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Germany–Netherlands football rivalry

(Redirected from Germany and Netherlands football rivalry)

The Germany–Netherlands football rivalry (German: Niederländisch-deutsche Fußballrivalität; Dutch: Duits-Nederlandse derby) is one of the few longstanding football rivalries at a national level. Beginning in 1974 when the Dutch lost the 1974 FIFA World Cup to West Germany in the final (though deeply rooted in Dutch anti-German sentiment due to the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II), the rivalry between the two nations has become one of the best known international football rivalries in the world.[1]

Germany–Netherlands football rivalry
Two German fans wave their flag at a group of Dutch supporters during UEFA Euro 2008 in Basel.
LocationWestern Europe
Teams Germany
 Netherlands
First meeting24 April 1910
Friendly
Netherlands 4–2 Germany
Latest meeting14 October 2024
UEFA Nations League
Germany 1–0 Netherlands
Statistics
Meetings total48
Most winsGermany (18)
Most player appearancesRuud Krol
Lothar Matthäus
(8 each)
Top scorerJan Thomée (5)
All-time seriesGermany: 18
Draw: 18
Netherlands: 12
Largest victoryWest Germany 7–0 Netherlands
(21 October 1959)
Largest goal scoringNetherlands 5–5 Germany
(24 March 1912)
Longest win streak
  • 1. Netherlands 1–2 West Germany (1957)
  • 2. West Germany 7–0 Netherlands (1959)
  • 3. Netherlands 2–4 West Germany (1966)
  • 4. West Germany 2–1 Netherlands (1974)
Longest unbeaten streak
  • 1. Netherlands 4–2 German Empire (April 1910)
  • 2. German Empire 1–2 Netherlands (October 1910)
  • 3. Netherlands 5–5 German Empire (March 1912)
  • 4. German Empire 2–3 Netherlands (November 1912)
  • 5. Netherlands 4–4 German Empire (1914)
  • 6. Germany 0–0 Netherlands (1923)

Both football nations have been among the top ranked according to the strongest football nations by Elo Ratings, and have met a total of 48 times (of which 16 matches were competitive) which resulted in 18 victories for Germany, 18 draws, and 12 victories for the Netherlands.

History

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1974–88

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For the Dutch, the origins of the rivalry are primarily based on the anti-German sentiment resulting from World War II in which, during a five-year German occupation, a quarter of a million Dutch people died and the country itself was devastated. In particular, matches up until 1988 show a strong emotional connection between war experiences alongside the sportive element among the Dutch, but this inevitably lessened with the passage of time.

I didn't give a damn about the score. 1–0 was enough, as long as we could humiliate them. I hate them. They murdered my family. My father, my sister, two of my brothers. Each time I faced Germany I was angst-filled.[2]

— Wim van Hanegem (b. 1944), Dutch midfielder

When Germany and the Netherlands met in the final of the 1974 FIFA World Cup (which was also their first competitive match since 1945) the Dutch, despite being strong favourites, lost to the Germans which resulted in a national trauma which is poetically referred to as "De moeder aller nederlagen" ("The mother of all defeats") in Dutch. NOS sports commentator Herman Kuiphof's remark on air after the winning goal was scored – "We are fooled yet again" – became a catchphrase.[3][4]

The loss of the 1974 final was a source of great bitterness among the Dutch and it would not be until 1988, when the Dutch beat the Germans in their own country and went on to become the new European Champions, that the public pressure on the Dutch team to be successful relaxed somewhat. The two competitive matches which would take place between 1974 and 1988 – in the group stages at the 1978 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1980 – were notoriously aggressive, and created a lot of pressure on both sides. The 1980 match would see Toni Schumacher and Huub Stevens fighting on field, whereas René van de Kerkhof would go on to punch Bernd Schuster in the eye.

The pressure was tremendous. The popular press was blowing up the old rivalry. We knew that on the pitch the Dutch were ready and waiting for us. We had to stay focused. I think it's a true shame and pity that they regard football (sic) as an outlet for their hatred from the Second World War.[5]

— Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (b. 1955), German striker on the 1978 FIFA World Cup match

Before the game we knew that it was going to be tense. We had sworn to win, because that victory was so important to our sense of pride. To them, beating us is the best thing there is. They hate us so much more than we hate them.[5]

— Karl-Heinz Förster (b. 1958), German midfielder on the UEFA Euro 1980 match

During the semi-final of UEFA Euro 1988, the Dutch defeated Germany (the host country) 2–1 with a goal by Marco van Basten in the last minute. After the game Ronald Koeman of the Dutch team pretended to wipe his backside with Olaf Thon's jersey, creating outrage in Germany.

The Dutch proceeded to win the final against the Soviet Union. When the team returned to the Netherlands and celebrated in the capital Amsterdam, Head coach Rinus Michels stood in front of the Dutch Royal Palace and said to the crowd: "We won the tournament, but we all know that the semi-final was the real final". The Netherlands exploded into a mass celebration. As the Dutch team returned home they were paraded through the canals of Amsterdam as people jumped in the water and swam towards the players to congratulate them.

I had been waiting for that moment for fourteen years. Before the game I remembered my feelings watching TV as a teenager, and that boosted up my anger. I am happy to have been able to give this gift to the older generation, the ones that lived through the War.[5]

— Hans van Breukelen (b. 1956), Dutch goalkeeper on the UEFA Euro 1988 match

We gave joy to the older generation. I saw their emotions, their tears.[5]

— Ruud Gullit (b. 1962), Dutch striker on the UEFA Euro 1988 match

Following the 1988 match, anti-German sentiment became much less prominent among the Dutch, as defeating the Germans and going on to win the cup, in Germany itself, was to many the closest they would ever come to repaying Germany. It also marked a new phase in the rivalry because with the war-related sentiment lessened on the Dutch side, the Germans now as a consequence also became far more vocal about the football rivalry, which they had avoided previously. The rivalry continued, but the tone (though still highly competitive) became less aggressive.[6]

1988–2012

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In 1990 both teams met again during the second round of the World Cup. This match is seen as the main catalyst for the modern rivalry, in which both Germany and the Netherlands enthusiastically participate. The teams had also met in the qualification round for this World Cup: 0–0 in Germany and 1–1 in The Netherlands.

Before kick-off, the Dutch supporters shouted down the Deutschlandlied with boos and the Germans replied by chanting "Deutschland! Deutschland!" during the playing of Het Wilhelmus. The game that followed was notable for its many fouls and other incidents. After Rudi Völler had been hacked down by Frank Rijkaard, who was subsequently booked, Rijkaard spat in Völler's hair. After the following free kick, Völler and the Dutch keeper Van Breukelen had contact, both trying to get the ball, and Van Breukelen and Rijkaard shouted at Völler and Rijkaard pulled Völler's hair. The referee sent both Rijkaard and Völler off, and Rijkaard spat in Völler's hair a second time when both players left the pitch. Germany won the match 2–1 and went on to win the tournament and become World Champions.[7]

In 1992 the Dutch beat Germany 3–1 during the group stage of the European Championship. However, both teams progressed. The Netherlands would go on to lose the semi-finals against Denmark, who then defeated Germany in the final.

The next competitive match between the two nations came at UEFA Euro 2004 in Portugal. The result was a 1–1 draw, with the Netherlands progressing to the knockout stages and Germany failing to do so.

Their next competitive fixture was in the group stages of UEFA Euro 2012. The match assumed greater significance after the results of the first tranche of group matches were completed (Denmark defeating the Dutch and Germany defeating Portugal both by 1-0), since it was possible that a German win could eliminate the Dutch from the tournament, depending on the result of the other subsequent game in Group B (between Denmark and Portugal); although Portugal defeated Denmark 3-2 to keep both them and the Dutch alive, Germany vs Netherlands ended in a 2–1 victory to Germany, putting the Netherlands' progression from the group stage into significant doubt. They now needed to defeat Portugal by two goals and also needed Denmark to lose to Germany in order to progress into the quarterfinals.[8] The Dutch were eliminated with no points after losing to Portugal in their last match; Germany lost in the semi-finals. After a friendly in Amsterdam in November 2012, the teams would not meet again for almost six years.

2018–present

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The stage was set for another chapter in the rivalry during the 2018–19 and the 2019–20 seasons, as the Netherlands and Germany were drawn together in a group for both the inaugural UEFA Nations League and the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifiers. The first of the two Nations League matches, in October 2018, was won 3–0 by the Dutch despite the Germans having the upper hand.[9] In the return match in November 2018, two late goals from Quincy Promes and Virgil van Dijk got the Netherlands a 2–2 draw, as a consequence securing the group win for the Dutch and relegation for the Germans (though that was later reversed due to an overhaul of the Nations League rules).[10] In the Euro 2020 fixtures in March 2019, Germany bounced back by winning 2–3 in Amsterdam through a 90th minute goal from Nico Schulz; in September 2019, the Netherlands won convincingly by 2–4 in Hamburg, the first Dutch away win since 2002.[11]

Overall balance and friendlies

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Overall, the matches between both countries have been quite balanced in the past decades, including the latest friendlies. Since 1996 the friendly matches in The Netherlands resulted in one Dutch victory (2–1 in 2000), two draws (2–2 in 2005; 0–0 in 2012) and one defeat (0–1 in 1996). The friendly matches in Germany resulted in one Germany victory (3–0 in 2011), one draw (1–1 in 1998) and one Dutch victory (1–3 in 2002).

The teams were scheduled to play on 17 November 2015 in Hannover, but serious threats with connections to the Paris terror attacks which occurred during a Germany-France match, led German authorities to cancel the friendly. German authorities had evidence of a planned attack outside the stadium as well as in the Hannover Hauptbahnhof. The HDI-Arena was evacuated 2 hours before the match was scheduled to begin.

Major tournament matches

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1974 FIFA World Cup
Final
Netherlands  1–2  West Germany
Neeskens   2' (pen.) Report Breitner   25' (pen.)
Müller   43'
Attendance: 78,200
Referee: Jack Taylor (England)
1978 FIFA World Cup
Second round
West Germany  2–2  Netherlands
Abramczik   3'
D. Müller   70'		 Report Haan   27'
R. van de Kerkhof   84'
Attendance: 40,750
UEFA Euro 1980
Group stage
West Germany  3–2  Netherlands
Allofs   20', 60', 65' Report Rep   79' (pen.)
W. van de Kerkhof   85'
Attendance: 26,546
Referee: Robert Wurtz (France)
UEFA Euro 1988
Semi-finals
West Germany  1–2  Netherlands
Matthäus   55' (pen.) Report R. Koeman   74' (pen.)
Van Basten   88'
Attendance: 61,330
Referee: Ioan Igna (Romania)
1990 FIFA World Cup
Round of 16
West Germany  2–1  Netherlands
Klinsmann   51'
Brehme   82'		 Report R. Koeman   89' (pen.)
Attendance: 74,559
UEFA Euro 1992
Group stage
Netherlands  3–1  Germany
Rijkaard   4'
Witschge   15'
Bergkamp   72'		 Report Klinsmann   53'
Attendance: 37,725
UEFA Euro 2004
Group stage
Germany  1–1  Netherlands
Frings   30' Report Van Nistelrooy   81'
Attendance: 48,197
Referee: Anders Frisk (Sweden)
UEFA Euro 2012
Group stage
Netherlands  1–2  Germany
Van Persie   73' Report Gómez   24', 38'
Attendance: 37,750

Other competitive matches

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1990 FIFA World Cup qualification
Group stage
West Germany  0–0  Netherlands
Report
Attendance: 73,000
Referee: Pietro D'Elia (Italy)
Group stage
Netherlands  1–1  West Germany
Van Basten   88' Report Riedle   68'
Attendance: 50,500
2018–19 UEFA Nations League
Group A1
Netherlands  3–0  Germany
Van Dijk   30'
Depay   87'
Wijnaldum   90+3'		 Report
Attendance: 52,536
Germany  2–2  Netherlands
 Report
UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying
Group C
Netherlands  2–3  Germany
 Report
Attendance: 51,694
Group C
Germany  2–4  Netherlands
 Report
Attendance: 51,299

List of matches

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Number Date Venue Competition Team 1 Result Team 2
1 24 April 1910   Arnhem Friendly Netherlands   4–2   Germany
2 16 October 1910   Kleve Germany   1–2   Netherlands
3 24 March 1912   Zwolle Netherlands   5–5   Germany
4 17 November 1912   Leipzig Germany   2–3   Netherlands
5 5 April 1914   Amsterdam Netherlands   4–4   Germany
6 10 May 1923   Hamburg Germany   0–0   Netherlands
7 21 April 1924   Amsterdam Netherlands   0–1   Germany
8 29 March 1925   Amsterdam Netherlands   2–1   Germany
9 18 April 1926   Düsseldorf Germany   4–2   Netherlands
10 31 October 1926   Amsterdam Netherlands   2–3   Germany
11 20 November 1927   Cologne Germany   2–2   Netherlands
12 26 April 1931   Amsterdam Netherlands   1–1   Germany
13 4 December 1932   Düsseldorf Germany   0–2   Netherlands
14 17 February 1935   Amsterdam Netherlands   2–3   Germany
15 31 January 1937   Düsseldorf Germany   2–2   Netherlands
16 14 March 1956   Düsseldorf West Germany   1–2   Netherlands
17 3 April 1957   Amsterdam Netherlands   1–2   West Germany
18 21 October 1959   Cologne West Germany   7–0   Netherlands
19 23 March 1966   Rotterdam Netherlands   2–4   West Germany
20 7 July 1974   Munich 1974 FIFA World Cup Final West Germany   2–1   Netherlands
21 17 May 1975   Frankfurt Friendly West Germany   1–1   Netherlands
22 18 June 1978   Córdoba 1978 FIFA World Cup Netherlands   2–2   West Germany
23 20 December 1978   Düsseldorf Friendly West Germany   3–1   Netherlands
24 14 June 1980   Naples UEFA Euro 1980 West Germany   3–2   Netherlands
25 11 October 1980   Eindhoven Friendly Netherlands   1–1   West Germany
26 14 May 1986   Dortmund West Germany   3–1   Netherlands
27 21 June 1988   Hamburg UEFA Euro 1988 West Germany   1–2   Netherlands
28 19 October 1988   Munich 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification West Germany   0–0   Netherlands
29 26 April 1989   Rotterdam Netherlands   1–1   West Germany
30 24 June 1990   Milan 1990 FIFA World Cup West Germany   2–1   Netherlands
31 18 June 1992   Gothenburg UEFA Euro 1992 Germany   1–3   Netherlands
32 24 April 1996   Rotterdam Friendly Netherlands   0–1   Germany
33 18 November 1998   Gelsenkirchen Germany   1–1   Netherlands
34 23 February 2000   Amsterdam Netherlands   2–1   Germany
35 20 November 2002   Gelsenkirchen Germany   1–3   Netherlands
36 15 June 2004   Porto UEFA Euro 2004 Germany   1–1   Netherlands
37 17 August 2005   Rotterdam Friendly Netherlands   2–2   Germany
38 15 November 2011   Hamburg Germany   3–0   Netherlands
39 13 June 2012   Kharkiv UEFA Euro 2012 Netherlands   1–2   Germany
40 14 November 2012   Amsterdam Friendly Netherlands   0–0   Germany
41 13 October 2018   Amsterdam 2018–19 UEFA Nations League Netherlands   3–0   Germany
42 19 November 2018   Gelsenkirchen Germany   2–2   Netherlands
43 24 March 2019   Amsterdam UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying Netherlands   2–3   Germany
44 6 September 2019   Hamburg Germany   2–4   Netherlands
45 29 March 2022   Amsterdam Friendly Netherlands   1–1   Germany
46 26 March 2024   Frankfurt Germany   2–1   Netherlands
47 10 September 2024   Amsterdam 2024–25 UEFA Nations League Netherlands   2–2   Germany
48 14 October 2024   Munich Germany   1–0   Netherlands

Statistics

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As of 14 October 2024
Competition[12] Matches Wins Draws Goals
Germany Netherlands Germany Netherlands
FIFA World Cup 5 2 0 3 7 5
UEFA European Championship 7 3 3 1 13 15
UEFA Nations League 4 1 1 2 5 7
All competitions 16 6 4 6 25 27
Friendly 32 12 8 12 65 52
All matches 48 18 12 18 90 79
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Newspapers

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After the Germany national team were eliminated from the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the German tabloid Bild suggested that Germans should now support the Dutch team (which they referred to as "Bundesrepublik Holland") because a number of Dutch players played for German clubs, mainly FC Bayern Munich. The article was subsequently picked up by several Dutch newspapers and was met with disdain and ridicule, De Telegraaf opening with "When lacking own talent ..." when discussing the Bild article.[13]

Museums

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The Dutch Voetbal Experience museum in Roosendaal has one of its 18 permanent exhibitions dedicated to the German-Dutch football rivalry, with tours available in Dutch, German and English. A Dutch poem on the 1974 defeat called 'De moeder aller nederlagen' can be found on the museum wall. The last line reads `Wij waren de beste, maar zij waren beter´ ('We were the best, but they were better').

Television

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In the 2006 World Cup documentary Deutschland. Ein Sommermärchen, the early elimination of the Dutch team is illustrated by showing an Autobahn sign "Netherlands, exit right". In an episode of the Dutch history series Andere Tijden on the 1988 European Championship, which the Dutch won, a shot can be seen of an overpass near the Dutch-German border which reads, in German, "You are now entering the country of the European Champions". In a 2010 episode of Voetbal Inside, a Dutch football show, a clip is shown in which people are being interviewed on the streets and asked what they think the Dutch team should do in order to win the 2010 FIFA World Cup. After a while a (Dutch) man is shown who happily declares his "complete support" for the Germany national team, after which the clip stops and the presenters of the show are shown laughing uncontrollably.[14]

Advertisements

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During the 1990s and 2000s a lot of adverts appeared, at first on Dutch television later also on German networks, which referenced the Dutch-German football rivalry, including:

  • A Sport Select ad, in which a Dutch couple in a caravan overtakes an elderly German woman, after which both cars start ramming each other.[15]
  • A Heineken ad, in which a mock press conference is given by a German official who presents earplugs as the 'ultimate weapon' against a string of Dutch fan noisemakers.[16]
  • A NUON ad, in which a Dutch fan accidentally spills his drink on a German fan, ruining his T-shirt. The Dutch fan then offers his own (black) shirt to the German as a compensation, which the German fan accepts. During the match the German is cheering violently, turning his shirt (being sensitive to body heat) orange.[17]
  • A History (Dutch paint brand) ad, in which a British 'wall whisperer' (Barrie Hall) concludes that the walls in the South African 2010 FIFA World Cup stadiums (all painted orange) are 'happy'. As he leaves it is revealed the room painted belongs to the Germany national team.[18]
  • A Sportwetten (German betting site) ad, in which a German and a Dutch fan walk past each other and the German fan spits in the Dutchmans hair.[19] This was based on the notorious attack on Rudi Völler by Frank Rijkaard at the 1990 World Cup.
  • In 2000, a Dutch TV commercial, in reference to the infamous spitting incident, shows Völler and Rijkaard both wearing bathrobes, having breakfast together, suggesting the taste of butter is so good it gets the world's most bitter rivals together. Rijkaard later declared in an interview that both he and Völler decided to be part of the commercial considering 10 years had passed since the incident and it was time to bury the hatchet.
  • A Bosch ad, in which a German couple is overtaken by a car full of Dutch fans who mock him. The German keeps up with the Dutch car, but then suddenly breaks off. The Dutch fans celebrate only to be caught in a speed trap.[20]
  • A 2006 EA Games ad for a football computer game, in which (animated) Dutch players and fans are celebrating victory, followed by a dramatic voice from the off claiming: "Holland will win the World Cup... Only you can stop them!" After that, the German team is shown scoring against the Dutch.[21]
  • Also in 2006, in the wake of the World Cup being hosted by Germany, a commercial showed Oliver Kahn and Michael Ballack decorating a dressing room for the Brazil national team (poking fun at Germany's previous loss to Brazil in the final of the 2002 World Cup). At the end of the commercial, Ballack is seen holding a bouquet of orange tulips, reminding Kahn that they have yet to prepare the dressing room of the Netherlands national team.[22] The commercial added a more friendly perspective on the football rivalry between both teams.

Music

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A number of novelty songs have also been written, these include:

  • "Wir sind die Holländer" by De Toppers. A 2006 song, sung partly in mock German.[23]
  • "Orange trägt nur die Müllabfuhr" by Mickie Krause. A 2008 song, the title of which means "only the garbage collector wears orange" in German, orange being the Netherlands national colour. Waste collectors in the largest cities of Germany (such as Berlin,[24] Hamburg[25] and Frankfurt)[26] do typically wear fluorescent orange overalls. However the insult is largely lost in translation as in the Netherlands garbage men wear yellow. The song is based on the melody of the Song Go West.
  • "Holland" by Joint Venture. A 2002 song, about a singer who likes the Netherlands, the Dutch, and Dutch culture except when it comes to football.
  • "Ohne Holland fahr'n wir zur WM" by the German band Orange Buh. A 2002 song about the Netherlands not passing World-Cup qualification. The title means "We're driving to the World Cup without Holland".
  • "Schade, Deutschland, alles ist vorbei," meaning "Pity, Germany, it's all over," sung by Dutch fans after the Dutch team had reached the quarterfinals at the expense of the Germans at Euro 2004. The song has also been sung by the fans of other national teams – for example, by Danish fans during their 2–0 defeat of Germany in the UEFA Euro 1992 Final.

See also

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Bibliography

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  • Hesse-Lichtenberger, Ulrich (Ulrich Hesse-Lichtenberger) (2003). Tor! The Story of German Football. WSC Books. ISBN 0-9540134-5-X.
  • Schiweck, Ingo (2006). Kicken beim Feind? – Der ganz alltägliche Friede hinter dem deutsch-niederländischen Fußballkrieg. Düsseldorf: MaveriX. ISBN 978-3-9810957-4-6.
  • Winner, David. Brilliant Orange.
  • Houtum, Henk van; Frank van Dam (2002). "Topophilia or Topoporno? Patriotic Place Attachment in International Football Derbies". International Social Science Review. 3 (2): 231–248.

References

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  1. ^ Andrew Jordan. "10 Best Rivalries in International Football". Bleacher Report.
  2. ^ Willem van Hanegem, M.Verkamman, ISBN 90-71359-03-4
  3. ^ "1974: Nederland verliest WK-finale". nos.nl.
  4. ^ Vermaat, Adri (21 November 2008). "'Zijn we er tóch ingetuind'". Trouw.
  5. ^ a b c d "ajax-usa.com". Archived from the original on January 16, 2016.
  6. ^ Schiweck, Ingo (2006). Kicken beim Feind? – Der ganz alltägliche Friede hinter dem deutsch-niederländischen Fußballkrieg. Düsseldorf: MaveriX. ISBN 978-3-9810957-4-6.
  7. ^ "Cheeseheads vs Krauts": 30 Years of Enmity Archived 16 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Ajax-USA.com, 14 June 2004
  8. ^ Euro 2012: Mario Gomez goal gives Germany victory over Portugal, The Guardian, 9 June 2012
  9. ^ "Netherlands vs Germany 3:0 13/10/2018". rowdie.co.uk. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  10. ^ "Nations League: Germany escape relegation as UEFA reshuffle tournament". Deutsche Welle. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  11. ^ "Germany vs Netherlands 2:4 06/09/2019". rowdie.co.uk. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  12. ^ "Netherlands national football team: record v Germany". 11v11. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  13. ^ Telegraaf, 8 July 2010
  14. ^ YouTube. youtube.com.[dead YouTube link]
  15. ^ Germany vs. Holland. YouTube. 22 April 2006. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  16. ^ Heineken reclame WK 2010 – Persbericht Duitsland – nederland germany holland. YouTube. 12 June 2010. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  17. ^ wk 2010 – nuon reclame commercial. YouTube. 2 June 2010. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  18. ^ wk 2010 – Histor reclame commercial. YouTube. 2 June 2010. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  19. ^ Deutschland vs Holland. YouTube. 20 January 2006. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  20. ^ Holland vs. Deutschland. YouTube. 4 April 2009. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  21. ^ "Jung von Matt will Holland stoppen". HORIZONT. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  22. ^ Wm Spot... Oli and Ballack!. YouTube. 14 August 2006. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  23. ^ Toppers - Wir Sind Die Holländer. YouTube. 1 December 2015. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  24. ^ "Auch der Müll sah im Osten anders aus (Even the garbage in the east look different, too)" (in German). Morgenpost (Berlin). Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  25. ^ "Newsletter 2009–21". stadtreinigung-hh.de.
  26. ^ "Frankfurter Müll is am teuersten (The Frankfurt garbage is the most expensive)" (in German). Frankfurter Rundschau.
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