Wikipedia

Gentoo Linux

(Redirected from Gentoo Reference Platform)

Gentoo Linux (pronounced /ˈdʒɛntuː/ JEN-too[3]) is a Linux distribution built using the Portage package management system. Unlike a binary software distribution, the source code is compiled locally according to the user's preferences and is often optimized for the specific type of computer. Precompiled binaries are available for some packages.[4] Gentoo runs on a wide variety of processor architectures.

Gentoo Linux
Gentoo Logo
Gentoo Logo
Gentoo Linux Live USB running KDE
DeveloperGentoo Foundation
Written inC, Perl, sh, and Python
OS familyLinux (Unix-like)
Working stateCurrent
Source modelOpen source
Initial release31 March 2002; 22 years ago (2002-03-31)[1][2]
Repository
Update methodRolling release
Package managerPortage
PlatformsIA-32, x86-64, IA-64, PA-RISC (HPPA), PowerPC 32/64, SPARC 64-bit, DEC Alpha, ARM 32/64, MIPS
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux kernel)
UserlandGNU, With support for non-GNU userlands
Default
user interface		CLI, with support for various window managers and desktop environments
LicenseFree software
Official websitewww.gentoo.org

Gentoo package management is designed to be modular, portable, easy to maintain, and flexible. Gentoo describes itself as a meta-distribution because of its adaptability, in that the majority of users have configurations and sets of installed programs which are unique to the system and the applications they use.[5]

Gentoo Linux is named after the gentoo penguin, the fastest swimming species of penguin. The name was chosen to reflect the potential speed improvements of machine-specific optimizing, which is a major feature of Gentoo.

History

edit
 
Gentoo Linux's old vector logo

Gentoo Linux was initially created by Daniel Robbins as the Enoch Linux distribution. The goal was to create a distribution without precompiled binaries that was tuned to the hardware and only included required programs.[6] At least one version of Enoch was distributed under that name: version 0.75, in December 1999.[7]

Daniel Robbins and the other contributors experimented with a fork of GCC known as EGCS, developed by Cygnus Solutions. At this point, "Enoch" was renamed "Gentoo" Linux. The modifications to EGCS eventually became part of the official GCC (version 2.95), and other Linux distributions experienced similar speed increases.[8]

After problems with a bug on his own system, Robbins halted Gentoo development and switched to FreeBSD for several months, later saying, "I decided to add several FreeBSD features to make our autobuild system (now called Portage) a true next-generation ports system."[9]

Gentoo Linux 1.0 was released on March 31, 2002.[10] In 2004, Robbins set up the non-profit Gentoo Foundation, transferred all copyrights and trademarks to it, and stepped down as chief architect of the project.[11]

The current board of trustees[12] is composed of five members who were announced (following an election) on March 2, 2008.[13] The seven-member Gentoo Council oversees related technical issues and policies.[14] The Gentoo Council members are elected annually, for a period of one year, by the active Gentoo developers. When a member of the Council retires, the successor is voted into place by the existing Council members.[15]

The Gentoo Foundation is a domestic non-profit corporation,[16] registered in the State of New Mexico.[17] In late 2007, the Foundation's charter was revoked,[18] but by May 2008 the State of New Mexico declared that the Gentoo Foundation, Inc. had returned to good standing and was free to do business.[19]

The creator of Gentoo, Daniel Robbins, left the project in both 2004 and 2007 due to conflicts with other developers.[20][21][22][23][24][25]

Features

edit

Gentoo appeals to Gnu/Linux users who want full control of the software that is installed and running on their computer.[26]: 402  People who are prepared to invest the time required to configure and tune a Gentoo system can build very efficient desktops and servers.[citation needed] Gentoo encourages users to build a Linux kernel tailored to their particular hardware. It allows very fine control of which services are installed and running, including the option to choose between systemd or OpenRC as the default init system. Memory usage can also be reduced compared to other distributions by omitting unnecessary kernel features and services.[26]: 386 

Gentoo's package repositories provide a large collection of software. Each package contains details of any dependencies, so only the minimum set of packages need to be installed. Optional features of individual packages, such as whether they require LDAP or Qt support, can be selected by the user and any resulting package requirements are automatically included in the set of dependencies.[26]: 386 

Gentoo itself does not have a default look and feel, hence installed packages usually appear as their authors intended.[26]: 387 

Portage

edit
Main article: Portage (software)
 
Installing software. In this example, Darktable will build with Flickr and geolocation support.

Portage is Gentoo's software distribution and package management system. The original design was based on the ports system used by the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) operating systems. The Gentoo repository contains over 19,000 packages ready for installation in a Gentoo system.[27]

A single invocation of portage's emerge command can update the local copy of the Gentoo repository, search for a package, or download, compile, and install one or more packages and their dependencies. The built-in features can be set for individual packages, or globally, with so-called "USE flags".[27]

Pre-compiled binaries are provided for some applications with long build times, such as LibreOffice and Mozilla Firefox, but users lose the ability to customize optional features. There are configuration options to reduce compiling times, such as by enabling parallel compiling or using pipes instead of temporary files.[28] Package compiling may also be distributed over multiple computers.[29] Additionally, the user may be able to mount a large filesystem in memory to further speed up the process of building packages. Some approaches have drawbacks and are not enabled by default. When installing the same package on multiple computers with sufficiently similar hardware, the package may be compiled once and a binary package created for quick installation on the other computers.[30]

On December 29th, 2023, it was announced that Gentoo will offer binary packages for download and direct installation. For most architectures, this will be limited to the core system and weekly updates. For amd64 and arm64 however the availability of binary packages reaches over 20 GB. [31]

Portability

edit

Inasmuch as Gentoo is a source-based distribution with a repository describing how to build the packages, adding instructions to build on different machine architectures is particularly easy.[32]

Originally built on the IA-32 architecture, Gentoo has since been ported to many others. It is officially supported and considered stable on IA-32, x86-64, PA-RISC, 32-bit and 64-bit PowerPC, 64-bit SPARC, DEC Alpha, and 32- and 64-bit ARM architectures.[33] It is also officially supported but considered in-development state on MIPS,[34] PS3 Cell Processor, System Z/s390.[35] Official support for 32-bit SPARC, SuperH and Itanium have been dropped.[36][37]

Portability towards other operating systems, such as those derived from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), including macOS, is under active development by the Gentoo/Alt project. The Gentoo/FreeBSD project already has a working guide based on FreeSBIE,[38] while Gentoo/NetBSD, Gentoo/OpenBSD and Gentoo/DragonFly are being developed.[39] A project exists to get Portage working on OpenSolaris. There was an unofficial project to create a Gentoo port to GNU Hurd, but it has been inactive since 2006.[40]

It is also possible to install a Gentoo Prefix (provided by a project that maintains alternative installation methods for Gentoo) in a Cygwin environment on Windows, but this configuration is experimental.[41]

Installation

edit

Gentoo may be installed in several ways. The most common is to use the Gentoo minimal CD with a stage3 tarball (explained below). As with many Linux distributions, Gentoo may be installed from almost any Linux environment, such as another Linux distribution's Live CD, Live USB, or Network Booting using the "Gentoo Alternative Install Guide". A normal install requires a connection to the Internet, but a network-less install guide exists.

On April 3, 2022, it was announced that there would be a new official image with a GUI, called the LiveGUI image. This can be installed onto installation media such as a USB drive or a dual-layer DVD. It includes a large selection of software, including the KDE Plasma 5 desktop environment, image editors, office software, system administration, and installation tools.[42]

Previously, Gentoo supported installation from stage1 and stage2 tarballs. The Gentoo Foundation no longer recommends this usage; stage1 and stage2 are now meant only for Gentoo developers.[43]

Following the initial install steps, the Gentoo Linux install process in the Gentoo Handbook describes compiling a new Linux kernel. This process is generally not required by other Linux distributions. Although this is widely regarded as a complex task, Gentoo provides documentation and tools such as Genkernel to simplify the process. In addition, users may also use an existing kernel known to work on their system by simply copying it to the boot directory, or installing one of the provided pre-compiled kernel packages, and updating their bootloader. Support for installation is provided on the Gentoo forum,[44] Reddit,[45] and IRC.[46]

A Live USB of Gentoo Linux can be created manually, by using various tools, or with dd as described in the handbook.

Stages

edit

Before October 2005, installation could be started from any of three base stages:

  • Stage1 begins with only what is necessary to build a toolchain (the various compilers, linkers, and language libraries necessary to compile other software) for the target system; compiling this target toolchain from another, pre-existing host system is known as bootstrapping the target system.
  • Stage2 begins with a self-hosting (bootstrapped) toolchain for the target system, which is then used to compile all other core userland software for the target.
  • Stage3 begins with a minimal set of compiled user software, with which the kernel and any other additional software are then configured and compiled.

Since October 2005, only the stage3 installations have been officially supported, due to the inherent complexities of bootstrapping from earlier stages (which requires resolving and then breaking numerous circular dependencies).[47] Tarballs for stage1 and stage2 were distributed for some time after this,[when?] although the instructions for installing from these stages had been removed from the handbook[48] and moved into the Gentoo FAQ.[49] As of September 2015, only the supported stage3 tarballs are publicly available; stage1 and stage2 tarballs are only "officially" generated and used internally by Gentoo development teams. However, if so desired, a user may still rebuild the toolchain or reinstall the base system software during or after a normal stage3 installation, effectively simulating the old bootstrap process.[50]

Gentoo Reference Platform

edit

From 2003 until 2008, the Gentoo Reference Platform (GRP) was a snapshot of prebuilt packages that users could quickly install during the Gentoo installation process, to give faster access to a fully functional Gentoo installation.[51][52] These packages included KDE, X Window System, OpenOffice, GNOME, and Mozilla.[53] Once the installation was complete, the packages installed as part of the GRP were intended to be replaced by the user with the same or newer versions built through Portage that would be built using the user's system configuration rather than the generic builds provided by the GRP. As of 2011, the GRP is discontinued, the final reference to it appearing in the 2008.0 handbook.[54][original research?]

Versions

edit

Gentoo follows a rolling release model.

Like other Linux distributions, Gentoo systems have an /etc/gentoo-release file, but this contains the version of the installed sys-apps/baselayout package.

In 2004, Gentoo began to version its Live media by year rather than numerically. This continued until 2008, when it was announced that the 2008.1 Live CD release had been cancelled in favour of weekly automated builds of both Stages 3 and Minimal CDs.[55] On December 20, 2008, the first weekly builds were published.[56] In 2009, a special Live DVD was created to celebrate the Gentoo 10-year anniversary.[57]

Release media version history

edit
Name Date
(Enoch Linux) 0.75 December 1999
pre-1.0 July 26, 2000
1.0[58] March 31, 2002
1.1a April 8, 2002
1.2 June 10, 2002
1.4 August 5, 2003 (Gentoo Reference Platform introduced)
1.4 maintenance release 1 September 11, 2003[citation needed]
2004.0[59] March 1, 2004[60] (versioning changed to four releases a year)
2004.1 April 28, 2004
2004.2 July 26, 2004[61]
2004.3 November 15, 2004[62]
2005.0[63] March 27, 2005[64] (versioning changed to semi-annual releases)
2005.1[65] August 8, 2005[66]
2005.1-r1 November 21, 2005[67] (maintenance release 1)
2006.0 February 27, 2006[68]
2006.1 August 30, 2006[69]
2007.0 May 7, 2007[70]
2008.0 July 6, 2008[71]
Weekly Releases started[72] September 22, 2008

Special releases

edit

In 2009, a special Live DVD was released to celebrate Gentoo's tenth anniversary. Initially planned as a one-off, the Live DVD was updated to the latest package versions in 2011 due to its popularity among new users.

Name Date/info
Unreal Tournament 2003 LiveCD September 18, 2002[73] - Bootable NVIDIA GPU-accelerated Unreal Tournament 2003 LiveCD, demoed at LinuxWorld Conference and Expo 2003.
10.0 October 4, 2009[57] (special edition Live DVD for the 10th anniversary)
10.1 October 10, 2009[74] (Bugfix release of Special Live DVD)
11.0 April 8, 2011[75] (Anniversary Live DVD is updated to latest package versions)
12.0 January 2, 2012[76]
12.1 April 1, 2012[77] (With an April Fool's joke named "Install Wizard")
20121221 December 21, 2012[78] (Live DVD - End Of World Edition)
20140826 August 26, 2014[79] (Live DVD - Iron Penguin Edition)
20160514 May 14, 2016[80] (Live DVD - Choice Edition; UEFI, ZFSOnLinux, and writable file systems using AUFS)
20160704[81] July 4, 2016[82] (Live DVD - Choice Edition Part Dos)

Profiles

edit

Although Gentoo does not have a concept of versioning the entire system, it does make use of "profiles", which define build configuration for all packages in the system. Major changes, such as changing the layout of how files are installed across the entire system, typically involve a profile upgrade and may require rebuilding all installed software. These profiles are versioned based on the year they were released, and include several variants for each release targeted towards different types of systems (such as servers and desktops). Profiles formerly tracked the versioning of install media, and switched to two-digit year naming after the discontinuation of versioned media. The following new profile versions have been released after 2008.0:

Version Date/info
10.0 August 6, 2009[83] (cosmetic name change from 2008.0 profiles)
13.0 February 10, 2013[84]
17.0 November 30, 2017[85] (C++14 and PIE by default)
17.1 December 26, 2017[86] (altered multilib layout for amd64 systems)
23.0 March 22, 2024[87] (merged /usr became the default)

Hardened Gentoo

edit

Hardened Gentoo is a project designed to develop and designate a set of add-ons that are useful when a more security focused installation is required.[88] Previously, the project included patches to produce a hardened kernel, but these were discontinued. Other parts of the hardened set, such as SELinux, and userspace hardening remain.[89]

Incidents

edit

In June 2018 the Gentoo GitHub code repository mirror used mainly by developers was hacked after an attacker gained access to an organization administrator's account via deducing the password. Gentoo promptly responded by containing the attack and improving security practices. No Gentoo cryptography keys or signed packages were compromised, and the repository was restored after five days.[90][91][92][93][94]

Logo and mascots

edit

The gentoo penguin is thought to be the fastest underwater-swimming penguin. The name Gentoo Linux is a reference both to the omnibus Linux mascot— a penguin called Tux— and the project's aim to produce a high-performance operating system.[26]: 383  Unofficial mascots include Larry The Cow[5] and Znurt the Flying Saucer.[95]

Derived distributions

edit
Main article: List of Gentoo Linux derivatives

Several independently developed Gentoo Linux variants exist, including ChromiumOS.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Funtoo Linux History". funtoo.org. May 25, 2019. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  2. ^ Locke, Bruce (April 1, 2022). "PR: Gentoo Linux 1.0 Released". Linux Today. Archived from the original on October 28, 2002. Retrieved August 31, 2022. The Gentoo Project is proud to announce the release of Gentoo Linux 1.0.
  3. ^ "Gentoo Linux Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014. Gentoo is pronounced "gen-too" (the "g" in "Gentoo" is a soft "g", as in "gentle").
  4. ^ "Binary package guide". gentoo.org. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2022. Next to the usual support for source-based ebuilds, Portage also supports building and installing binary packages.
  5. ^ a b "Gentoo Linux – About Gentoo". Gentoo.org. September 17, 2007. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  6. ^ "Gentoo Linux Documentation – Making the distribution, Part 1". Gentoo.org. October 9, 2005. Archived from the original on November 26, 2005. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  7. ^ "Planet Mirror – enoch – Enoch Linux – enoch-0.75 – download now". Public.planetmirror.com. February 11, 2007. Archived from the original on December 28, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
  8. ^ "Gentoo Linux Documentation – Making the distribution, Part 2". Gentoo.org. October 9, 2005. Archived from the original on November 26, 2005. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  9. ^ "Gentoo Linux Documentation – Making the distribution, Part 3". Gentoo.org. October 9, 2005. Archived from the original on November 26, 2005. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  10. ^ "Slashdot | Gentoo 1.0 Released". Linux.slashdot.org. March 31, 2002. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  11. ^ "Daniel Robbins Resigns As Chief Gentoo Architect". Slashdot.org. April 26, 2004. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  12. ^ "Gentoo Linux Wiki – The Board of Trustees". gentoo.org. January 21, 2018. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  13. ^ "Gentoo Linux – New foundation trustees elected". Gentoo.org. March 2, 2008. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  14. ^ "Gentoo Council". gentoo.org. Archived from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  15. ^ Gentoo Council. Accessed January 6, 2014.
  16. ^ "Gentoo Foundation Charter". gentoo.org. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  17. ^ GENTOO FOUNDATION, INC.[dead link], Corporations Information Inquiry, New Mexico Public Relation Commission. Accessed May 8, 2009.
  18. ^ jake (January 14, 2008). "Gentoo loses charter; Robbins offers to return". LWN.net. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  19. ^ "Gentoo Foundation, Inc". New Mexico Corporation Division Efile. Archived from the original on June 26, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
  20. ^ "Daniel Robbins Resigns As Chief Gentoo Architect - Slashdot". developers.slashdot.org. April 26, 2004. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
  21. ^ "Daniel Robbins leaves Gentoo, again [LWN.net]". lwn.net. Retrieved April 19, 2024. Daniel Robbins, creator of gentoo, had returned to the project. Well, a week later he left again. Basically, drobbins got into an epic flamewar with Ciaran McCreesh, a popular but controversial former gentoo dev who still frequents gentoo mailing lists. empers flared, and drobbins pushed for getting ciaranm banned from gentoo-dev@gentoo.org mailing list, ostensibly on the grounds that ciaranm is no longer an official gentoo developer. The rest of the gentoo devs refused to do so. Then Daniel Robbins quit the project.
  22. ^ "652240 – 7 day gentoo-project ban for Daniel Robbins". bugs.gentoo.org. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
  23. ^ "Gentoo Forums :: View topic - Quite late but why Daniel Robbins left Gentoo?". forums.gentoo.org. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
  24. ^ "DistroWatch.com: Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD". distrowatch.com. Retrieved April 19, 2024. He officially re-joined the Gentoo development team two weeks ago - only to resign a few days later. The reason? Strong personal attacks by some of the current developers of the project.
  25. ^ "Gentoo attempts to deal with developer conflicts". Linux.com. March 26, 2007. Retrieved April 19, 2024. The latest Gentoo flamewar started as a discussion on the gentoo-dev mailing list about topics for the March Gentoo Council meeting. Gentoo founder Daniel Robbins, who had rejoined the Gentoo project earlier that week after leaving in April, 2004, seemed keen on arguing with Gentoo contributor Ciaran McCreesh on whether the Package Manager Specification (PMS) is an official Gentoo project. After the discussion became heated, Robbins says that he's going to "look for a way to remove Ciaran from gentoo-dev" and then later says he doesn't want to be associated with Gentoo after all.
  26. ^ a b c d e Christopher Negus (May 5, 2008). Linux Bible: Boot Up to Ubuntu, Fedora, KNOPPIX, Debian, openSUSE, and 11 Other Distributions. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 389–. ISBN 978-0-470-28706-4. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  27. ^ a b Chris Negus (2006). Live Linux CDs: Building and Customizing Bootables. Prentice Hall Professional. pp. 224–. ISBN 978-0-13-243274-0. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  28. ^ CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS Archived February 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Gentoo Linux x86 Handbook. December 13, 2014. Accessed February 10, 2018.
  29. ^ Distcc Archived February 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Gentoo Linux Wiki. February 2, 2018. Accessed February 10, 2018.
  30. ^ Binary package guide Archived February 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Gentoo Linux Wiki. November 13, 2017. Accessed February 10, 2018.
  31. ^ "Gentoo goes Binary!".
  32. ^ Brendan Horan (March 26, 2013). Practical Raspberry Pi. Apress. pp. 222–. ISBN 978-1-4302-4971-9. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  33. ^ "Handbook:Main Page - Gentoo Wiki". Archived from the original on March 18, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
  34. ^ "Gentoo/MIPS". gentoo.org. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  35. ^ "Gentoo Linux Documentation – s390 Installation Document". dev.gentoo.org. May 12, 2004. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  36. ^ "Gentoo Development Guide: Arch Specific Notes – SPARC". devmanual.gentoo.org. Archived from the original on September 1, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  37. ^ "*/*: Discontinue Gentoo SuperH port". Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  38. ^ "Gentoo FreeBSD". gentoo.org. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  39. ^ "Gentoo Linux Projects – Gentoo/*BSD". Gentoo.org. October 19, 2006. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  40. ^ "Gentoo GNU Hurd". Mundurat.net. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
  41. ^ "Gentoo Wiki - Prefix/Cygwin". Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  42. ^ "New Gentoo LiveGUI ISO and artwork / branding contest!". Gentoo.org. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  43. ^ "How do I Install Gentoo Using a Stage1 or Stage2 Tarball?". Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  44. ^ "Gentoo Forums :: View Forum - Installing Gentoo". forums.gentoo.org. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
  45. ^ "r/Gentoo". reddit. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
  46. ^ "IRC channels – Gentoo Linux". Gentoo.org. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
  47. ^ "Gentoo Linux Newsletter – November 14th, 2005". Gentoo.org. Archived from the original on November 25, 2005. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  48. ^ "Stage1/2 deprecation from Gentoo Handbook". Gentoo. November 5, 2005. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  49. ^ "Gentoo Linux Frequently Asked Questions". gentoo.org. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  50. ^ "Sakaki's EFI Install Guide/Building the Gentoo Base System Minus Kernel". Sakaki. July 4, 2014. Archived from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
  51. ^ Daniel Robbins (October 10, 2002). "Gentoo Linux Reloaded". LinuxDevCenter.com. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
  52. ^ Sven Vermeulen (March 1, 2004). "Gentoo Linux 2004.0 Released". OSNews. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  53. ^ "Gentoo Linux Documentation". Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  54. ^ "Gentoo Linux Documentation". Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
  55. ^ "Gentoo News – New release strategy to provide more current install media". Gentoo.org. September 22, 2008. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  56. ^ "Gentoo News – First sets of weekly stage3 tarballs and minimal CDs released". Gentoo.org. December 20, 2008. Archived from the original on July 2, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  57. ^ a b "Gentoo Linux – Ten Years Compiling: 1999–2009". Gentoo.org. October 4, 2009. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  58. ^ "Review of Gentoo Linux 1.0". OSNews. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  59. ^ "Gentoo for All the Unusual Reasons". Linux Journal. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  60. ^ "Gentoo Linux Newsletter – March 1st, 2004". Gentoo.org. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  61. ^ "Today marks the release of Gentoo Linux 2004.2 for the AMD64, HPPA, SPARC and X86 architectures!". gentoo.org. July 26, 2004. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  62. ^ "Gentoo Linux Newsletter – November 15, 2004". Gentoo.org. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  63. ^ "Mini review: Gentoo Linux 2005.0". DistroWatch (99). May 9, 2005. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  64. ^ "Gentoo Linux – Release Announcement: Gentoo Linux 2005.0". Gentoo.org. March 27, 2005. Archived from the original on August 23, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  65. ^ "A Slacker Tries His Hand at Gentoo". OSNews. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  66. ^ "Gentoo Linux – Release Announcement: Gentoo Linux 2005.1". Gentoo.org. August 10, 2005. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  67. ^ "Gentoo Linux – Media Refresh: Gentoo Linux 2005.1-r1". Gentoo.org. November 21, 2005. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  68. ^ "Gentoo Linux – Release Announcement: Gentoo Linux 2006.0". Gentoo.org. February 27, 2006. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  69. ^ "Gentoo Linux – Gentoo Linux 2006.1 – Unleashed". Gentoo.org. August 30, 2006. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  70. ^ "Gentoo Linux – Gentoo Linux 2007.0 released". Gentoo.org. May 7, 2007. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  71. ^ "Gentoo Linux – Gentoo Linux 2008.0 released". Gentoo.org. July 6, 2008. Archived from the original on September 12, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  72. ^ "Gentoo Linux – New release strategy to provide more current install media". Gentoo.org. September 22, 2008. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  73. ^ "Unreal Tournament 2003 LiveCD". sourceforge.net. April 13, 2003. Archived from the original on February 11, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  74. ^ "Gentoo Ten Live DVD 10.1 Release". Gentoo.org. October 23, 2009. Archived from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  75. ^ "Gentoo Linux - LiveDVD 11.0". Gentoo.org. March 8, 2011. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  76. ^ "Gentoo Linux releases 12.0 LiveDVD". Gentoo.org. January 2, 2012. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  77. ^ "Gentoo Linux releases 12.1 LiveDVD". Gentoo.org. April 1, 2012. Archived from the original on October 13, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  78. ^ "Gentoo Linux releases 20121221 LiveDVD - End Of World Edition". Gentoo.org. December 21, 2012. Archived from the original on October 3, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  79. ^ "Gentoo Linux releases the 20140826 LiveDVD - Iron Penguin Edition". Gentoo.org. August 26, 2014. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  80. ^ "Gentoo Linux releases the 20160514 LiveDVD - Choice Edition". Gentoo.org. May 14, 2016. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
  81. ^ "Gentoo Linux live DVD "Choice Edition"". DistroWatch (675). August 22, 2016. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  82. ^ "Gentoo Linux releases the 20160704 LiveDVD - Choice Edition Part Dos". Gentoo.org. July 4, 2016. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
  83. ^ "New 10.0 profiles are in repository". August 6, 2009. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  84. ^ "New 13.0 profiles and deprecation of 10.0 profiles". February 10, 2013. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  85. ^ "New 17.0 profiles in the Gentoo repository". November 30, 2017. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  86. ^ "Experimental amd64 17.1 profiles up for testing". December 26, 2017. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  87. ^ "Profile upgrade to version 23.0 available". March 22, 2024. Archived from the original on March 30, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
  88. ^ "Hardening Linux Usando Controle de Acesso Mandatório". Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  89. ^ "Hardened Linux kernel sources removal". Gentoo Linux. 19 August 2017. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  90. ^ "Project:Infrastructure/Incident Reports/2018-06-28 Github - Gentoo Wiki". wiki.gentoo.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  91. ^ Henry-Stocker, Sandra (10 July 2018). "The aftermath of the Gentoo GitHub hack". Network World. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  92. ^ Shallwood, Simon (July 5, 2018). "Gentoo GitHub repo hack made possible by these 3 rookie mistakes". The Register. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  93. ^ John Biggs (June 29, 2018). "Hackers took over the Gentoo Linux GitHub repository". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  94. ^ Ankush Das (June 29, 2018). "GitHub Repositories of Gentoo Linux Hacked!". It's FOSS. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  95. ^ "(gentoo) Contents of /xml/images/znurt.jpg". Gentoo.org. November 9, 2002. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gentoo.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gentoo_Linux&oldid=1257030086"