A gene bank is a type of biorepository that serves to preserve the genetic information of organisms. Gene banks are often used for storing the genetic material of species that are endangered or close to extinction. They are also used for the preservation of major crop species and cultivars, in order to preserve crop diversity.
Preservation is done via the collection and storage of reproductive material from an organism. For example, seeds and cuttings may be collected from plants, spores may be collected from fungi and sperm and egg cells may be collected from animals. Aquatic organisms such as coral are preserved via the collection of fragments of coral, that are then sustained, live, in a carefully controlled aquatic environment.
The collected material is oftentimes stored at a temperature below 0 °C (32 °F). It may also be stored in cryogenic conditions using liquid nitrogen. Certain gene banks are based around the continuous cultivation of living organisms, such as certain species of plants being raised in a controlled nutrient medium, or artificially created habitats that then harbor certain species.
Gene banks are present all over the world, with differing objectives and resources. One of the largest is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault.[1][2]
The database of the largest gene banks in the world can be queried via a common website, Genesys. A number of global gene banks are coordinated by the CGIAR Genebank Platform
Types of gene bank
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Seed bank
editSeed banks, also known as seed vaults. are large repositories where seeds of many different species are stored at freezing temperatures. They are used to preserve genetic diversity for the future. The storage temperature depends on how long the seeds are to be kept. Durations of 3–5 years (short term storage), 10-15 years (medium term storage) and 50+ years (long term storage) will typically have storage temperatures of 5 to 10 °C (41 to 50 °F), 0 °C (32 °F) and −18 to −20 °C (0 to −4 °F) respectively. Spores, such as those from pteridophytes can also be stored. However, storage organs, such as the tubers made by root vegetables, cannot be stored. It is also important that when seeds are stored, the moisture content of the seeds and the surrounding medium is kept low, otherwise the seeds will not be viable after long periods in freezing temperatures.[3] The largest seed bank in the world is the Millennium Seed Bank housed at the Wellcome Trust Millennium Building (WTMB), located in the grounds of Wakehurst Place in West Sussex, near London.[4]
In vitro bank
editIn this technique, buds, protocorm and meristematic cells are preserved through particular light and temperature arrangements in a nutrient medium, which is either a gel or in liquid form. This technique is used to preserve seedless plants and plants that reproduce asexually or that require preservation as clones such as commercial cultivars.[5]
Cryobank
editIn this technique, a seed or embryo is preserved at very low temperatures. It is usually preserved in liquid nitrogen at −196 °C (−320.8 °F).[6] By freezing the seeds or embryos at this temperature they can stay viable for at least a century.[3] This is helpful for the conservation of species facing extinction.[6] Cryobanks are utilized for the cryoconservation of animal genetic resources.[7] An example of one of the world’s largest animal cryobanks is the frozen zoo made by the San Diego Zoo, in San Diego California.[8] With animal cryobanks freezing embryos is preferred instead of the separate egg and sperm because the embryos are more resistant to the freezing process.[9]
Storage of pollen
editPollen is stored through a cryopreservation technique called vitrification. Vitrification in this context is based around the freezing of pollen grains without the formation of ice crystals, which would heavily damage the pollen.[7] The pollen, which is stored in liquid nitrogen, is kept at temperatures of −180 to −196 °C (−292.0 to −320.8 °F). The National Seed Storage Lab in Fort Collins, Colorado currently uses this technique to store pollen.[10] Pollen can also be freeze dried and stored at temperatures of 5 to −18 °C (41 to 0 °F).[3] An important element that must be considered is the levels of moisture in the pollen. If the pollen grains have a low moisture content it helps increase the length of the pollen’s life. Low levels of moisture help the pollen freeze without creating ice or ice crystals, which helps preserve the life span of the pollen while it is being stored.[11][12] Ideal levels of moisture content to be allowed in the pollen depends on the type of plant. The pollen from different plant species can be divided into two groups. One is binucleate pollen, which has a thicker exine and the second is trinucleate pollen, which has a thinner exine. Binucleate pollen has a higher lifespan when frozen at a low moisture level. Trinucleate pollen, however, has a higher lifespan when frozen at a high moisture level.[11] Moisture level in the pollen can be decreased by exposing the pollen to diluted salt solutions, silica gel and dry air or by chemical treatment with vitrification solutions.[13]
Field gene banks
edit
Field gene banks are gene banks based around the management of live specimens, in contrast to a seed bank which is focused on the facilitation of backups of germplasm, typically in the form of seeds. Field gene banks are vulnerable to natural disasters, pests and disease. As such, they are typically used as a method of last resort if a species cannot be preserved via normal means, such as if it didn't produce seeds. This method uses more land, energy and water than other methods.
Facilities
edit- The Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees (CePaCT) plant gene bank in Suva, Fiji, focuses on propagating (and re-propagating) seedlings of plants (using clippings and tissue culture, rather than as seeds), to preserve the genetic diversity of the most important varieties of food crops of the Pacific region, such as banana, taro, breadfruit and yam.[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ On practical and theoretical differences between a storage and a gene bank, see Nicole C. Karafyllis (ed.): Theorien der Lebendsammlung. Pflanzen, Mikroben und Tiere als Biofakte in Genbanken (in German), Freiburg: Karl Alber 2018 (Lebenswissenschaften im Dialog Vol. 25) ISBN 978-3-495-48975-8
- ^ Liu, Rita (15 April 2022). "Seed banks: the last line of defense against a threatening global food crisis". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
- ^ a b c Babasaheb, Jige, Sandipan (December 2021). "'NEW TRENDS IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION'". www.jetir.org. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Gosling, Rebecca (2 December 2020). "What is a seed bank, how does it work and why is it important?". Woodland Trust. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "In vitro bank". cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ^ a b "Cryo bank". cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ a b "Cryoconservation of Animal Genetic Resources" (PDF). Rep. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 12. Print. 2012.
- ^ Prisco, Jacopo (31 March 2022). "Back from the brink: How 'frozen zoos' could save dying species". CNN. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ "The Frozen Zoo". 21 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 May 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Connor, Kristina F.; Towill, Leigh E. (1 January 1993). "Pollen-handling protocol and hydration/dehydration characteristics of pollen for application to long-term storage". Euphytica. 68 (1): 77–84. doi:10.1007/BF00024157. ISSN 1573-5060.
- ^ a b Janick, Jules (7 April 2010). Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 13. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-65004-2.
- ^ Kartha (3 April 1985). Cryopreservation of Plant Cells and Organs. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-6102-9.
- ^ Dinato, N. B.; Santos, I. R. I.; Vigna, B. B. Z.; Ferreira de Paula, A.; Favero, A. P. (2020). "PERSPECTIVE: Pollen Cryopreservation for Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation". Cryo Letters. 41 (3): 115–127. ISSN 0143-2044. PMID 33988640.
- ^ Smith, Carl. Inside the Pacific's CePaCT plant gene bank, a last line of defence for crop species loss, ABC News, 17 October 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
Further reading
edit- Ellis, R.H., T.D. Hong and E.H. Roberts (1985). Handbook of Seed Technology for Genebanks Vol. II: Compendium of Specific Germination Information and Test Recommendations. IBPGR (now Bioversity International). Rome, Italy. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Engels, Jan; Visser, Bert, eds. (2003). A Guide to Effective Management of Germplasm Collections. CABI, IFPRI, IPGRI, SGRP. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007. 174 p.
- Kameswara, N., J. Hanson, M. E. Dulloo, K. Ghosh, A. Nowell and M. Larinde. (2006). Manual of Seed Handling in Genebanks. Bioversity International, CTA (Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation), FAO, ILRI. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 147 p. - Koo, B., Pardey, P. G., Wright, B. D.; et al. (2004). Saving Seeds. CABI, IFPRI, IPGRI, SGRP. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)