Federal elections were held in Germany on 31 July 1932, following the premature dissolution of the Reichstag.[1] The Nazi Party made significant gains and became the largest party in the Reichstag for the first time, although they failed to win a majority. The Communist Party increased their vote share as well. All other parties combined held less than half the seats in the Reichstag, meaning no majority coalition government could be formed without including at least one of these two parties.
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All 608 seats in the Reichstag 305 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Registered | 44,211,216 ( 2.9%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 84.1% ( 2.1pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Background
editSince 1929, Germany had been suffering from the Great Depression; unemployment had risen from 8.5% to nearly 30% between 1929 and 1932,[2] while industrial production dropped by around 42%.[2] Over 6 million people were unemployed in 1932, and 40% of organized labour was unemployed or working reduced hours in summer 1932.[3]
In March 1930, the governing grand coalition of the pro-republican parties—the Social Democratic Party (SPD), the Centre Party and both liberal parties—collapsed. President Paul von Hindenburg appointed a minority government, headed by the Centre Party's Heinrich Brüning, which could only govern by using Hindenburg's emergency powers. The September 1930 elections produced a highly fragmented Reichstag, making the formation of a stable government impossible. The elections also saw the Nazi Party rise to national prominence,[2] gaining 95 seats.
Brüning's policies, implemented via presidential decree and tolerated by parliament, failed to solve the economic crisis and weakened the parliamentary system. In March 1932, the presidential elections began as a three-way race between the incumbent Hindenburg, supported by pro-democratic parties, against Hitler on the one hand and the Communist Ernst Thälmann on the other. Hitler received around a third of the vote and was defeated in the second round in April by Hindenburg, who won a narrow majority.[2] However, at the end of May 1932, Hindenburg was persuaded to dismiss Brüning as chancellor and replaced him with Franz von Papen, a renegade from the Centre Party, and a non-partisan "Cabinet of Barons". Papen's cabinet had almost no support in the Reichstag. Only three days after his appointment, he was faced with such opposition that he had Hindenburg dissolve the Reichstag and call new elections for 31 July so that the Reichstag could not dismiss him immediately.[4]
Campaign
editNazi membership rose from 293,000 in September 1930, to almost 1.5 million by the end of 1932. The amount of papers controlled by the party rose from 49 in 1930, to 127 by 1932. Völkischer Beobachter's circulation rose from 26,000 in 1929, to over 100,000 in 1931.[5]
Joseph Goebbels was placed in charge of the Nazis' propaganda and campaign in 1930.[6] Goebbels' staff was expanded and his role formalized by the Reich Propaganda Directorate (RPL) in 1931.[5] In prior elections the Nazis relied on membership dues, but started receiving financial support from businesses in 1932.[7] The ban on the Sturmabteilung and Schutzstaffel was lifted by Papen, against the pleas of state governments, in exchange for Nazi tolerance of his cabinet.[8]
The German State Party (DSP) saw its membership in the Landtag of Prussia fall from 28 to 2 after the 1932 state election. The DSP unsuccessfully attempted to form an alliance with the SPD and Centre or the German People's Party (DVP). The DSP was able to form an alliance with the German National People's Party (DNVP).[9]
Alfred Hugenberg attempted to make the DNVP a mass movement party following poor results in the 1930 election. The party's paramilitary groups were consolidated into the Bismarck League in the hope that it could combat the SA. The DNVP supported Papen's government.[10]
Papen hoped that the election would weaken the left and centre. On 20 July, he dissolved the Social Democratic government of Prussia and instituted martial law after clashes between Nazis and leftists in Altona. The DNVP and DVP supported the decision. Goebbels told regional leaders to not discuss Papen on 4 June, but the RPL later stated that the Nazis "refuse most strenuously to be associated with this cabinet".[11] The Communist Party (KPD) criticized Papen's actions as a "naked fascist coup", but also criticized the SPD for not retaliating.[12]
The Centre accused the Nazis of being a pagan movement while the Nazis accused the Centre of working with anti-religious organizations that were equal to organizations persecuting Christians in the Soviet Union and Spain.[13]
Results
editThe elections resulted in significant gains by the Nazi Party and it became the largest party in parliament for the first time, though it lacked an overall majority.[4] The party's 230 of the 608 seats was the largest seat total for a party in Weimar history.[1] The Nazi vote in Berlin, which was 1.5% in 1928, doubled from 15% to 29%, becoming the most voted-for party in the city.[14]
The Nazis and KPD held over half of the seats in the Reichstag, making it impossible to form a government composed of moderates. Papen could only rely on the support of the DNVP and DVP, who only held a total of 44 seats. A vote of no confidence was put forward by the KPD and supported by 84% of the deputies. A new election was scheduled for November 1932.[3]
Gregor Strasser attempted to form a coalition between the Nazis and Centre. The Nazis did not obstruct parliamentary procedure and in return the Centre voted to make Hermann Göring president of the Reichstag. Strasser opposed calling for a new election, fearing that support for the Nazis would decline.[15]
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | +/– | Seats | +/– | |
| Nazi Party | 13,745,680 | 37.27 | +19.02 | 230 | +123 | |
| Social Democratic Party | 7,959,712 | 21.58 | −2.95 | 133 | −10 | |
| Communist Party of Germany | 5,282,636 | 14.32 | +1.19 | 89 | +12 | |
| Centre Party | 4,589,430 | 12.44 | +0.63 | 75 | +7 | |
| German National People's Party | 2,178,024 | 5.91 | −1.12 | 37 | −4 | |
| Bavarian People's Party | 1,192,684 | 3.23 | +0.20 | 22 | +3 | |
| German People's Party | 436,002 | 1.18 | −3.33 | 7 | −23 | |
| German State Party | 371,800 | 1.01 | −2.77 | 4 | −16 | |
| Christian Social People's Service | 364,543 | 0.99 | −1.49 | 3 | −11 | |
| Reich Party of the German Middle Class | 146,876 | 0.40 | −3.50 | 2 | −21 | |
| German Farmers' Party | 137,133 | 0.37 | −0.60 | 2 | −4 | |
| Agricultural League | 96,851 | 0.26 | −0.29 | 2 | −1 | |
| German Country People | 90,554 | 0.25 | −2.92 | 1 | −18 | |
| Socialist Workers' Party of Germany | 72,630 | 0.20 | New | 0 | New | |
| German-Hanoverian Party | 46,927 | 0.13 | −0.28 | 0 | −3 | |
| People's Justice Party | 40,825 | 0.11 | –0.67 | 1 | +1 | |
| Poland List | 33,436 | 0.09 | New | 0 | New | |
| Kleinrentner, Inflationsgeschädigte und Vorkriegsgeldbesitzer | 14,816 | 0.04 | New | 0 | New | |
| Worker and Farmer Party of Germany/Christian Radical People's Front | 13,950 | 0.04 | New | 0 | New | |
| Free Economy Party of Germany | 12,247 | 0.03 | New | 0 | New | |
| Farmers, House and Property Owners | 9,465 | 0.03 | New | 0 | New | |
| Radical Middle Class | 8,637 | 0.02 | New | 0 | New | |
| Workers' and Farmers' Struggle Community | 4,551 | 0.01 | New | 0 | New | |
| Interessengemeinschaft der Kleinrentner und Inflationsgeschädigten | 2,932 | 0.01 | New | 0 | New | |
| National Socialist People's Alliance for Truth and Justice | 2,436 | 0.01 | New | 0 | New | |
| Handwerker, Handels- und Gewerbetreibende | 2,221 | 0.01 | New | 0 | New | |
| Kriegsteilnehmer, Kriegsbeschädigte und Kriegshinterbliebene | 2,213 | 0.01 | New | 0 | New | |
| Enteigneter Mittelstand | 2,186 | 0.01 | New | 0 | New | |
| Gerechtigkeitsbewegung für Parteienverbot – gegen Lohn-, Gehalts- und Rentenkürzungen – für Arbeitsbeschaffung | 2,035 | 0.01 | New | 0 | New | |
| German Free Economy Party | 1,916 | 0.01 | New | 0 | New | |
| Deutsche Einheitspartei für wahre Volkswirtschaft, Unterstützungsempfänger- Partei Deutschlands | 1,709 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Schleswig Home | 1,511 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Partei der Unzufriedenen | 1,341 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Höchstgehalt der Beamten 5000 M. Für die Arbeitslosen und bis jetzt abgewiesenen Kriegsbeschädigten | 1,141 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| German Socialist Struggle Movement | 947 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Liste gegen Kürzung der Invaliden-, Sozial- und Kriegsbeschädigtenrenten | 887 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Unemployed Front | 853 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Kampfbund gegen Hauszinssteuer | 790 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| German People's Community | 618 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Schmalix Greater German List | 610 | 0.00 | –0.08 | 0 | 0 | |
| Schlesiens Handwerk und Gewerbe | 598 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Der ernste evangelisch-lutherische Christ (Gerechtigkeits-Bewegung) | 587 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Bund Bayerisches Handwerk und Gewerbe, Haus- und Grundbesitz und Landwirtschaft | 577 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Schicksalsgemeinschaft deutscher Erwerbslosen | 555 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Kampfgemeinschaft der Rentner, Sparer und Inflationsgeschädigten | 532 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Nationale Rentner, Sparer und Inflationsgeschädigte | 522 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Party of the Unemployed for Work and Bread | 492 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Freiheitliche National-Soziale Deutsche Mittelstandsbewegung | 480 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| National Freedom Party of Germany | 392 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| National-soziale Partei gegen die Hauszinssteuer | 376 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Kampfgemeinschaft für Handwerk, Gewerbe, Hausbesitz und Landwirtschaft | 334 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| General Social-National Unity Worker Party of Germany | 277 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Freiwirtschaftsbewegung für Freiland, Freigeld, Festwährung | 270 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| German Workers' Party | 257 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Nationaler Bürger- und Wirtschaftsblock | 226 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Kampfbund der Lohn- und Gehaltsabgebauten und Auslandsgeschädigten | 177 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Radical Party | 154 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Kampfgemeinschaft der Lohn- und Gehaltsabgebauten | 128 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Unitarianist Union of Germany | 81 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Mieter- und Volks-Reichspartei | 69 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| German Social Monarchist Party | 66 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| German Reform Party | 59 | 0.00 | New | 0 | New | |
| Total | 36,882,964 | 100.00 | – | 608 | +31 | |
| Valid votes | 36,882,964 | 99.25 | ||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 279,727 | 0.75 | ||||
| Total votes | 37,162,691 | 100.00 | ||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 44,211,216 | 84.06 | ||||
| Source: Gonschior.de | ||||||
Nazi Party vote share by constituency
edit| Constituency | % |
|---|---|
| East Prussia | 47.1% |
| Berlin | 24.6% |
| Potsdam II | 33.0% |
| Potsdam I | 38.1% |
| Frankfurt on the Oder | 48.1% |
| Pomerania | 47.9% |
| Breslau | 43.5% |
| Liegnitz | 48.0% |
| Oppeln | 29.3% |
| Magdeburg | 43.8% |
| Merseburg | 42.6% |
| Thuringen | 43.4% |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 51.0% |
| Weser-Ems | 38.4% |
| East Hanover | 49.5% |
| South Hanover-Brunswick | 46.1% |
| North Westphalia | 25.7% |
| South Westphalia | 27.2% |
| Hessen-Nassau | 43.6% |
| Cologne-Aachen | 20.2% |
| Koblenz-Trier | 28.8% |
| East Düsseldorf | 31.6% |
| West Düsseldorf | 27.0% |
| Upper Bavaria-Swabia | 27.1% |
| Lower Bavaria | 20.4% |
| Franconia | 39.8% |
| Pfalz | 43.7% |
| Dresden-Bautzen | 39.3% |
| Leipzig | 36.1% |
| Chemnitz-Zwickau | 47.0% |
| Wurttemberg | 30.3% |
| Baden | 36.9% |
| Hessen-Darmstadt | 43.1% |
| Hamburg | 33.7% |
| Mecklenburg | 44.8% |
| Total | 37.3% |
| Source: Digi Zeit | |
Aftermath
editSince it was now impossible to rule without the support of either the NSDAP or the KPD, an unofficial confidence and supply agreement was struck between Papen and the Nazis, allowing the Chancellor to remain in power and continue his rule by decree.[16] In exchange, Papen lifted the ban on the Nazi Sturmabteilung (SA) militia.[17]
Papen's austerity measures were deeply unpopular with the general population, but were generally supported by Germany's elites.[18] The government started to implement openly authoritarian measures: on 20 July 1932, the SPD-led coalition government in Prussia was overthrown in an illegal coup that placed the region under the direct control of the cabinet through a presidential decree, furtherly weakening Weimar democracy.[19] On 9 August, another presidential decree drastically streamlined the judicial process in death penalty cases while limiting the right of appeal.[20][21] New special courts were also created.[20]
On 11 August, Papen and his Interior Minister Baron Wilhelm von Gayl called a press conference to announce plans for a new constitution that would, in effect, turn Germany into a dictatorship.[22] On 12 September, the Reichstag overwhelmingly passed a motion of no confidence against the cabinet in a 512–42 vote and a snap election was called by Hindenburg.[23]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Kerwin 1932, p. 921.
- ^ a b c d The Holocaust Chronicle – Prologue: Roots of the Holocaust. 2002.
- ^ a b Childers 1983, p. 209.
- ^ a b Hornberger, Jacob G. How Hitler became a Dictator Archived 18 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. 2004.
- ^ a b Childers 1983, p. 194.
- ^ Childers 1983, p. 138.
- ^ Childers 1983, p. 196.
- ^ Childers 1983, pp. 202–203.
- ^ Childers 1983, pp. 204–206.
- ^ Childers 1983, pp. 206–207.
- ^ Childers 1983, p. 203.
- ^ Childers 1983, pp. 248–249.
- ^ Childers 1983, p. 258.
- ^ Hamilton 1982, pp. 74–76.
- ^ Orlow 1969, pp. 278–286.
- ^ Henry Ashby Turner (1996). Hitler's thirty days to power. Internet Archive. Addison-Wesley. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-201-40714-3.
- ^ Longerich, Peter (2019). Hitler: A Life. Oxford University Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-19-879609-1.
- ^ Longerich, Peter (2019). Hitler: A Life. Oxford University Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-19-879609-1.
- ^ Schulze, Hagen (1998). Germany: A New History. Harvard University Press. pp. 241–243. ISBN 978-0-674-80688-7.
- ^ a b Longerich, Peter (2019). Hitler: A Life. Oxford University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-19-879609-1.
- ^ Kershaw, Ian (1999). Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris. W. W. Norton & Co. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-393-32035-0.
- ^ Kershaw, Ian (1999). Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 372. ISBN 978-0-393-32035-0.
- ^ Evans, Richard J. (2012). The Coming of the Third Reich: How the Nazis Destroyed Democracy and Seized Power in Germany. Penguin Books Ltd. pp. 297–298. ISBN 978-0-7181-9680-6.
Works cited
edit- Childers, Thomas (1983). The Nazi Voter: The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany, 1919-1933. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807815705.
- Hamilton, Richard (1982). Who Voted for Hitler?. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691093954.
- Kerwin, Jerome (1932). "The German Reichstag Elections of July 31, 1932". American Political Science Review. 26 (5). American Political Science Association: 698–705. doi:10.2307/1947146. JSTOR 1947146.
- Orlow, Dietrich (1969). The History of the Nazi Party: 1919-1933. University of Pittsburgh Press. SBN 822931834.