Elwell Stephen Otis (March 25, 1838 – October 21, 1909) was a United States Army general who served in the American Civil War, Indian Wars, the Philippines late in the Spanish–American War and during the Philippine–American War.
Elwell S. Otis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 2nd American Military Governor of the Philippines | |
| In office August 28, 1898 – May 5, 1900 | |
| President | William McKinley |
| Preceded by | Wesley Merritt |
| Succeeded by | Arthur MacArthur Jr. |
| Member of the Schurman Commission | |
| In office March 4, 1899 – March 16, 1900 | |
| Governor‑General | Jacob Gould Schurman |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Bernard Moses (Taft Commission) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | March 25, 1838 Frederick, Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | October 21, 1909 (aged 71) Rochester, New York, U.S.[1] |
| Spouses |
|
| Alma mater | |
| Nickname | "Granny" |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Branch/service |  United States ArmyUnion Army |
| Years of service | 1862–1902 |
| Rank |  Major General |
| Unit |  140th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment |
| Commands | 20th Infantry Regiment Eighth Army Corps |
| Battles/wars | |
Biography
editOtis was born in Frederick, Maryland on March 25, 1838. He attended the University of Rochester, where he was a member of the Iota chapter of St. Anthony Hall aka the Fraternity of Delta Psi.[2] He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1860 and was practicing law during the first year of the Civil War.
Civil War
editDuring the American Civil War, Otis was appointed captain in the 140th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment formed in Rochester, NY in September 1862. He fought at the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. On December 23, 1863, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel of his regiment. At the Battle of Spotsylvania the regiment's colonel was killed and Otis assumed command. He fought in all the battles of the Overland Campaign. During the Siege of Petersburg, he assumed command of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division in V Corps leading it into action at the Battle of Peebles' Farm. During this battle he was severely wounded, which effectively ended his field career during the Civil War. He was promoted to brevet brigadier general of volunteers for actions at Peebles' Farm. Otis eventually recovered and was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 22nd U.S. Infantry in 1867.
Indian Wars
editOtis continued serving in the army during the Indian Wars as part of the 22nd U.S. including campaigning in Montana in the aftermath of the Battle of the Little Bighorn. On February 8, 1880, he was appointed colonel of the 20th U.S. Infantry. On November 28, 1893, he was appointed brigadier general in the regular army. He later commanded the Department of the Columbia and the Department of Colorado.
Philippine–American War
editOn May 4, 1898, he was appointed major general of volunteers and was sent to the Philippines with reinforcements for General Wesley Merritt. Otis assumed command of the Eighth Army Corps, replacing Merritt, who had become the military governor of the Philippines. Merritt served as military governor only briefly before he returned to the United States. On August 28, 1898, Otis was appointed Military Governor for the Philippines.
He also continued in command of Eighth Corps during the Philippine–American War. He conducted the U.S. Army during the Battle of Manila in 1899 and during the first phase of the insurrection before fighting turned primarily to guerrilla warfare. When Filipino General Emilio Aguinaldo tried to stop the war by sending an emissary to General Otis to appeal for an end to the fighting in the Second Battle of Manila, Otis rejected it, insisting that "fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end."[3][4]
In May 1899, the American Anti-Imperialist League published a pamphlet of letters allegedly written by U.S. soldiers in the Philippines that documented numerous atrocities committed by troops, leading to a wide public backlash against Otis and the war.[5] In response, Otis denied to the press that any abuses had been committed, and tracked down the authors of the letters, threatening them with a court-martial if they did not immediately write a retraction.[6] Despite his attempts to prevent reports of atrocities from reaching the press, Otis did admit that he suspected his troops of having committed atrocities, stating:
The conduct of the Washington Volunteers has been the subject of special investigations for some time. They deny wanton burning or cruelties. And still there are strong indications that they practised these infractions to some extent.
Later life
editHe was relieved of command in 1900 and replaced by Arthur MacArthur Jr., the father of Douglas MacArthur. He returned to the United States and commanded the Department of the Lakes. He was appointed major general in the regular army in 1906.
Otis was a skilled general and able administrator. However, he was generally disliked by his subordinates and peers and received harsh treatment in the press. He was known as "Granny" by his troops because of his age and graying hair.[7]: 27–29 On the other hand, Rudolph Rau writes of Otis' work in the Philippines that "He delegated no authority, was pompous and fuzzy, and inspired few".[8] He died in Rochester, New York on October 21, 1909, from painful angina.
Family
editElwell S. Otis married twice. His first wife was Louise Selden. They married in 1870, and had two daughters:
- Laura Lu Otis born 1872 in North Dakota. Married Harry K. Elston.
- Mary L. Otis born 1875 in New York. Married Ralph Isham.
His second wife was Louisa Bowman, the daughter of Alexander Hamilton Bowman and Marie Louisa Collins. The couple had one child.[9] They were married in 1878.
- Louise B. Otis born February 21, 1882, in Kansas and died December 27, 1963, in Santa Barbara, California. She married George Wagner.
Louisa "Lulu" Otis, the widow of Elwell Otis died in Santa Barbara, California on June 8, 1934.
Legacy
editFor many years on June 15, Rochester, New York celebrated Otis Day. This is no longer the case.[10]
Portrayal in the media
edit- Portrayed by E.A. Rocha in the Philippine film, Heneral Luna (2015), and its sequel, Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral (2018).
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Elwell Stephen Otis, Arlington National Cemetery.
- ^ Negus, W. H. (1900). "Delta Psi". In Maxwell, W. J. (ed.). Greek Lettermen of Washington. New York, New York: The Umbdenstock Publishing Co. pp. 231–234.
- ^ Thompson, R.E.; Barker, W. (1899). A National Weekly Journal of Politics ..., Volumes 30-31. The American. p. 210.
- ^ Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03081-9. p. 63
- ^ Letters of soldiers during the Philippine-American War.
- ^ Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). "Benevolent Assimilation": The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-02697-9.
- ^ Linn, Brian McAllister (2000). The Philippine War: 1899–1902. University Press of Kansas.
- ^ Rau, Rudolph (12 June 2007). General of the Night. General of the Night. ISBN 9780615303444.
- ^ United States Census, 1880 and 1900, and The Historical record of Wyoming Valley: A compilation of matters of local history from the columns of the Wilkes-Barre record, Volume 8 p. 348 available online
- ^ Kramer, David (15 June 2015). "Remembering General Elwell Otis on his Day, June 15th: Rochester's imperial war hero". Democrat & Chronicle. Gannett. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
"Otis Day at Rochester". Boston Evening Transcript. 15 June 1900. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
Official Program, Otis Day Souvenir: Rochester, N.Y., June 15th, 1900. Rochester Chamber of Commerce. 1900.
Shilling, Donovan A. (2012). They Put Rochester On The Map. Pancoast Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-9838496-1-2.
Further reading
edit- Elwell Stephen Otis (1878). "The Indian Question" (PDF). Sheldon and Company. Retrieved May 7, 2006. Full book online