In nuclear physics, the Geiger–Nuttall law or Geiger–Nuttall rule relates the decay constant of a radioactive isotope with the energy of the alpha particles emitted. Roughly speaking, it states that short-lived isotopes emit more energetic alpha particles than long-lived ones.
The relationship also shows that half-lives are exponentially dependent on decay energy, so that very large changes in half-life make comparatively small differences in decay energy, and thus alpha particle energy. In practice, this means that alpha particles from all alpha-emitting isotopes across many orders of magnitude of difference in half-life, all nevertheless have about the same decay energy.
Formulated in 1911 by Hans Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall as a relation between the decay constant and the range of alpha particles in air,[1] in its modern form[2] the Geiger–Nuttall law is
where is the half-life, E the total kinetic energy (of the alpha particle and the daughter nucleus), and A and B are coefficients that depend on the isotope's atomic number Z. The law works best for nuclei with even atomic number and even atomic mass. The trend is still there for even-odd, odd-even, and odd-odd nuclei but is not as pronounced.
Cluster decays
editThe Geiger–Nuttall law has even been extended to describe cluster decays,[3] decays where atomic nuclei larger than helium are released, e.g. silicon and carbon.
Derivation
editA simple way to derive this law is to consider an alpha particle in the atomic nucleus as a particle in a box. The particle is in a bound state because of the presence of the strong interaction potential. It will constantly bounce from one side to the other, and due to the possibility of quantum tunneling by the wave through the potential barrier, each time it bounces, there will be a small likelihood for it to escape.
A knowledge of this quantum mechanical effect enables one to obtain this law, including coefficients, via direct calculation.[4] This calculation was first performed by physicist George Gamow in 1928.[5]
See also
edit- Alpha-decay – Type of radioactive decay
References
edit- ^ H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1911) "The ranges of the α particles from various radioactive substances and a relation between range and period of transformation," Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, vol. 22, no. 130, pages 613-621. See also: H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1912) "The ranges of α particles from uranium," Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, vol. 23, no. 135, pages 439-445.
- ^ Qi, C; Andreyev, A. N.; Huyse, M.; Liotta, R. J.; Van Duppen, P.; Wyss, R. (2014). "On the Validity of the Geiger-Nuttall Alpha-Decay Law and its Microscopic Basis". Phys. Lett. B. 734: 203–206. arXiv:1405.5633. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2014.05.066.
- ^ Ren, Zhongzhou; Xu, Chang; Wang, Zaijun (2004). "New perspective on complex cluster radioactivity of heavy nuclei". Phys. Rev. C. 70: 034304. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.70.034304.
- ^ "Gamow theory of alpha decay". www.phy.uct.ac.za. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ G. Gamow (1928) "Zur Quantentheorie des Atomkernes" (On the quantum theory of the atomic nucleus), Zeitschrift für Physik, vol. 51, pages 204-212.