Governor-General of the Philippines

The governor-general of the Philippines (Filipino: Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas / Kapitan Heneral ng Pilipinas; Spanish: Gobernador y Capitán General de Filipinas; Japanese: フィリピン総督, romanized: Firipin sōtoku) was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed by Mexico City and Madrid (1565–1898) and the United States (1898–1946), and briefly by Great Britain (1762–1764) and Japan (1942–1945). They were also the representative of the executive of the ruling power.

Governor-General of the Philippines
Gobernador y Capitán General de Filipinas Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas フィリピン総督
Residence	Fort San Pedro (1565–1572) Palacio del Gobernador (1572–1863) Malacañang Palace (1863–1945) Mansion House (1942–1945)
Appointer	Viceroy of New Spain Monarch of Spain Monarch of Great Britain President of the United States Emperor of Japan
Precursor	Various, the barangay system
Formation	April 27, 1565
First holder	Miguel López de Legazpi (under Spain) Dawsonne Drake (under Great Britain) Wesley Merritt (under the United States) Masaharu Homma (under Japan)
Final holder	Diego de los Ríos (under Spain) Dawsonne Drake (under Great Britain) Frank Murphy (under the United States) Tomoyuki Yamashita (under Japan)
Abolished	October 6, 1945

On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence from American control. The governor-general was replaced by an elected Filipino president of the Philippine Commonwealth, as the chief executive of the Philippines, taking over many of the duties of the governor-general. The former American governor-general then became known as the high commissioner to the Philippines.

From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565 to 1821, the governor and captain-general was appointed by the viceroy of New Spain upon recommendation of the Spanish Cortes and governed on behalf of the monarch of Spain to govern the Captaincy General of the Philippines. When there was a vacancy (e.g. death, or during the transitional period between governors), the Real Audiencia in Manila appointed a temporary governor from among its members.

After Mexico won its independence in 1821, the country was no longer under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) and administrative affairs formerly handled by New Spain were transferred to Madrid and placed directly under the Spanish Crown.

Under New Spain (1565–1764)

No.	Portrait	Name	Tenure start	Tenure end	Viceroy of New Spain	Monarch
1		Miguel López de Legazpi (1502–1572)	April 27, 1565	August 20, 1572	Francisco Ceinos Dean of the Audiencia (1564–1566)	Philip II (1554–1598)
					Gastón de Peralta 3rd Marquess of Falces (1566–1567)
					Alonso Muñoz and Luis Carrillo (1567–1568)
					Alonso Muñoz (1568)
					Francisco Ceinos Dean of the Audiencia (1564–1566)
					Martín Enríquez de Almanza (1568–1580)
2		Guido de Lavezaris (1512–1581)	August 20, 1572	August 25, 1575
3		Francisco de Sande (1540–1602)	August 25, 1575	April 1580
4		Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa (died 1583)	April 1580	March 10, 1583
					Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza 5th Count of Coruña (1580–1583)
5		Diego Ronquillo Acting Governor-General	March 10, 1583	May 16, 1584
					Luis de Villanueva y Zapata Dean of the Audiencia (1583–1584)
6		Santiago de Vera (died 1606)	May 16, 1584	May 1590
					Pedro Moya de Contreras Archbishop of Mexico (1584–1585)
					Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga 1st Marquess of Villamanrique (1585–1590)
					Luis de Velasco 1st Marquess of Salinas (1590–1595)
7		Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas (1519–1593)	June 1, 1590	October 25, 1593
8		Pedro de Rojas Acting Governor-General	October 1593	December 3, 1593
9		Luis Pérez Dasmariñas (1567/1568–1603)	December 3, 1593	July 14, 1596
					Gaspar de Zúñiga 5th Count of Monterrey (1595–1603)
						Philip III (1598–1621)
10		Francisco de Tello de Guzmán (1532–1603)	July 14, 1596	May 1602
11		Pedro Bravo de Acuña (died 1606)	May 1602	June 24, 1606
					Juan de Mendoza y Luna 3rd Marquess of Montesclaros (1603–1607)
12		Cristóbal Téllez Almazán Real Audiencia (died 1612)	June 24, 1606	June 15, 1608
					Luis de Velasco 1st Marquess of Salinas (1607–1611)
13		Rodrigo de Vivero Acting Governor-General (1564–1636)	June 15, 1608	April 1609
14		Juan de Silva (died 1616)	April 1609	April 19, 1616
					García Guerra Archbishop of Mexico (1611–1612)
					Pedro Otárola Dean of the Audiencia (1612)
					Diego Fernández de Córdoba 1st Marquess of Guadalcázar (1612–1621)
15		Andrés de Alcaraz Real Audiencia	April 19, 1616	July 3, 1618
16		Alonso Fajardo de Tenza (died 1624)	July 3, 1618	July 1624
					Paz de Valecillo Dean of the Audiencia (1621)
						Philip IV (1621–1665)
					Diego Carrillo de Mendoza 1st Marquess of Gélves (1621–1624)
17		Jeronimo de Silva Real Audiencia	July 1624	June 1625
					Rodrigo Pacheco 3rd Marquess of Cerralvo (1624–1635)
18		Fernándo de Silva Acting Governor-General}	June 1625	June 29, 1626
19		Juan Niño de Tabora (died 1632)	June 29, 1626	July 22, 1632
20		Lorenzo de Olaso Real Audiencia	July 22, 1632	1633
21		Juan Cerezo de Salamanca Acting Governor-General	August 29, 1633	June 25, 1635
22		Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera (1587–1660)	June 25, 1635	August 11, 1644
					Lope Díez de Armendáriz 1st Marquess of Cadreita (1635–1640)
					Diego López Pacheco 7th Duke of Escalona (1640–1642)
					Juan de Palafox y Mendoza Bishop of Puebla (1642)
					García Sarmiento de Sotomayor 2nd Count of Salvatierra (1642–1648)
23		Diego Fajardo Chacón	August 11, 1644	July 25, 1653
					Marcos de Torres y Rueda Bishop of Yucatan (1648–1649)
					Matías de Peralta Dean of the Audiencia (1649–1650)
					Luis Enríquez de Guzmán 9th Count of Alba de Liste (1650–1653)
24		Sabiniano Manrique de Lara (1606–1679)	July 25, 1653	September 8, 1663
					Francisco Fernández de la Cueva 8th Duke of Alburquerque (1653–1660)
					Juan Francisco Leiva y de la Cerda 5th Marquess of Adrada (1660–1664)
25		Diego de Salcedo	September 8, 1663	September 28, 1668
					Diego Osorio de Escobar y Llamas Bishop of Puebla (1664)
					Antonio Sebastián Álvarez de Toledo 2nd Marquess of Mancera (1664–1673)
						Charles II (1665–1700)
26		Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz Acting Governor-General (died 1669)	September 28, 1668	September 24, 1669
27		Manuel de León	September 24, 1669	September 21, 1677
					Payo Enríquez de Rivera Bishop of Puebla and Archbishop of Mexico (1673–1680)
28		Francisco Coloma y Maceda Real Audiencia (1617–1677)	April 11, 1677	September 25, 1677
29		Francisco de Montemayor y Mansilla Real Audiencia	September 21, 1677	September 28, 1678
30		Juan de Vargas Hurtado	September 28, 1678	August 24, 1684
					Tomás de la Cerda 3rd Marquess of la Laguna de Camero Viejo (1680–1686)
31		Gabriel de Curucealegui y Arriola	August 24, 1684	April 1689
					Melchor Portocarrero 3rd Count of Monclova (1686–1688)
					Gaspar de la Cerda 8th Count of Galve (1688–1696)
32		Alonso de Abella Fuertes Real Audiencia	April 1689	July 1690
33		Fausto Cruzat y Góngora (died 1702)	July 25, 1690	December 8, 1701
					Juan Ortega y Montañés Bishop of Durango, Bishop of Guatemala, Bishop of Michoacán and Archbishop of Mexico (1696)
					José Sarmiento de Valladares 1st Duke of Atrisco (1696–1701)
						Philip V (1700–1724)
					Juan Ortega y Montañés Archbishop of Mexico (1701–1702)
34		Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri	December 8, 1701	August 25, 1709
					Francisco Fernández de la Cueva 1st Duke of Alburquerque (1702–1710)
35		Martín de Ursúa 1st Count of Lizárraga (1653–1715)	August 25, 1709	February 4, 1715
					Fernando de Alencastre 1st Duke of Linares (1710–1716)
36		José Torralba Real Audiencia (1653–1726)	February 4, 1715	August 9, 1717
					Baltasar de Zúñiga 1st Duke of Arión (1716–1722)
37		Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda (died 1719)	August 9, 1717	October 11, 1719
38		Francisco de la Cuesta Archbishop of Manila Acting Governor-General (1661–1724)	October 11, 1719	August 6, 1721
39		Toribio de Cossío	August 6, 1721	August 14, 1729
					Juan de Acuña 1st Marquess of Casa Fuerte (1722–1734)
						Louis I (1724)
						Philip V (1724–1746)
40		Fernándo Valdés Tamón	August 14, 1729	July 1739
					Juan Antonio de Vizarrón y Eguiarreta Archbishop of Mexico (1734–1740)
41		Gaspar de la Torre y Ayala (died 1745)	July 1739	September 21, 1745
					Pedro de Castro 1st Duke of la Conquista (1740–1741)
					Pedro Malo de Villavicencio President of the Audiencia (1741–1742)
					Pedro Cebrián 5th Count of Fuenclara (1742–1746)
42		Juan de Arechederra Bishop-elect of Nueva Segovia Acting Governor-General (1681–1751)	September 21, 1745	July 20, 1750
					Juan Francisco de Güemes y Horcasitas 1st Count of Revillagigedo (1746–1755)	Ferdinand VI (1746–1759)
43		Francisco José de Ovando 1st Marquess of Brindisi (1693–1755)	July 20, 1750	July 26, 1754
44		Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban (1699–1759)	July 26, 1754	May 31, 1759
					Agustín de Ahumada 2nd Marquess of Amarillas (1755–1760)
45		Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta Bishop of Cebu Acting Governor-General (1701–1771)	June 1759	May 31, 1761
						Charles III (1759–1788)
					Francisco Antonio de Echávarri Dean of the Audiencia (1760)
					Francisco Cajigal de la Vega (1760)
					Joaquín de Montserrat 1st Marquess of Cruillas (1760–1766)
46		Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra Archbishop of Manila Acting Governor-General (1708–1764)	July 1761	October 6, 1762

British occupation of Manila (1761–1764)

Main article: British occupation of Manila

After the Spanish defeat at the Battle of Manila in 1762, the Philippines was briefly governed simultaneously by two Governors-General, one of the Spanish Empire and one of the British Empire.

Great Britain shortly occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War, while the Spanish Governor-General set up a provisional government in Bacolor, Pampanga to continue administering the rest of the archipelago.

British governor-general

No.	Portrait	Name	Tenure start	Tenure end	Monarch
46a		Dawsonne Drake (1724–1784)	November 2, 1762	May 31, 1764	George III (1760–1820)

Spanish governor-general

No.	Portrait	Name	Tenure start	Tenure end	Viceroy of New Spain	Monarch
47		Simón de Anda y Salazar (1709–1776)	October 6, 1762	February 10, 1764	Joaquín de Montserrat 1st Marquess of Cruillas (1760–1766)	Charles III (1759–1788)

Under New Spain (1764–1821)

After the British returned Manila to the Spanish in 1764, the Spanish Governor-General Francisco Javier de la Torre resumed administration of the Philippines under the authority of the Viceroy of New Spain in modern-day Mexico (New Spain) as part of the Spanish Empire.

The Philippines, along with the rest of the Spanish Empire, became part of the First French Empire in 1808 after Napoleon overthrew Ferdinand VII and installed Joseph Bonaparte as king until his abdication in 1813, as part of a disastrous consequence of Napoleon's 1812 Russian campaign, the Peninsular Wars, particularly the Battle of Vitoria, and of forming the Sixth Coalition.

No.	Portrait	Name	Tenure start	Tenure end	Viceroy of New Spain	Monarch
48		Francisco Javier de la Torre Acting Governor-General	March 17, 1764	July 6, 1765	Joaquín de Montserrat 1st Marquess of Cruillas (1760–1766)	Charles III (1759–1788)
49		José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez (1700–1773)	July 6, 1765	July 1770
					Carlos Francisco de Croix 1st Marquess of Croix (1766–1771)
(47)		Simón de Anda y Salazar (1709–1776)	July 1770	October 30, 1776
					Antonio María de Bucareli (1771–1779)
50		Pedro Sarrió Acting Governor-General	October 30, 1776	July 1778
51		José Basco y Vargas (1733–1805)	July 1778	September 22, 1787
					Francisco Romá y Rosell Regent of the Audiencia (1779)
					Martín de Mayorga Captain General of Guatemala (1779–1783)
					Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo Captain General of Guatemala (1783–1784)
					Vicente de Herrera y Rivero Regent of the Audiencia (1784–1785)
					Bernardo de Gálvez 1st Count of Gálvez (1785–1786)
					Eusebio Sánchez Pareja Regent of the Audiencia (1786–1787)
					Alonso Núñez de Haro y Peralta Archbishop of Mexico (1787)
					Manuel Antonio Flórez (1787–1789)
(50)		Pedro Sarrió Acting Governor-General	September 22, 1787	July 1, 1788
51		Félix Berenguer de Marquina (1733–1826)	July 1, 1788	September 1, 1793
						Charles IV (1788–1808)
					Juan Vicente de Güemes 2nd Count of Revillagigedo (1789–1794)
52		Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León (1737–1806)	September 1, 1793	August 7, 1806
					Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca 1st Marquess of Branciforte (1794–1798)
					Miguel José de Azanza 1st Duke of Santa Fe (1798–1800)
					Félix Berenguer de Marquina (1800–1803)
					José de Iturrigaray (1803–1808)
53		Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Acting Governor-General (1766–1823)	August 7, 1806	March 4, 1810
						Ferdinand VII (1808)
						Joseph Bonaparte (1808–1813)
					Pedro de Garibay (1808–1809)
					Francisco Javier de Lizana y Beaumont Archbishop of Mexico (1809–1810)
54		Manuel González de Aguilar	March 4, 1810	September 4, 1813
					Pedro Catani (1810)
					Francisco Javier Venegas 1st Marquess of Reunión and New Spain (1810–1813)
					Félix María Calleja del Rey 1st Count of Calderón (1813–1816)
55		José de Gardoqui y Jarabeitia	September 4, 1813	December 10, 1816
						Ferdinand VII (1813–1833)
					Juan Ruiz de Apodaca 1st Count of Venadito (1816–1821)
(53)		Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Acting Governor-General (1766–1823)	December 10, 1816	September 15, 1821
					Francisco Novella Azabal Pérez y Sicardo (1821)
					Juan O'Donojú (1821)

Direct Spanish control (1821–1898)

After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Spanish Crown.

No.	Portrait	Name	Tenure start	Tenure end	Monarch
(53)		Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Acting Governor-General (1766–1823)	September 16, 1821	October 30, 1822	Ferdinand VII (1813–1833)
54		Juan Antonio Martínez	October 30, 1822	October 14, 1825
55		Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca (1776–1846)	October 14, 1825	December 23, 1830
56		Pasqual Enrile y Alcedo (1772–1836)	December 23, 1830	March 1, 1835
					Isabella II (1833–1868)
57		Gabriel de Torres	March 1, 1835	April 23, 1835
58		Joaquín de Crame Acting Governor-General	April 23, 1835	September 9, 1835
59		Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y Varona Acting Governor-General	September 9, 1835	August 27, 1837
60		Andrés García Camba (1793–1861)	August 27, 1837	December 29, 1838
61		Luis Lardizábal	December 29, 1838	February 14, 1841
62		Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri (1788–1851)	February 14, 1841	June 17, 1843
63		Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre	June 17, 1843	July 16, 1844
64		Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa 1st Count of Manila (1795–1851)	July 16, 1844	December 26, 1849
65		Antonio María Blanco Acting Governor-General	December 26, 1849	July 29, 1850
66		Juan Antonio de Urbiztondo, Marquis of La Solana (1803–1857)	July 29, 1850	December 20, 1853
67		Ramón Montero y Blandino Acting Governor-General	December 20, 1853	February 2, 1854
68		Manuel Pavía y Lacy 1st Marquess of Novaliches (1814–1896)	February 2, 1854	October 28, 1854
(67)		Ramón Montero y Blandino Acting Governor-General	October 28, 1854	November 20, 1854
69		Manuel Crespo y Cebrían (1793–1868)	November 20, 1854	December 5, 1856
(67)		Ramón Montero y Blandino Acting Governor-General	December 5, 1856	March 9, 1857
70		Fernando de Norzagaray y Escudero (1808–1860)	March 9, 1857	January 12, 1860
71		Ramón María Solano y Llanderal	January 12, 1860	August 29, 1860
72		Juan Herrera Dávila Acting Governor-General	August 29, 1860	February 2, 1861
73		José Lémery e Ibarrola (1811–1886)	February 2, 1861	July 7, 1862
74		Salvador Valdés Acting Governor-General	July 7, 1862	July 9, 1862
75		Rafaél de Echagüe y Bermingham (1815–1915)	July 9, 1862	March 24, 1865
76		Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez Acting Governor-General	March 24, 1865	April 25, 1865
77		Juan de Lara e Irigoyen	April 25, 1865	July 13, 1866
78		José Laureano de Sanz y Posse Acting Governor-General (1819–1898)	July 13, 1866	September 21, 1866
79		Antonio Osorio y Mallén (1808-1881) Acting Governor-General	September 21, 1866	September 27, 1866
(76)		Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez	September 27, 1866	October 26, 1866
80		José de la Gándara y Navarro (1820–1885)	October 26, 1866	June 7, 1869
					Francisco Serrano 1st Duke of la Torre Regent (1868–1870)
(81)		Manuel Maldonado Acting Governor-General	June 7, 1869	June 23, 1869
82		Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada (1809–1879)	June 23, 1869	April 4, 1871
					Amadeo I (1870–1873)
83		Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez (1820–1883)	April 4, 1871	January 8, 1873
(84)		Manuel MacCrohon Acting Governor-General	January 8, 1873	January 24, 1873
85		Juan Alaminos y Vivar (1813–1899)	January 24, 1873	March 17, 1874
					Estanislao Figueras President (1873)
					Francesc Pi i Margall President (1873)
					Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso President (1873)
					Emilio Castelar President (1873–1874)
					Francisco Serrano President (1874)
86		Manuel Blanco Valderrama Acting Governor-General	March 17, 1874	June 18, 1874
87		José Malcampo 3rd Marquess of San Rafael (1828–1880)	June 18, 1874	February 28, 1877
					Alfonso XII (1874–1885)
88		Domingo Moriones y Murillo (1823–1881)	February 28, 1877	March 20, 1880
89		Rafael Rodríguez Arias Acting Governor-General (1819–1898)	March 20, 1880	April 15, 1880
90		Fernando Primo de Rivera 1st Marquess of Estella (1831–1921)	April 15, 1880	March 10, 1883
(91)		Emilio Molíns Acting Governor-General (1824–1889)	March 10, 1883	April 7, 1883
92		Joaquín Jovellar y Soler (1819–1892)	April 7, 1883	April 1, 1885
(91)		Emilio Molíns Acting Governor-General (1824–1889)	April 1, 1885	April 4, 1885
92		Emilio Terrero y Perinat (1827–1890)	April 4, 1885	April 25, 1888
					Maria Christina Regent (1885–1886)
					Alfonso XIII (1886–1931)
93		Antonio Moltó y Díaz Berrio Acting Governor-General	April 25, 1888	June 4, 1888
94		Federico Lobatón y Prieto Acting Governor-General	June 4, 1888	June 5, 1888
95		Valeriano Weyler 1st Marquess of Tenerife (1838–1930)	June 5, 1888	November 17, 1891
96		Eulogio Despujol y Dusay 1st Count of Caspe (1834–1907)	November 17, 1891	March 1, 1893
97		Federico Ochando Acting Governor-General (1848–1929)	March 1, 1893	May 4, 1893
98		Ramón Blanco 1st Marquess of Peña Plata (1833–1906)	May 4, 1893	December 13, 1896
99		Camilo Garcia de Polavieja 1st Marquess of Polavieja Acting Governor-General (1838–1914)	December 13, 1896	April 15, 1897
100		José de Lachambre Acting Governor-General (1846–1903)	April 15, 1897	April 23, 1897
(90)		Fernando Primo de Rivera 1st Marquess of Estella (1831–1921)	April 23, 1897	April 11, 1898
101		Basilio Augustín (1840–1910)	April 11, 1898	July 24, 1898
102		Fermín Jáudenes Acting Governor-General (1836–1915)	July 24, 1898	August 13, 1898
103		Francisco Rizzo Acting Governor-General (1831–1910)	August 13, 1898	September 1898
104		Diego de los Ríos Acting Governor-General (1850–1911)	September 1898	December 10, 1898

United States Military Government (1898–1902)

See also: United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands

The city of Manila was captured by American expeditionary forces on August 13, 1898. On August 14, 1898, the terms of the Spanish capitulation were signed. From this date, American government in the Philippines begins. General Wesley Merritt, in accordance with the instructions of the United States President, issued a proclamation announcing the establishment of United States military rule.

During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.

No.	Portrait	Name	Tenure start	Tenure end	President
1		Wesley Merritt (1836–1910)	August 14, 1898	August 30, 1898	William McKinley (1897–1901)
2		Elwell Stephen Otis (1838–1909)	August 30, 1898	May 5, 1900
3		Arthur MacArthur Jr. (1845–1912)	May 5, 1900	July 4, 1901
4		Adna Chaffee (1842–1914)	July 4, 1901	July 4, 1902
					Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)

Insular Government (1901–1935)

See also: Insular Government of the Philippine Islands

On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of Civil Governor, a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with Civil Governor, William Howard Taft. Disagreements between the two were not uncommon. The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority. Chaffee remained commander of the Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.

After his retirement as Civil Governor, Governor Taft was appointed Secretary of War and he secured for his successor the adoption by Congress of the title Governor-General of the Philippine Islands thereby "reviving the high designation used during the last period of Spanish rule and placing the office on a parity of dignity with that of other colonial empires of first importance". The term "insular" (from insula, the Latin word for island) refers to U.S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. All insular areas were under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department.

No.	Portrait	Name	Tenure start	Tenure end	President
1		William Howard Taft (1857–1930)	July 4, 1901	February 1, 1904	William McKinley (1897–1901)
					Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
2		Luke Edward Wright (1846–1922)	February 1, 1904	November 3, 1905
3		Henry Clay Ide (1844–1921)	November 3, 1905	September 19, 1906
4		James Francis Smith (1859–1928)	September 20, 1906	November 11, 1909
					William Howard Taft (1909–1913)
5		William Cameron Forbes (1870–1959)	November 11, 1909	September 1, 1913
					Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
–		Newton W. Gilbert (1862–1939) Acting Governor-General	September 1, 1913	October 6, 1913
6		Francis Burton Harrison (1873–1957)	October 6, 1913	March 5, 1921
					Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)
–		Charles Yeater (1861–1943) Acting Governor-General	March 5, 1921	October 14, 1921
7		Leonard Wood (1860–1927)	October 14, 1921	August 7, 1927
					Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)
–		Eugene Allen Gilmore (1871–1953) Acting Governor-General	August 7, 1927	December 27, 1927
8		Henry L. Stimson (1867–1950)	December 27, 1927	February 23, 1929
					Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)
–		Eugene Allen Gilmore (1871–1953) Acting Governor-General	February 23, 1929	July 8, 1929
9		Dwight F. Davis (1879–1945)	July 8, 1929	January 9, 1932
–		George C. Butte (1877–1940) Acting Governor-General	January 9, 1932	February 29, 1932
10		Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1886–1944)	February 29, 1932	July 15, 1933
					Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
11		Frank Murphy (1890–1949)	July 15, 1933	November 14, 1935

High Commissioner to the Philippines (1935–42 and 1945–46)

See also: High Commissioner to the Philippines

On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence. The office of President of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the country's chief executive. The Governor-General became the High Commissioner of the Philippines with Frank Murphy, the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now the Embassy of the United States in Manila.

After the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, the last High Commissioner, Paul McNutt, became the first United States Ambassador to the Philippines.

No.	Portrait	Name	Tenure start	Tenure end	President
1		Frank Murphy (1890–1949)	November 14, 1935	December 31, 1936	Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
–		J. Weldon Jones (1896–1982) Acting High Commissioner	December 31, 1936	April 26, 1937
2		Paul V. McNutt (1891–1955)	April 26, 1937	July 12, 1939
–		J. Weldon Jones (1896–1982) Acting High Commissioner	July 12, 1939	October 28, 1939
3		Francis Bowes Sayre Sr. (1885–1972)	October 28, 1939	October 12, 1942
4		Harold L. Ickes (1874–1952)	October 12, 1942	September 14, 1945
					Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
5		Paul V. McNutt (1891–1955)	September 14, 1945	July 4, 1946

Japanese military governors (1942–1945)

In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Imperial Japan as part of World War II. The next year, the Japanese sent a military governor to control the country during the wartime period, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet Second Philippine Republic under Jose P. Laurel.

On September 2, 1945, the position of Governor-General of the Philippines was abolished. The Philippines' independence from the United States was proclaimed by the Treaty of Manila on July 4, 1946, installing Manuel Roxas as the fifth President of the Philippines and ushering in the Third Philippine Republic.

No.	Portrait	Name	Tenure start	Tenure end	Emperor
1		Masaharu Homma (1887–1946)	January 3, 1942	June 8, 1942	Hirohito (1926–1989)
2		Shizuichi Tanaka (1887–1945)	June 8, 1942	May 28, 1943
3		Shigenori Kuroda (1887–1952)	May 28, 1943	September 26, 1944
4		Tomoyuki Yamashita (1885–1946)	September 26, 1944	September 2, 1945

Vice-governors of the Philippines

On October 29, 1901, the position of Vice-Governor was created. The Vice-Governor was appointed by the President of the United States to act as the Governor-General (known at that time as the Civil Governor) in case of illness or temporary absence.

No.	Portrait	Name	Tenure start	Tenure end
1		Luke Edward Wright (1846–1922)	October 29, 1901	January 31, 1904
2		Henry Clay Ide (1844–1921)	February 1, 1904	March 30, 1906
3		William Cameron Forbes (1870–1959)	July 31, 1908	November 10, 1909
4		Newton W. Gilbert (1862–1939)	February 14, 1910	November 30, 1913
5		Henderson S. Martin	December 1, 1913	June 28, 1917
6		Charles Yeater (1861–1943)	June 29, 1917	January 25, 1922
7		Eugene Allen Gilmore (1871–1953)	January 26, 1922	June 20, 1930
–		Nicholas Roosevelt (1893–1982) Ad interim	July 29, 1930	September 24, 1930
8		George C. Butte (1877–1940)	December 31, 1930	June 30, 1932
9		John H. Holliday	August 13, 1932	September 1, 1933
10		Joseph R. Hayden (1887–1945)	November 7, 1933	November 15, 1935

Timelines

1750–1800

1800–1850

1850–1898

1898–1946

See also

• Filipino styles and honorifics
• List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines
• List of recorded datu in the Philippines
• President of the Philippines
• List of presidents of the Philippines
• Audiencia
• List of Viceroys of New Spain
• Spanish Empire
• History of the Philippines
• Military History of the Philippines
• United States Territory
• Governor-General
• Lists of office-holders
• Gobernadorcillo

References

• Governors of the Philippines
• Cahoon, Ben (2000). "Philippines". World's Statesmen.
• Don Peterson (2007-2nd Qtr), 1898: Five Philippine Governors-General Serve Rapid Fire Terms, Philippine Philatelic Journal.
• Tanner, Dr. J.M. (1901-11). Improvement Era Vol.5 No. 1. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
• Elliott, Charles Burke (1917). The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy. The Bobbs-Merrill Company.

Further reading

• Barrows, David P. (1916). "The Governor General of the Philippines Under Spain and the United States". The American Historical Review. 21 (2). Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association: 288–311. doi:10.2307/1835051. JSTOR 1835051 – via Jstor.
• Barrows, D.P. (2022). A History of the Philippines. DigiCat. ISBN 978-93-5462-590-9.