzon and Babuyan Islands in northern Philippines
- C. j. jugularis (Linnaeus, 1766) – central, south Luzon group, Mindoro, Visayas and Mindanao group (north to south Philippines)
- C. j. woodi (Mearns, 1909) – Sulu Archipelago in southern Philippines
Distribution and habitat
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The garden sunbird is distributed from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India, Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina to Yunnan, Guanxi, Guangdong, Hainan provinces of China to the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea and northeastern Australia. It inhabits forests, shrublands, grasslands and artificial habitats.[1][10] The garden sunbird has adapted well to human environments and is common in fairly densely populated areas, where it builds nests in human settlements.[11]
Behaviour and ecology
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The female garden sunbird builds the nest using grass, cotton, moss, lichens, leaf fragments, vegetable fibers, and spider webs, lined with bark or feathers. The nest has the form of a hanging oval pouch with a sheltered side opening, often featuring a dangling "beard." She lays eggs in May and June.[2] Sunbirds feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Most species can take nectar by hovering, but usually perch to feed most of the time.[citation needed]
Conservation
editThe garden sunbird has been classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List as it is common throughout its wide range.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris jugularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103804139A94552679. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103804139A94552679.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ a b Cheke, R.; Mann, C.; Kirwan, G.M.; Christie, D.A. (2023). "Garden Sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis), version 1.0". In Keeney, B.K.; Billerman, S.M. (eds.). Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.olbsun31.01. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 3. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 616–618, Plate 32 fig 5. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
- ^ a b Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335. hdl:2246/678.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1, Part 1 (in Latin). Vol. 12 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 245.
- ^ Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ Cuvier, Georges (1816). Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation : pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparée (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Déterville. pp. 388–389.
- ^ a b c d Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ^ Ó Marcaigh, F.; Kelly, D.J.; O’Connell, D.P.; Analuddin, K.; Karya, A.; McCloughan, J.; Tolan, E.; Lawless, N.; Marples, N.M. (2023). "Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 198 (1): 72–92. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac081. hdl:2262/101492.
- ^ Cheke, R.; Mann, C.; Kirwan, G.M.; Christie, D. (2023). "Garden Sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis), version 1.0". In Keeney, B.K.; Billerman, S.M. (eds.). Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.olbsun31.01.
- ^ "Olive-backed Sunbird". 2014. Archived 2014-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
External links
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