Geophilomorpha is an order of centipedes commonly known as soil centipedes.[1] The name "Geophilomorpha" is from Ancient Greek roots meaning "formed to love the earth."[2] This group is the most diverse centipede order, with 230 genera.[3] These centipedes are found nearly worldwide but are absent in Antarctica and most Arctic regions.[4]
| Geophilomorpha | |
|---|---|
| |
| A western yellow centipede (Haplophilus subterraneanus) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Chilopoda |
| Subclass: | Pleurostigmomorpha |
| Order: | Geophilomorpha |
| Suborders | |
Description
editCentipedes in this order are epimorphic, hatching with a full complement of segments.[5] These centipedes each have an odd number of leg-bearing segments ranging from 27 (in the genus Schendylops)[6] to 191 (in the species Gonibregmatus plurimipes).[5] They are eyeless and blind, with long and narrow bodies, ranging from yellow to brown in color and from about 1 cm to 22 cm in length. They bear spiracles on all leg-bearing segments except the first and the last. The antennae have 14 segments and are usually slightly attenuated.[4]
Suborders and families
editThis order is a monophyletic group including two suborders: the monophyletic Placodesmata, which contains the family Mecistocephalidae, and Adesmata, which includes the superfamilies Himantarioidea (containing the families Oryidae, Himantariidae, and Schendylidae, including Ballophilidae) and Geophiloidea (containing the families Zelanophilidae, Gonibregmatidae including Eriphantidae and Neogeophilidae, and Geophilidae including Aphilodontidae, Dignathodontidae, Linotaeniidae, Chilenophilinae,[7] and Macronicophilidae).[8] Segment number is usually fixed by species in the family Mecistocephalidae, unlike the case in other families in this order, in which the segment number usually varies within each species.[9]
References
edit
- ^ "Soil Centipedes (Order Geophilomorpha)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
- ^ Scarborough, John (February 19, 1992). Medical and Biological Terminologies: Classical Origins. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806130293 – via Google Books.
- ^ "ITIS - Report: Geophilomorpha". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
- ^ a b Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). The Myriapoda. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443 [407-408]. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. OCLC 812207443.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b Fusco, Giuseppe (2005). "Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods". Evolution & Development. 7 (6): 608–617. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05064.x. ISSN 1525-142X. PMID 16336414. S2CID 21401688.
- ^ Pereira, Luis Alberto (2012). "Discovery of a second Geophilomorph species (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) having twenty-seven leg-bearing segments, the lowest number recorded up to the present in the centipede order geophilomorpha". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 53 (13): 163‑185. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492013001300001. hdl:11336/3449.
- ^ Crabill, Ralph Edwin (1954). "A conspectus of the northeastern North American species of Geophilus (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Geophilidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 56: 172–188. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
- ^ Bonato, Lucio (2014). "Phylogeny of Geophilomorpha (Chilopoda) inferred from new morphological and molecular evidence". Cladistics. 30 (5): 485–507. doi:10.1111/cla.12060. PMID 34794246. S2CID 86204188.
- ^ Minelli, Alessandro (2020). "Arthropod segments and segmentation – lessons from myriapods, and open questions" (PDF). Opuscula Zoologica. 51(S2): 7–21. doi:10.18348/opzool.2020.S2.7. S2CID 226561862.