Gavrilo Dožić (Serbian Cyrillic: Гаврило Дожић; 17 May 1881 – 7 May 1950), also known as Gavrilo V, was the Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral (1920–1938) and the 41st Serbian Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church, from 1938 to 1950.[1]
Gavrilo V | |
|---|---|
| Archbishop of Peć, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci, and Serbian Patriarch | |
.jpg) | |
| Church | Serbian Orthodox Church |
| See | Belgrade |
| Installed | 21 February 1938 |
| Term ended | 7 May 1950 (his death) |
| Predecessor | Varnava I |
| Successor | Vikentije II |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1900 |
| Consecration | 1911 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Đorđe Dožić 17 May 1881 |
| Died | 7 May 1950 (aged 68) Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia |
| Styles of Serbian Patriarch Gavrilo V | |
|---|---|
| Reference style | His Holiness |
| Spoken style | Your Holiness |
| Religious style | Patriarch |
| Posthumous style | His Holiness Patriarch Gavrilo V of Blessed Repose |
Early life
editĐorđe Dožić (Ђорђе Дожић) was born on 17 May 1881 in Vrujci, Kolašin, Lower Morača, Montenegro, near Morača Monastery. His family belonged to the Medenica brotherhood.[2] He finished primary school at the monastery, as a pupil of his paternal uncle, archimandrite Mihailo.[2] He went to theological schools in Prizren (Seminary of Prizren) and the Prince Islands (Halki seminary). After that, he finished the theological faculty in Athens (University of Athens).[3] He worked as the secretary of the monastery of Hilandar.[4]
Bishop
editAfter bishop Nićifor Perić of Raška-Prizren withdrew from his office (1911), due to disagreement with the Serbian diplomacy, the Patriarchate of Constantinople appointed Gavrilo as successor, as the Serbian diplomacy wanted. There was a conflict within the Serbian Church regarding the appointment of Gavrilo; the "Old Serbs" (clergy from Kosovo and Macedonia) wanted their candidate, the previous secretary of the Eparchy of Skoplje, monk Vasilije (Bogdan) Radenković.[4] While waiting for the Ottoman government approval, the Serbian government changed the decision and ordered through the consuls that Ottoman Serbs request that Radenković be appointed instead. However, Gavrilo ended up being chosen. Meanwhile, Radenković became a founder of the Black Hand conspiracy group.
Metropolitan
editAfter the death of Mitrofan Ban, the Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral, in 1920, Gavrilo was picked as the new Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral on 17 November 1920. He stayed in this position until he was chosen to become the 51st Serbian Patriarch on 21 February 1938.[5]
Detention and imprisonment in World War II
editDuring World War II in 1941, as soon as the German forces occupied Yugoslavia, Patriarch Gavrilo was arrested by the Nazis who were looting the gold from the Ostrog Monastery.[6] Ruth Mitchell in her book "The Serbs Choose War", wrote "They took from the old man everything, even his shoes. They left him naked except for his shirt. and over rough roads, over the mountains and through the deep valleys, they made him walk, at the point of a bayonet, two hundred miles, hatless in the burning Balkan sun."[7] He later was confined in the Monastery of Ljubostinja.[8] In May 1943, he was transferred to the Monastery of Vojlovica (near Pančevo) in which he was confined together with Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović until September 1944.[9]
On 15 September 1944 both Serbian Patriarch Gavrilo V (Dožić) and Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović were sent to Dachau,[10] which was at that time the main concentration camp for priests arrested by the Nazis. Both Dožić and Velimirović were held as special prisoners (Ehrenhäftlinge) imprisoned in the so-called Ehrenbunker (or Prominentenbunker) separated from the work camp area, together with high-ranking Nazi enemy officers and other prominent prisoners.[11][12]
In December 1944 they were transferred from Dachau to Slovenia, together with Milan Nedić, the Serbian collaborationist PM, and German general Hermann Neubacher, the first Nazi mayor of Vienna (1938–1939),[citation needed] as the Nazis attempted to make use of Patriarch Gavrilo's and Nikolaj's authority among the Serbs in order to gain allies in the anti-Communist movements. Contrary to claims of torture and abuse at the camp, evidence that Patriarch Dožić himself was subjected to mistreatment is doubtful.[13]
Later, Patriarch Dožić and Bishop Nikolaj were moved to Austria, and were finally liberated by the US 36th Infantry Division in Tyrol in 1945.[9][14]
Last years
editHe was physically weakened by these vicissitudes and grew to look very old and frail. Soon after, he was taken to England. Both Dožić and Velimirović were at Westminster Abbey at the baptism of King Peter II of Yugoslavia's son and heir, Crown Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia.[citation needed] He then returned to what then came to be known as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, while Bishop Nikolaj opted to emigrate to the United States.[15]
Patriarch Gavrilo died on 7 May 1950, aged 68, in Belgrade, Serbia and was buried in the Cathedral Church.[16]
He was awarded Order of Saint Sava, Order of Prince Danilo I[17] and a number of other decorations.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Vuković 1996, p. 107-109.
- ^ a b Zapisi. Vol. 11. Cetinjsko istorijsko društvo. 1938. p. 193.
Ђорђе Дожић, из братства Меденица, у калуђерству Гаврило, родио се 17 . маја 1881 год . у доњоморачком селу Врујцима . Основну школу свршио је у Манастиру Морачи код свога стрица познатог архимандрита Михаила, што ...
- ^ Vuković 1996, p. 107.
- ^ a b Radić 1998, p. 72.
- ^ Šelih, Alenka (2002). Država in cerkev: izbrani zgodovinski in pravni vidiki : mednarodni posvet 21. in 22. junija 2001. Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti. p. 471. ISBN 9789616242479.
- ^ Taber, George (15 December 2014). Chasing Gold: The Incredible Story of How the Nazis Stole Europe's Bullion (First ed.). New York, New York: Pegasus books. ISBN 978-1605986555.
- ^ Mitchell, Ruth (1943). The Serbs Choose War. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. p. 82.
- ^ Gevers, Lieve; Blank, Jan (2007). Protestant, Orthodox and Muslim Communities in Occupied Europe (1939-1950). Peeters. p. 74. ISBN 9789042919334.
- ^ a b Bojović, Boško I. (2014). L'Église Orthodoxe Serbe: histoire - spiritualité - modernité. Balkanološki institut SANU. p. 221. ISBN 9788671790857.
- ^ Boeckh, Katrin; Schon, Dietmar, eds. (2021). Der Blick auf den Anderen: Katholisch-Orthodoxe Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmung. Verlag Friedrich Pustet. p. 112. ISBN 9783791773513.
- ^ Byford 2008, pp. 92–93.
- ^ Sundhaussen, Holm (2007). Geschichte Serbiens: 19.-21. Jahrhundert. Böhlau Verlag Wien. p. 312. ISBN 9783205776604.
- ^ Byford 2008, pp. 92–96.
- ^ Byford 2008, p. 107.
- ^ Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press. p. 513. ISBN 9780804779241.
- ^ Falina, Maria (2023). Religion and Politics in Interwar Yugoslavia: Serbian Nationalism and East Orthodox Christianity. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 9781350282049.
- ^ Acović, Dragomir (2012). Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 89.
Sources and further reading
edit- Slijepčević, Djoko M. (1966). Историја Српске православне цркве. Vol. књ. 2. Минхен: Искра.
- Slijepčević, Djoko M. (1986). Историја Српске православне цркве. Vol. књ. 3. Келн: Искра.
- Vuković, Sava (1996). Српски јерарси од деветог до двадесетог века (Serbian Hierarchs from the 9th to the 20th Century). Београд: Евро.
- Byford, Jovan (2008). Denial and Repression of Antisemitism: Post-communist Remembrance of the Serbian Bishop Nikolaj Velimirovic. Central European University Press. ISBN 9789639776159.
- Vuković, Sava (2001). "Српски патријарси двадесетог века: Гаврило V (Дожић)". Даница (8). Београд: Вукова задужбина: 476–480.
- Dušan N Štrbac; Savez udruženja pravoslavnog sveštenstva FNR Jugoslavije (1960). Spomenica pravoslavnih sveštenika, žrtava fašističkog terora i palih u narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi. Savez udruženja pravoslavnog sveštenstva FNRJ.
- Ljubomir Durković-Jakšić (1980). Učešće patrijarha Gavrila i Srpske pravoslavne crkve u događajima ispred i za vreme 27. marta 1941. i njihovo stradanje u toku rata: povodom 30-godišnice od smrti patrijarha Gavrila. Sveti arhijerejski sinod Srpske pravoslavne crkve.
- Radić, Radmila (1998). Hilandar u državnoj politici kraljevine Srbije i Jugoslavije 1896-1970. Službeni list SRJ. ISBN 9788635504018.
