Gebran Ghassan Tueni (Arabic: جبران تويني; 15 September 1957 – 12 December 2005) was a Lebanese politician and the former editor and publisher of daily paper An Nahar, established by his grandfather, also named Gebran Tueni, in 1933. He was assassinated in 2005[1] as part of a series of assassinations of Syria's critics in Lebanon.[2]
Gebran Tueni | |
|---|---|
جبران تويني | |
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| Born | Gebran Ghassan Tueni 15 September 1957 |
| Died | 12 December 2005 (aged 48) |
| Resting place | Saint Dimitrius church |
| Nationality | Lebanese |
| Education | École supérieure de journalisme de Paris |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, Politician, Businessman |
| Political party | Qornet Shehwan Gathering |
| Spouse(s) | Mirna Murr (divorced) Siham Asseily |
| Children | Nayla Tueni, Michelle Tueni, Nadia Tueni, Gabriella Tueni |
| Parent(s) | Ghassan Tueni Nadia Hamadeh |
| Relatives | Marwan Hamadeh (uncle), Ali Hamade (uncle) |
| Website | http://www.gebrantueni.com |
Early life
editGebran Tueni was born in Beirut on 15 September 1957. His father, Ghassan Tueni, was born into a prominent Lebanese Greek Orthodox family of Syrian descent, and was a veteran journalist and politician.[3] His mother was the Francophone, Lebanese Druze poet, Nadia Hamadeh. His paternal grandfather was Gebran Tueni, a famous journalist and an Arab Renaissance figure who founded Al Ahrar and later on An Nahar. Gebran Tueni was named after his grandfather. His maternal grandfather, Mohammed Ali Hamadeh, was a diplomat and writer.[4] His maternal uncle is the former Telecommunications Minister Marwan Hamadeh and the former journalist of An Nahar newspaper who was in Saad Hariri political party, Ali Hamadeh.
At age 18, Gebran Tueni experienced the horror of sectarian intolerance with the outbreak of the Lebanese civil war. He also served in the Lebanese army under a then law requiring students to serve for a year as reservists, either after high school or after college graduation. He served at Henry Chehab Barracks, and after boot camp he worked in the administrative section of the barracks in 1976, he was shot by Palestinian fighters that year, and was later kidnapped for 36 hours by Christian militiamen in 1977.[5]
Education
editTueni received Bachelor of Arts degree in international relations from École des Hautes Études in 1980. At the same period, he studied journalism at Ecole Supérieure de Journalisme de Paris and graduated in 1980. He also studied management at CEDEP-INSEAD in 1992.[6]
Career
editTueni's journalism career started when he became the general manager, editor in chief and editorialist for the weekly magazine An Nahar Arab and International that he and other journalists launched in Paris in 1979 and that was published until 1990.[4][6] Then, he served as the general director of the daily paper An Nahar from 1993 to 1999 and the general director of the monthly magazine Noun from 1997 to 2000.[6] His friendship with General Michel Aoun led to his exile to Paris from 1990 to 1993.[4] He became an active member of the World Association of Newspapers (WAN) in 1990 and WAN's advisor on Middle-Eastern affairs. He was also a member of WAN's Fund for Press Freedom Development, created in 1994.[4] Tueni was the publisher, chairman of the board, director and editorialist of An Nahar beginning on 1 January 2000 until his death on 12 December 2005.[6][7]
He came to international prominence in March 2000 when he wrote a front-page letter to Bashar Assad, son and then-heir apparent to then-Syrian president Hafez al Assad calling for the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon[8] following the 1990 Taif Accords that ended Lebanon's civil war.[9] With this editorial, he broke an important press taboo.[9] His letter was published when a summit between then-US president Bill Clinton and then-Syrian President Hafez Assad was held in Geneva.[5] Tueni's letter led to a public objection from some newspapers and Lebanese officials. However, other writers agreed with its premises.[9] In April 2001, he cofounded the Qornet Shehwan Gathering together with nearly thirty Lebanese Christian politicians and public figures.[10]
In March 2005, he contributed to the Cedar Revolution demonstrations during which he gave the speech, "In the name of God We, Muslims and Christians, Pledge that united we shall remain to the end of time to better defend our Lebanon". In May 2005, he was elected a member of Parliament of Lebanon for the Eastern Orthodox Christian seat in Beirut's first district on an anti-Syrian slate, namely Martyr Prime Minister Rafik Hariri's Beirut Decision List, led by Saad Hariri.[11][12][13]
Views
editTueni was a staunch advocate for freedom of speech and promoted critical discourse regarding the regime of Hafez al-Assad. He viewed Bashar al-Assad as a "new generation" leader and harbored hopes that his leadership would finally herald a transformation in Syria's political dynamics concerning Lebanon.[7] However, as Bashar al-Assad aligned himself with then-Lebanese President Emile Lahoud and Hezbollah Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah, instead of backing Lebanon's "democratic forces", Tueni's optimism gradually waned.[7] He consequently became an outspoken critic of the Syrian government and its policies in Lebanon.[9][14][15]
Assassination and burial
editAlthough Tueni continued his editorials in An Nahar, he was out of Beirut until shortly before his death. After the assassination of Rafic Hariri, he learned that he was on the top of a hit list and started taking preventative steps, like switching cars every other day.[7] In June 2005, his star columnist Samir Kassir was assassinated. Then, he left Lebanon and stayed in Paris for a while and came back on 11 December 2005.[7][9][16]
Tueni was assassinated by a car bomb on 12 December 2005 in Mkalles, an industrial suburb of Beirut, while he drove from his home in Beit Meri (Mount Lebanon) to his newspaper's offices in Beirut's Martyrs' Square.[4] Two of his bodyguards were also killed in the blast.[17] He was the seventh target in a series of assassinations of politicians, journalists and security personnel that had begun in Lebanon in 2005.[18]
His body was buried at Saint Dimitrius church graves after the funeral that took place at Saint George church in Beirut. Tens of thousands of mourners filled the streets of Beirut for Tueni's funeral on 14 December 2005. Many mourners blamed Syria for his death due to his anti-Syrian policy and they chanted anti-Syrian slogans. The members of the Lebanese parliament also observed a moment of silence during a special parliamentary session. Continuing the play on words with "An nahar" (The Day), family members stated that night would not fall on the newspaper.
Reactions and perpetrators
editInitial reports published in Elaph indicated that a hitherto unknown group, "Strugglers for the Unity and Freedom of al-Sham" (where al-Sham refers to ancient Greater Syria) claimed responsibility.[citation needed] The statement taking responsibility was also faxed to Reuters and included a warning that the same fate awaited other opponents of "Arabism" in Lebanon, claiming that the assassination has succeeded in "shutting up" a traitor, and "turning An-Nahar (Arabic for Day) into ″Dark Night″.
Several anti-Syrian Lebanese politicians blamed Syria. However, Syrian authorities denied responsibility or complicity and stated that the crime was aimed at directing fresh accusations against Syria.[15] Commentators stressed that the explosion occurred only a few hours before the UN investigating commission was due to submit an update of its report on the Hariri assassination to then-UN Secretary General Kofi Annan.[15] In response, Lebanese Prime Minister Fouad Siniora announced that he would ask the United Nations Security Council to investigate Syrian complicity in the deaths of Tueni and other prominent anti-Syrian figures.
Before his death, Tueni was campaigning for an international probe into recently discovered mass graves in Anjar next to the main Syrian intelligence headquarters. Forensic analysis later showed the graves were part of an 18th-century cemetery. In his last editorial, Tueni accused Syria of committing "crimes against humanity" and blamed them for the mass graves and other atrocities committed in Lebanon during their presence. His articles and editorials in An Nahar often raised the ire of the Syrians.
Koïchiro Matsuura, director-general of UNESCO, said, "The global press community has lost one of its great defenders. Mr Tueni’s death is a terrible loss not only for his family, friends and colleagues, but for the cause of freedom of expression and press freedom in the Middle East. I must also voice my concern over the increasing number of attacks on Lebanese journalists and politicians in the course of this year."[19]
Lawsuit
editBoutros Harb is the lawyer of the Tueni family, and filed a lawsuit in October 2012 against two Syrian officers due to their alleged roles in Gebran Tueni's assassination.[20]
Personal life
editGebran Tueni was first married to Mirna Murr. The couple had two daughters, Nayla and Michelle. Mirna Murr is the daughter of Michel Murr, a Lebanese politician. They later divorced. His second spouse was Siham Asseily.[6] He had twin daughters, Gabriella and Nadia, from his second marriage, who were just a few months old when he was killed.[11]
Legacy
editGebran Tueni Award
editThe World Association of Newspapers established a Gebran Tueni Award in 2006 after his death[4] to be bestowed on "a newspaper publisher or editor in the Arab world who demonstrates the free press values" of the award's namesake.[21]
The award has been given to the following journalists and media figures:
- 2012: Ali Farzat, Syrian cartoonist[22]
- 2010: Aboubakr Jamaï, Le Journal Hebdomadaire, Morocco[23]
- 2009: Asos Hardi, Awene, Iraqi Kurdistan[24]
- 2008: Ibrahim Essa, Al Dustour, Egypt[25]
- 2007: Michel Hajji Georgiou, L'Orient Le Jour, Lebanon[26]
- 2006: Nadia Al-Sakkaf, Yemen Times, Yemen
Gebran Tueni Human Rights Fellowship Program
editThe Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and the Hariri Foundation-USA launched the Gebran G. Tueni Human Rights Fellowship Program on 21 January 2009. The Fellows were planned to undertake a major research project focusing on the areas of freedom of speech, arbitrary detention, or discrimination against minorities, displaced populations, or other vulnerable groups in one or more countries in the Middle East.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Department of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. "Assassination of Gebran Tueni". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
- ^ "A look at recent assassinations in Lebanon". Associated Press.
- ^ "Ghassan Tueni, Lebanese journalist and statesman, dies at 86". Washington Post. 19 May 2023. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f Mansour, Bassam (2008). "Gebran Tueni: The man who was like thunder" (PDF). The UNESCO Courier. 4: 9–11. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
- ^ a b Gambill, Gary C. (1 June 2000). "Dossier: Gibran Tueni". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. 2 (5). Retrieved 16 June 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Biography". Naharnet. Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Macleod, Scott (16 December 2005). "Gebran Tueni: An Appreciation". Time World. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
- ^ a b "The Gebran G. Tueni Human Rights Fellowship". The Carr Center. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Gebran Tueni". CPJ. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
- ^ "Qornet Shehwan Gathering" (PDF). Middle East Mirror. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- ^ a b "Obituary: Gibran Tueni". BBC. 12 December 2005. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
- ^ Rola el Husseini (15 October 2012). Pax Syriana: Elite Politics in Postwar Lebanon. Syracuse University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-8156-3304-4. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
- ^ "Lebanon's Elections 2005: Updated Electoral Lists". Ya Libnan. 21 May 2005. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
- ^ Sakr, Etienne (December 2005). "The politics and liberation of Lebanon" (PDF). Middle East Review of International Affairs. 9 (4). Retrieved 10 June 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c Alfred B. Prados (8 June 2006). "Lebanon". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 11 June 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Gibran Tueni". The Star. 18 December 2005. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Mallat, Chibli. Lebanon's Cedar Revolution An essay on non-violence and justice (PDF). Mallat. p. 122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2012.
- ^ "Tueni remembered as defender of Lebanon's sovereignty". The Daily Star. Beirut. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ "Director-General condemns assassination of Lebanese newspaper editor Gebran Tueni". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 13 December 2005. Archived from the original on 7 May 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
- ^ "Tueni family sues Syrian officers implicated in MP's murder". The Daily Star. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Andrew Heslop (7 July 2011). "The irresolvable dilemma of the newspaper publisher". World Association of Newspapers. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ "Farzat receives prize for Syrian political cartoons". The Daily Star. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "Moroccan journalist presented with the Gebran Tueni Prize". Media Update. 14 April 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ "Kurdish journalist wins Gebran Tueni Award". The Kurdish Globe. 19 December 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "Egyptian editor wins Gebran Tueni Award for journalism". The Daily Star. 3 December 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "Michel Georgiou receives Gebran Tueni Award at ceremony honoring assassinated journalist". The Daily Star. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
