Wikipedia

Eugene C. Gardner

(Redirected from Gardner, Pyne & Gardner)

Eugene Clarence Gardner (1836–1915) was an American architect and author of Springfield, Massachusetts. Gardner was noted both for the architectural influence of his extensive practice as well as his writings on the American home. Gardner was the most notable architect of Springfield.

Eugene Clarence Gardner
Eugene C. Gardner
Born(1836-03-28)March 28, 1836
Ashfield, Massachusetts
DiedFebruary 7, 1915(1915-02-07) (aged 78)
Springfield, Massachusetts
NationalityAmerican
OccupationArchitect
Grove Hill in Leeds, Massachusetts, designed by E. C. Gardner in 1879.
Mary Lyon Hall at Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts, designed by Gardner, Pyne & Gardner in 1897.

Life and career

edit

Eugene Clarence Gardner was born March 28, 1836, in Ashfield, Massachusetts to Bela Gardner and Lucy (Barber) Gardner. He was raised on the family farm, and attended district schools as well as the Ashfield and Conway Academies. He learned the trade of mason and worked for some time in New Ipswich, New Hampshire, before moving to Florence, where his family had moved in his absence.[1] In 1858 Gardner married and moved west, and was appointed principal of Tallmadge Academy in Tallmadge, Ohio. In 1859, while principal, he oversaw the construction of a new building for the academy. In 1862, he returned to Florence, and the following year opened an architect's office in Northampton. Perhaps facing competition from established architect William Fenno Pratt, in 1868 he moved downriver to Springfield, where he formed a partnership with contractor-turned-architect Jason Perkins, also a former resident of Northampton. The firm of Perkins & Gardner was dissolved in 1873, and both returned to private practice.[1]

Gardner worked independently until 1888, when he formed a partnership with his son, George C. Gardner, and draftsman George R. Pyne, practicing as Gardner, Pyne & Gardner.[1] In the winter of 1888–89 Gardner moved to Washington, D.C. in hopes to improve his ailing health. [2] From Washington he went to Europe, returning to the United States to spend the winter of 1889–90 in Atlanta. [3] Both times, Gardner acted as representative of his firm and they were commissioned to design major projects in these cities. The partnership of Gardner, Pyne & Gardner lasted until 1901, when Pyne left to open an independent office. Father and son formed a new partnership, practicing as E. C. & G. C. Gardner.[1] This partnership continued until Gardner's death in 1915. The firm was then continued by his son, George C. Gardner, as well as their associate, F. W. S. King. The office remained open until King's death in 1940.

Mill River Flood of 1874

edit

In 1865 Gardner was appointed superintendent of construction of a new mill dam being built on the Mill River above Williamsburg. Gardner was often absent from the site due to illness and construction was usually supervised by the owners, one of whom had designed the dam. The dam was completed in 1866, but had been poorly designed and built. In 1874 it failed catastrophically, and the resulting flood killed 139 people. Following an investigation, the conception and construction of the dam was found to be fraught with incompetence and negligence, but no one person could be assigned the blame.[4]

As designer and author

edit

Gardner always made a point to stay abreast of contemporary architectural fashion. For the First Congregational Church of West Springfield, completed in 1872, Gardner used as a model H. H. Richardson's Church of the Unity in Springfield. Henry-Russell Hitchcock noted that although crude, it represents one of the earliest pieces of evidence of Richardson's influence.[5] Vincent Scully noted Gardner as an important figure in the development of the Stick Style, in such a way that revived the ideas of Andrew Jackson Downing.[6] After the 1880s, likely due to the influence of the academically trained George C. Gardner, the firm's designs were chiefly derived from Colonial and Renaissance precedents.

Beyond his own buildings, Gardner is known as the author of a number of influential books on the design and construction of homes. Beginning with Homes (1874) and ending with The House that Jill Built (1882, reissued 1896), Gardner promoted a highly personal and considered design process for homes.[7] In Space, Time and Architecture, Sigfried Giedion noted that Gardner's writings represented a move away from the fussiness that then typified American architecture to a more considered whole.[8]

Gardner was also a frequent contributor to The Republican and the architectural press.[1] Additionally, from its establishment in 1883 Gardner was editor of a short-lived monthly architectural journal, The Builder, published by Clark W. Bryan & Company.[9]

Political and personal life

edit

In 1901 Gardner was elected a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from the 3rd Hampden district as a Republican, but declined to run for a second term.[1] He was a major proponent of the development and beautification of Springfield, and in 1905 proposed a plan for the development of the city along City Beautiful principles.[10] Some of his proposals, like the development of Court Square and construction of the Memorial Bridge, were eventually brought to fruition, but others, including the development of a park and boulevard system, were not.

Gardner married in 1858, to Harriet Bellows Hubbard of Ashfield, Massachusetts. In addition to their son, they had a daughter who died young.[1] The Gardner family lived in a house on Atwater Road near Atwater Park, built in 1874 and now demolished.[11] In the 1870s they were host to several students of the Chinese Educational Mission, including Tang Shaoyi and Liang Ju-hao, who would become officials of the Republic of China.[12]

In 1898, the Gardners and Pyne were among the founding members of the Architectural Club of Springfield,[13] though this organization was not long-lived. Gardner became a member of the American Institute of Architects in 1913.[14]

Partners and associates

edit
George Clarence Gardner
Born(1865-08-03)August 3, 1865
Florence, Massachusetts
DiedAugust 27, 1930(1930-08-27) (aged 65)
Damariscotta, Maine
NationalityAmerican
OccupationArchitect
George Rovillo Pyne
Born(1853-02-12)February 12, 1853
Waterbury, Connecticut
DiedFebruary 18, 1911(1911-02-18) (aged 58)
Springfield, Massachusetts
NationalityAmerican
OccupationArchitect
Frank Wesley Stetson King
Born(1870-03-05)March 5, 1870
Springfield, Massachusetts
DiedJuly 15, 1940(1940-07-15) (aged 70)
Springfield, Massachusetts
NationalityAmerican
OccupationArchitect

George C. Gardner

edit

George Clarence Gardner was born August 3, 1865, in Florence.[15] He attended the Springfield public schools before enrolling at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, taking courses in 1885–86 and 1888.[16] In addition to his formal architectural education, he worked as a student draftsman in his father's office before becoming partner after his final return to Springfield in 1888. Gardner was considered an expert on Colonial architecture and remodeled several Colonial churches.[17] He was chairman of the Springfield Planning Board from its establishment in 1921 until his death in 1930.[18]

Gardner became a member of the American Institute of Architects in 1902.[19]

The younger Gardner died August 27, 1930, at the age of 64.[20]

George R. Pyne

edit

George Rovillo Pyne was born February 12, 1853, in Waterbury, Connecticut. He was educated in the schools of South Hadley and Agawam, and in 1873 went to Boston as a student draftsman, working for Putnam & Tilden and George F. Meacham. In 1876 he came back to Springfield, where he entered Gardner's employ. From 1881 to 1886 he practiced architecture in Evansville, Indiana, returning to Springfield at the end of that period. When the partnership of Gardner, Pyne & Gardner was formed, Pyne moved to Washington as the elder Gardner's assistant, returning to Springfield by 1890. After the dissolution of the partnership in 1901, Pyne practiced on his own in Springfield for ten years. He died February 18, 1911, in Springfield.[21][22]

F. W. S. King

edit

After the death of George C. Gardner, the firm was taken over by Frank Wesley Stetson King. Usually known as F. W. S. or Frank, King was born March 5, 1870, in Springfield and entered the Gardner office in the 1890s after completing his education in the public schools. For a few years after the breakup of Gardner, Pyne & Gardner, King operated his own practice, but soon returned to the Gardners. By 1913, he was the firm's main construction superintendent.[23] King continued to practice as E. C. & G. C. Gardner, changing the name to Gardner & King in 1937. He continued to practice until his death, which occurred on July 19, 1940, in Springfield.[24]

King was a founding member and first vice president of the Architectural Society of Western Massachusetts, established in 1934 and later merged into the American Institute of Architects.[24]

The last major work of the firm was the Springfield Trade High School, completed in 1939 and demolished in 2012.

Legacy

edit

In addition to his architecture, Gardner left another legacy in Springfield. Many architects who would go on to practice in Springfield and elsewhere were trained in his office, including Guy Kirkham, Frederick S. Newman, Francis R. Richmond and B. Hammett Seabury. Walter T. Owen, who designed the George Walter Vincent Smith Art Museum in Springfield and would later succeed to the practice of James Renwick Jr. in New York, also worked with Gardner.[25]

Many of Gardner's works, designed alone or with partners, have been listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places, and others contribute to listed historic districts.

Architectural works[a]

edit
edit

Partial bibliography

edit

Books

edit

Book chapters and articles

edit
  • E. C. Gardner, "The Architecture of Modern Hospitals," Engineering Magazine 9, no. 6 (September 1895): 1086–1110.
  • E. C. Gardner, "An Arraignment of American City Architecture," Engineering Magazine 12, no. 1 (October 1896): 30–48.
  • E. C. Gardner, "The Visible Charm: As it Was, is and May Be" in Springfield, Present and Prospective, ed. James E. Tower (Springfield: Pond & Campbell, 1905)
  • E. C. Gardner, "Planning the Commercial Portions of Cities," American City 6, no. 5 (May 1912): 724–727.

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Projects dated from 1863 are credited to E. C. Gardner, from 1868 to Perkins & Gardner, from 1873 to E. C. Gardner, from 1888 to Gardner, Pyne & Gardner, from 1901 to E. C. & G. C. Gardner and from 1937 to Gardner & King.
  2. ^ The Gardner offices were in the Wason Building, 33 Lyman Street, from 1889 until 1940.
  3. ^ Dimock was owner of the Nonotuck Silk Company.
  4. ^ Now home to the Shelburne Historical Society.
  5. ^ Presently the Quaboag Historical Society Museum.
  6. ^ Often referred to as Henderson Castle.
  7. ^ Remodeling of a Federal church, built in 1826 to a design by Isaac Damon. The interior was rebuilt and the exterior elaborated.
  8. ^ As supervising architects to Wait & Cutter of Boston. Partially destroyed in the 2011 New England tornado outbreak, later restored as part of MGM Springfield.
  9. ^ In 1909 the adjacent Mayo Building, built in 1896 also to a design by Gardner, Pyne & Gardner, was annexed to the hotel.
  10. ^ Remodeling of a Greek Revival church, built 1835-36, in the Colonial Revival style.
  11. ^ Expanded to the west in 1931 to a design by Edward Lippincott Tilton and Alfred Morton Githens, the original building faces south.
  12. ^ The remodeling of a simple Federal style church, built in 1807-09, expanding the interior and adding an elaborate new facade in the Colonial Revival style, then thought to be more appropriate than the original.
  13. ^ Most recently the Hardwick Senior Center.
  14. ^ The original building, behind the 1903-04 block, was built in 1868 to a design by James M. Currier.
  15. ^ The main facade was preserved and incorporated into the new Springfield Data Center.
  16. ^ The replacement church was based on the remodeled 1901 church, but built in brick.
  17. ^ Now the Myron E. Richardson Municipal Building.
  18. ^ Originally built in 1872 and enlarged in 1879.
  19. ^ A simpler project than the other church remodelings. Built in 1825-26 by associates of Isaac Damon.
  20. ^ Now the Willie Ross School for the Deaf.
  21. ^ Later the Monson Town Office Building, demolished after suffering damage in the 2011 New England tornado outbreak.
  22. ^ Now the Harvest Fellowship Church.
  23. ^ Reissued in 1896.
  24. ^ A compilation of Homes (1874), Illustrated Homes (1875) and Home Interiors (1878).

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Encyclopedia of Massachusetts: Biographical-Genealogical, vol. 3 (New York: American Historical Society Inc., 1916): 52-54.
  2. ^ a b Sue A. Kohler and Jeffrey R. Carson, Sixteenth Street Architecture, vol. 1 (Washington: Commission of Fine Arts, 1978): 337-349.
  3. ^ a b Grady Hospital NRHP Registration Form (1981)
  4. ^ Elizabeth M. Sharpe, In the Shadow of the Dam: The Aftermath of the Mill River Flood of 1874 (New York: Free Press, 2004)
  5. ^ Henry-Russell Hitchcock, The Architecture of H. H. Richardson and his Times (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966): 67.
  6. ^ Vincent J. Scully Jr., "Romantic Rationalism and the Expression of Structure in Wood: Downing, Wheeler, Gardner, and the 'Stick Style,' 1840-1876," Art Bulletin 35, no. 2 (June 1953): 121-142.
  7. ^ Gwendolyn Wright, Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1981): 113.
  8. ^ Sigfried Giedion, 'Space, Time and Architecture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967): 365-368.
  9. ^ "New Architectural Journals," American Architect and Building News 13, no. 384 (May 5, 1883): 205.
  10. ^ E. C. Gardner, "The Visible Charm: As it Was, is and May Be" in Springfield, Present and Prospective, ed. James E. Tower (Springfield: Pond & Campbell, 1905)
  11. ^ The Atwater Neighborhood
  12. ^ a b Edward J. M. Rhoads, Stepping Forth into the World: The Chinese Educational Mission to the United States, 1872-81 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2011)
  13. ^ "Architectural Club of Springfield," Architecture and Building 28, no. 2 (January 8, 1898): 19.
  14. ^ "Eugene C. Gardner." aiahistoricaldirectory.atlassian.net. AIA Historical Directory of American Architects, n. d. Accessed August 13, 2021.
  15. ^ "Who's Who in Architecture" in American Art Annual 21 (Washington: American Federation of Arts, 1924): 400.
  16. ^ "George C. Gardner" in Class Record of '88, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Concord: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Class of 1888, 1924): 54.
  17. ^ a b c d George C. Gardner, "Some Remodelled Colonial Churches," American Architect and Building News 76, no. 1375 (May 3, 1902): 37-38.
  18. ^ Henry F. Withey and Elsie Rathburn Withey, "Gardner, George Clarence" in Biographical Dictionary of American Architects (Deceased) (Los Angeles: New Age Publishing Company, 1956): 229-230.
  19. ^ "George C. Gardner." aiahistoricaldirectory.atlassian.net. AIA Historical Directory of American Architects, n. d. Accessed August 13, 2021.
  20. ^ "George Clarence Gardner," Boston Globe, August 28, 1930, 11.
  21. ^ "Pyne, George Rovillo," Who's Who in New England, ed. Albert Nelson Marquis (Chicago: A. N. Marquis & Company, 1909): 771.
  22. ^ "George R. Pyne Dead," Boston Daily Globe, February 18, 1911, 14.
  23. ^ The Architects Directory and Specification Index (New York: William T. Comstock Company, 1913)
  24. ^ a b c Henry F. Withey and Elsie Rathburn Withey, "King, Frank W. S." in Biographical Dictionary of American Architects (Deceased) (Los Angeles: New Age Publishing Company, 1956): 345-346.
  25. ^ Quadrangle/Mattoon Walking Tour (Springfield: Connecticut Valley Historical Museum, 1991)
  26. ^ "NTH.441". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  27. ^ "NTH.151". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  28. ^ "SPR.168". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  29. ^ "SPR.42". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  30. ^ "WSG.62". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  31. ^ King's Handbook of Springfield, Massachusetts, ed. Moses King (Cambridge: James D. Gill, 1884)
  32. ^ "SPR.20". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  33. ^ "MNT.63". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  34. ^ "BRI.8". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  35. ^ "NTH.22". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  36. ^ "NTH.466". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  37. ^ Stonecrest NRHP Registration Form (2004)
  38. ^ "SHL.88". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  39. ^ "NTH.20". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  40. ^ Clarissa Cook Home for the Friendless NRHP Registration Form (1983)
  41. ^ "WAR.22". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  42. ^ "WAR.1". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  43. ^ "GIL.192". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  44. ^ "WBK.90". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  45. ^ "WOR.428". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  46. ^ "SPR.231". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 4, 2021.
  47. ^ a b Eugene C. Gardner, "The Architecture of Modern Hospitals," Engineering Magazine 9, no. 6 (September 1895): 1086-1110.
  48. ^ "Special," Library Journal 15, no. 9 (September 1890): 277.
  49. ^ "Contract News," Stone 4, no. 6 (October 1891): 2.
  50. ^ "SPR.2607". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  51. ^ "SPR.204", mhc-macris.net, Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  52. ^ "Massachusetts," Atlantic Medical Weekly 4, no. 18 (November 2, 1895): 283.
  53. ^ "NTH.762". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  54. ^ "Parish House and Parsonage of the Congregational Church, Adams, Mass.," Church-building Quarterly 14, no. 1 (January 1896): 64-66
  55. ^ "The Parks Building, Westfield, Mass.," American Architect and Building News 47, no. 999 (February 16, 1895): 78.
  56. ^ Real Estate Record and Builders Guide 55, no. 1410 (March 23, 1895): 460.
  57. ^ "SPR.38". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 4, 2021.
  58. ^ "WLM.17". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  59. ^ "SPR.4459". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  60. ^ "SPR.3270". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  61. ^ a b c "Architects of Mount Holyoke buildings," mtholyoke.edu, Mount Holyoke College, n. d. Accessed June 2, 2021.
  62. ^ "SPR.206". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  63. ^ "New Schools," Engineering Record 36, no. 8 (July 24, 1897): 176.
  64. ^ "WAR.25". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  65. ^ "Public Buildings," Engineering Record 38, no. 26 (November 26, 1898): 570.
  66. ^ "SPR.171". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  67. ^ "NTH.610". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  68. ^ "WSF.114". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  69. ^ "Building Intelligence," American Architect and Building News 68, no. 1273 (May 19, 1900): xi.
  70. ^ "PAL.430". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  71. ^ "SPR.2706". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  72. ^ a b George C. Gardner, "The First Congregational Church of Marietta, Ohio," Architectural Record 20, no. 2 (August 1906): 116-120.
  73. ^ American Architect and Building News 78, no. 1398 (October 11, 1902): xii.
  74. ^ a b "HAR.C". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  75. ^ "GRE.167". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  76. ^ "GRE.44". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  77. ^ "SPR.3245". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  78. ^ "SPR.3443". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  79. ^ "LUD.111". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  80. ^ "SPR.3874". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  81. ^ "Building Operations," Real Estate Record and Builders Guide 82, no. 2119 (October 24, 1908): 786.
  82. ^ "SPR.2723". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  83. ^ Real Estate Record and Builders Guide 84, no. 2158 (July 24, 1909): 172.
  84. ^ "Springfield, Mass.," American Contractor 31, no. 22 (May 28, 1910): 45.
  85. ^ Twenty-second Report of the Free Public Library Commission of Massachusetts (Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1912)
  86. ^ "Bridges," Municipal Journal 33, no. 3 (July 18, 1912): 104.
  87. ^ "SPR.122". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  88. ^ "SPR.BF". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  89. ^ "Public Buildings and Schools," Engineering Record 72, no. 22 (November 27, 1915): 211.
  90. ^ "Springfield, Mass.," American Contractor 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1916): 58.
  91. ^ "CHI.96". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  92. ^ "LON.682". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  93. ^ "ELG.10". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  94. ^ "GNB.6". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  95. ^ "LON.216". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  96. ^ "SPR.3870". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  97. ^ "SPR.4189". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  98. ^ "Building News," American Architect 119, no. 2362 (March 30, 1921): 10.
  99. ^ "LUD.182". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  100. ^ "Buildings," Engineering News-Record 88, no. 13 (March 30, 1922): 147.
  101. ^ "SPR.16". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 4, 2021.
  102. ^ "MNS.255". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  103. ^ "SPR.79". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 4, 2021.
  104. ^ "SPR.3868". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  105. ^ Historic Campus Architecture Project
  106. ^ "SPR.114". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  107. ^ "SPR.4376". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  108. ^ "SPR.4191". mhc-macris.net. Massachusetts Historical Commission, n. d. Accessed June 3, 2021.
  109. ^ Engineering News-Record 106, no. 23 (June 18, 1931): 64.
  110. ^ Iron Age 143, no. 3 (January 19, 1939): 26.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_C._Gardner&oldid=1245764027"