SM UC-44 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine) during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 20 November 1915 and was launched on 10 October 1916. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 4 November 1916 as SM UC-44.[Note 1] In 6 patrols UC-44 was credited with sinking 28 ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid. UC-44 was sunk by the detonation of one of her own mines off the Irish coast at position 52°07′N 6°59′W / 52.117°N 6.983°W on 4 August 1917; its commander, Kurt Teppenjohanns, was the only survivor. UC-44's wreck was raised by the Royal Navy in September 1917 and later broken up.[1]
| History | |
|---|---|
 German Empire | |
| Name | UC-44 |
| Ordered | 20 November 1915[1] |
| Builder | AG Vulcan, Hamburg[2] |
| Yard number | 77[1] |
| Launched | 10 October 1916[1] |
| Commissioned | 4 November 1916[1] |
| Fate | Sunk by own mine, 4 August 1917[1] |
| General characteristics [3] | |
| Class and type | Type UC II submarine |
| Displacement | |
| Length |
|
| Beam |
|
| Draught | 3.68 m (12 ft 1 in) |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed |
|
| Range |
|
| Test depth | 50 m (160 ft) |
| Complement | 26 |
| Armament |
|
| Notes | 48-second diving time |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |
|
| Commanders: |
|
| Operations: | 6 patrols |
| Victories: | |
Two aspects of her service are noteworthy. UC-44 was the first submarine to use the tactic of releasing oil and debris from her torpedo tubes to fool the enemy into believing it had been sunk by depth charges. Her actual sinking, sometimes claimed to be the result of British deception, also yielded intelligence that showed how little effect the Dover Barrage antisubmarine defences were having on the U-boats and forced changes in its command and operation before the year ended.
Design
editA Type UC II submarine, UC-44 had a displacement of 400 tonnes (390 long tons) when at the surface and 480 tonnes (470 long tons) while submerged. She had a length overall of 49.45 m (162 ft 3 in), a beam of 5.22 m (17 ft 2 in), and a draught of 3.68 m (12 ft 1 in). The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing 260 metric horsepower (190 kW; 260 shp) (a total of 520 metric horsepower (380 kW; 510 shp)), two electric motors producing 460 metric horsepower (340 kW; 450 shp), and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 48 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of 50 metres (160 ft).[3]
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 11.7 knots (21.7 km/h; 13.5 mph) and a submerged speed of 6.7 knots (12.4 km/h; 7.7 mph). When submerged, she could operate for 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 9,410 nautical miles (17,430 km; 10,830 mi) at 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph). UC-44 was fitted with six 100-centimetre (39 in) mine tubes, eighteen UC 200 mines, three 50-centimetre (20 in) torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one 8.8 cm (3.5 in) Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members.[3]
Deception tactics
editDuring a particularly intense depth charge attack on 15 February 1917, Kapitanleutnant Kurt Tebbenjohanns, UC-44's commander, ordered that the vessel's front torpedo tubes be filled with waste oil and other debris, then fired, simulating what might have been expected to reach the surface had the submarine sank. The ruse worked, and the attack was ended, allowing UC-44 to escape. Other U-boat commanders, and eventually their counterparts in other navies, adopted this deception tactic. It was particularly effective for the Germans at first, as British commanders were easily satisfied that they had sunk the enemy.[5]
Sinking
editIn summer 1917 UC-44 was operating off Waterford Harbour on the southern coast of Ireland, laying mines and then re-laying them after British minesweepers had cleared the field. The Royal Navy officers in charge of the minesweeping surmised from the regularity with which this occurred and the haste with which the mines were laid that the Germans had broken their codes. Some of them later claimed that, realising this, they had the minesweeper run a dummy operation in mid-July, leaving all the mines in place and reporting that it had cleared them using the code suspected to have been broken, then closing the harbour to all shipping for two weeks.[6] The hope was reportedly that a stricken U-boat would sink in shallow water where it and its contents could be recovered and examined by Room 40 and other departments of naval intelligence.[7] however the historical record suggests that the British had not become aware of the compromised code and closed Waterford until after UC-44 sank.[6]
UC-44 returned to Waterford to lay nine mines on the night of 4 August. After four had been successfully deployed west of the harbour, it set out to lay the other five in the centre. As it was releasing the last, from a chute in the rear of the vessel, an explosion occurred and the submarine sank in 25 metres (82 ft) of water. Tebenjohanns and two others managed to escape through the conning tower hatch, but the commander was the only one still alive when a British vessel swept the area for survivors an hour and a half later (another account suggests that another crewmember was found separately).[6]
The British were pleasantly surprised that they had been fortunate enough to capture a U-boat commander. One officer who took tea with Tebenjohanns said the commander complained that the minesweepers had not done their jobs efficiently; they reportedly allowed him to share this news with his own superiors along with the report of his capture. When he was asked if the Germans had broken the code used by the British minesweepers, he said that as an officer he could not answer that, but the interrogator believed his demeanor and body language as he replied betrayed that the Germans had indeed done so.[6]
Navy divers later reached the wrecked submarine to sweep it for intelligence, something the British had not previously been able to do with a sunken U-boat. They described the explosion damage as concentrated around UC-44's stern and engine room, near where the mine had been released from. This, along with the other eight mines being discovered and swept, suggests that the submarine sank when one of its own mines accidentally detonated while being laid, and not due to any deception operation by the Royal Navy, or[6] as other accounts have it a leftover mine laid by UC-42[8]
Intelligence recovered from UC-44 was greatly disturbing to the Admiralty. The submarine's logs showed that U-boats were passing the Dover Barrage at will; Tebenjohanns' standing orders were to pass the net on the surface at night when possible and dive no deeper than 40 metres (130 ft) if not. U-boats that for whatever reason bypassed the English Channel entirely and went around the northern tip of Scotland were advised to do so completely on the surface since that would lead the English to think the Dover defences were working. This discovery was a contributing factor to Reginald Bacon being relieved as commander of the Dover Patrol at the end of the year.[9]
Summary of raiding history
edit| Date | Name | Nationality | Tonnage[Note 2] | Fate[10] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11 February 1917 | Ashwold |  United Kingdom
|
129 | Sunk |
| 12 February 1917 | Adolf |  Sweden
|
835 | Sunk |
| 12 February 1917 | Dale | United Kingdom
|
198 | Sunk |
| 13 February 1917 | King Alfred | United Kingdom
|
159 | Sunk |
| 14 February 1917 | Belvoir Castle | United Kingdom
|
221 | Sunk |
| 14 February 1917 | Mary Bell | United Kingdom
|
144 | Sunk |
| 5 March 1917 | Guadiana |  Portugal
|
326 | Sunk |
| 7 March 1917 | Adalands |  Norway
|
1,577 | Sunk |
| 7 March 1917 | Westwick | United Kingdom
|
5,694 | Sunk |
| 12 March 1917 | Lucy Anderson | United Kingdom
|
1,073 | Sunk |
| 12 March 1917 | Marna | Norway
|
914 | Sunk |
| 13 March 1917 | Navenby | United Kingdom
|
167 | Sunk |
| 13 March 1917 | Nuttallia | United Kingdom
|
229 | Captured as prize |
| 13 April 1917 | Bandon | United Kingdom
|
1,456 | Sunk |
| 15 April 1917 | Dalmatian | United Kingdom
|
186 | Sunk |
| 15 April 1917 | Heikina |  Netherlands
|
157 | Sunk |
| 15 April 1917 | Sutterton | United Kingdom
|
160 | Sunk |
| 19 April 1917 | Poltava | United Kingdom
|
945 | Sunk |
| 20 April 1917 | Erith | United Kingdom
|
168 | Sunk |
| 20 April 1917 | Grecian | United Kingdom
|
119 | Sunk |
| 21 April 1917 | Peik | Norway
|
701 | Sunk |
| 22 April 1917 | Nightingale | United Kingdom
|
91 | Sunk |
| 23 April 1917 | Auriac | United Kingdom
|
871 | Sunk |
| 23 April 1917 | Baron Stjernblad |  Denmark
|
991 | Sunk |
| 23 April 1917 | Scot | Denmark
|
1,564 | Sunk |
| 28 May 1917 | Turid | Norway
|
1,148 | Sunk |
| 30 June 1917 | Asalia | Norway
|
2,348 | Sunk |
| 30 June 1917 | Phoebus |  Kingdom of Italy
|
3,133 | Sunk |
| 6 July 1917 | HMS Itchen |  Royal Navy
|
550 | Sunk |
| 7 August 1917 | HMS Haldon | Royal Navy
|
810 | Damaged |
See also
editReferences
editNotes
edit- ^ "SM" stands for "Seiner Majestät" (English: His Majesty's) and combined with the U for Unterseeboot would be translated as His Majesty's Submarine.
- ^ Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement.
Citations
edit- ^ a b c d e f Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 44". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
- ^ Tarrant, p. 173.
- ^ a b c Gröner 1991, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Kurt Tebbenjohanns". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ^ Henry, Chris (2005). Depth Charge!: Mines, Depth Charges and Underwater Weapons, 1914-1945. Casemate Publishers. pp. 71–72. ISBN 9781844151745. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Grant, Robert (2003). U-boat Hunters: Code Breakers, Divers and the Defeat of the U-boats, 1914-1918. Periscope Publishing. pp. 54–55. ISBN 9781904381150. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ Nolan, Liam; Nolan, John E. (2009). Secret Victory: Ireland and the War at Sea, 1914-1918. Mercier Press Ltd. p. 235. ISBN 9781856356213. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ McGreal, Stephen (2008). Zeebrugge and Ostend Raids. Pen and Sword. p. 14. ISBN 9781783460953. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ Gray, Edwyn A. (1994). The U-Boat War: 1914-1918. Pen and Sword. p. 202. ISBN 9781473820043. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by UC 44". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Bibliography
edit- Bendert, Harald (2001). Die UC-Boote der Kaiserlichen Marine 1914-1918. Minenkrieg mit U-Booten (in German). Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0758-7.
- Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
- Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8. OCLC 12119866.
- Tarrant, V. E. (1989). The U-Boat Offensive: 1914–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-764-7. OCLC 20338385.