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Ghadar Movement

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The Ghadar Movement or Ghadar Party was an early 20th-century, international political movement founded by expatriate Indians to overthrow British rule in India.[1] Many of the Ghadar Party founders and leaders, including Sohan Singh Bhakna, would go on and join the Babbar Akali Movement and would help it in logistics as a party and publishing its own newspaper in the post-World War I era.[2] The early movement was created by revolutionaries who lived and worked on the West Coast of the United States and Canada, but the movement later spread to India and Indian diasporic communities around the world. The official founding has been dated to a meeting on 15 July 1913 in Astoria, Oregon,[3] and the group would splinter into two factions the first time in 1914, with the Sikh-majority faction known as the “Azad Punjab Ghadar” and the Hindu-majority faction known as the “Hindustan Ghadar.”[4] The Azad Punjab Ghadar Party’s headquarters and anti-colonial newspaper publications headquarters would remain in the Stockton Gurdwara located in Stockton, California, whereas the Hindustan Ghadar Party’s headquarters and Hindustan Ghadar newspaper would relocate to be based in nearby Oakland, a suburb of San Francisco, California.[4]

Ghadar Party
PresidentSohan Singh Bhakna
Founded15 July 1913; 111 years ago (15 July 1913)
DissolvedJanuary 1948; 76 years ago (January 1948)
IdeologyIndian independence
Indian nationalism
ColoursRed, Saffron, Green

Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, some Ghadar party members returned to Punjab to incite armed revolution for Indian Independence. Ghadarites smuggled arms into India and incited Indian troops to mutiny against the British. This uprising, known as the Ghadar Mutiny, was unsuccessful, and 42 mutineers were executed following the Lahore Conspiracy Case trial. From 1914 to 1917 Ghadarites continued underground anti-colonial actions with the support of Germany and Ottoman Turkey, known as the Hindu–German Conspiracy, which led to a sensational trial in San Francisco in 1917.

Following the war's conclusion, the party in the United States fractured into a Communist and an Indian Socialist faction. The party was formally dissolved in 1948.[1] Key participants in the Ghadar Movement included K. B. Menon, Sohan Singh Bhakna, Mewa Singh Lopoke, Kesar Singh(Vice-President), Baba Jawala Singh(Vice-chair), Balwant Singh, Santokh Singh, Bhai Parmanand, Vishnu Ganesh Pingle, Bhagwan Singh Gyanee, Har Dayal, Tarak Nath Das, Bhagat Singh Thind, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Udham Singh, Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah, Rai Nawab Khan, Rashbehari Bose, and Gulab Kaur. Although its attempts at overthrowing the British Raj were unsuccessful, the insurrectionary ideals of the Ghadar Party influenced members of the Indian Independence Movement opposed to Gandhian nonviolence. To carry out other revolutionary activities, "Swadesh Sevak Home" at Vancouver and United India House at Seattle was set-up.[5]

Etymology

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Ghadar is a Punjabi and Urdu word derived from Arabic which means "revolt" or "rebellion."[6] It is often also spelled Ghadr or Gadar in English. The movement's name was closely associated with its newspaper, the Hindustan Ghadar.

Background

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See also: Sohan Singh Bhakna

Between 1903 and 1913 approximately 10,000 South Asians emigres entered North America, mostly from the rural regions of central Punjab.[7][8] About half the Punjabis had served in the British military. The Canadian government decided to curtail this influx with a series of laws, which were aimed at limiting the entry of South Asians into the country and restricting the political rights of those already in the country.[9] Many migrants came to work in the fields, factories, and logging camps of Northern California and the Pacific Northwest, where they were exposed to labor unions and the ideas of the radical Industrial Workers of the World or IWW. The migrants of the Pacific Northwest banded together in Sikh gurdwaras and formed political Hindustani Associations for mutual aid.

Nationalist sentiments were also building around the world among South Asian emigres and students, where they could organize more freely than in British India. Several dozen students came to study at the University of Berkeley, some spurred by a scholarship offered by a wealthy Punjabi farmer. Revolutionary intellectuals like Har Dayal and Taraknath Das attempted to organize students and educate them in anarchist and nationalist ideas.

 
Ghadr Party heroes poster,1916

RasBihari Bose on request from Vishnu Ganesh Pingle, an American trained Ghadar, who met Bose at Benares and requested him to take up the leadership of the coming revolution. But before accepting the responsibility, he sent Sachin Sanyal to the Punjab to assess the situation. Sachin returned very optimistic,[1][10] in the United States and Canada with the aim to liberate India from British rule. The movement began with a group of immigrants known as the Hindustani Workers of the Pacific Coast.[1]

 
Ghadar di Gunj, an early Ghadarite compilation of nationalist and socialist literature, was banned in India in 1913.

The Ghadar Party, initially the Pacific Coast Hindustan Association, was formed on 15 July 1913 in the United States but before a decision to create headquarter at Yugantar Ashram in San Francisco was taken at a meeting in the town of Astoria in the state of Oregon in USA under the leadership of Har Dayal, Sant Baba Wasakha Singh Dadehar, Baba Jawala Singh, Santokh Singh and Sohan Singh Bhakna[11] as its president. The members of the party were Indian immigrants, largely from Punjab.[9] Many of its members were students at University of California at Berkeley including Dayal, Tarak Nath Das, Maulavi Barkatullah, Harnam Singh Tundilat, Kartar Singh Sarabha and V.G. Pingle. The party quickly gained support from Indian expatriates, especially in the United States, Canada, East Africa, and Asia.

Newspaper

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Main article: Hindustan Ghadar
 
Ghadar Newspaper (Urdu) Vol. 1, No. 22, 28 March 1914

The party was built around the weekly paper The Ghadar, which carried the caption on the masthead: Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman (an enemy of the British rule). "Wanted brave soldiers", the Ghadar declared, "to stir up rebellion in India. Pay-death; Price-martyrdom; Pension-liberty; Field of battle-India". The ideology of the party was strongly secular. In the words of Sohan Singh Bhakna, who later became a major peasant leader of Punjab: "We were not Sikhs or Punjabis. Our religion was patriotism". The first issue of The Ghadar, was published in San Francisco on 1 November 1913.

As Kartar Singh Sarabha, one of the founders of the party, wrote in the first issue: "Today there begins 'Ghadar' in foreign lands, but in our country's tongue, a war against the British Raj. What is our name? Ghadar. What is our work? Ghadar. Where will be the Revolution? In India. The time will soon come when rifles and blood will take the place of pens and ink."

Following the voyage of the Komagata Maru in 1914, a direct challenge to Canadian anti-Indian immigration laws, several thousand Indians resident in the United States sold their business and homes ready to drive the British from India. The British government respond by passing the , However, Har Dayal had fled to Europe concerned that the U.S. authorities would hand him over to the British. Sohan Singh Bhakna was already in British hands, and the leadership fell to Ram Chandra. Following the entry of Canada into World War I, the organisation was centred in the USA and received substantial funding from the German government. They had a very militant tone, as illustrated by this quote from Harnam Singh:

No pundits or mullahs do we need

The party rose to prominence in the second decade of the 20th century, and grew in strength owing to Indian discontent over World War I and the lack of political reforms.[citation needed]

In 1917 some of their leaders were arrested and put on trial in the Hindu German Conspiracy Trial in which their paper was quoted.[citation needed]

In 1914, Kasi Ram Joshi a member of the party from Haryana, returned to India from America. On 15 March 1915 he was hanged by the colonial government.[12]

The Ghadar party commanded a loyal following the province of Punjab, but many of its most prominent activists were forced into exile to Canada and the United States. It ceased to play an active role in Indian politics after.[citation needed]

 
Periodical Independent Hindustan

Although publication such as independence Hindustan and revolution activities of Ghadar Party against British rule continued from 5 wood street San Francisco, place where Ghadar Memorial has been built but Har Dayal one among its founding members severed all connections with revolutionists by its open letter published in March 1919 in Indian newspapers and new Statesman USA, and by writing to British Goveronment for obtaining Amnesty for himself.[13]

The party had active members in other countries such as Mexico, Japan, China, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Malaya, Indo-China and Eastern and Southern Africa.

Founding members

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  1. Sohan Singh Bhakna (President)
  2. Bhagwan Singh Gyanee (President, 1914)
  3. Kesar Singh (Vice-President)
  4. Baba Jawala Singh (Vice-President)
  5. Kartar Singh Sarabha (Editor, Punjabi Gadar)
  6. Pt. Kanshi Ram (Treasurer)
  7. Munshi Ram (Organizing Secretary)
  8. Lala Thakur Das Dhuri (Vice Secretary)
  9. Lala Hardayal (General Secretary & Editor, Urdu Gadar)
  10. Udham Singh
  11. Bhai Parmanand
  12. Tarak Nath Das
  13. V. G. Pingle
  14. Santokh Singh
  15. Balwant Singh
  16. Rehmat Ali
  17. Harnam Singh Tundilat
  18. G. D. Verma
  19. Nidhan Singh Chugha
  20. Chattar Singh Jethuwal
  21. Baba Harnam Singh (Kari Sari)
  22. Mangu Ram Mugowalia[14][15]
  23. Amir Chand
  24. Wasakha Singh
  25. Maulavi Barkatullah
  26. Harnam Singh Saini
  27. Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje
  28. Ganda Singh Phangureh
  29. Karim Bux
  30. Baba Prithvi Singh Azad
  31. Gulab Kaur
  32. Pt. Ram Rakha
  33. Sohanlal Pathak

See also

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References

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Notes
  1. ^ a b c d "Ghadr (Sikh political organization)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  2. ^ Singh, Satindra (1966). Ghadar, 1915, India's First Armed Revolution (3rd ed.). R & K Publishing House. pp. 133–135.
  3. ^ Ogden, Joanna (Summer 2012). "Ghadar, Historical Silences, and Notions of Belonging: Early 1900s Punjabis of the Columbia River". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 113 (2): 164–197. doi:10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164. JSTOR 10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164. S2CID 164468099.
  4. ^ a b Singh, Gurdev (1969). The Role of the Ghadar Party in the National Movement (3rd ed.). University of California. pp. 72–77. ISBN 9780842612340.
  5. ^ Aspirant, Civil (4 July 2020). "203. Tarak Nath Das- Founder of Swadesh Sevak Home". Civil Aspirant. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  6. ^ Ramnath 2011, p. 2.
  7. ^ Puri, Harish K. (1993). Ghadar Movement: ideology, organisation, and strategy (2nd ed.). Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University. pp. 17–18. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  8. ^ Ramnath 2011, p. 17.
  9. ^ a b Strachan 2001, p. 795
  10. ^ "Rash Behari Bose : The Greatest Indian Revolutionary". Hindu Janajagruti Samiti. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  11. ^ Law, Steve (19 September 2013). "Oregon marks ties with India revolutionaries". Portland Tribune. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  12. ^ Haryana Samvad Archived 2018-08-27 at the Wayback Machine, Jan 2018.
  13. ^ Brown, Emily C (1975). Har Dayal:Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist. Arizona University Press. p. 222.
  14. ^ "Manguram Muggowal, a former Ghadar Party member, later joined the Dalit [the proper term for so-called untouchables] emancipation movement". Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly. 26 July 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  15. ^ "REMARKABLE MISSION OF BABU MANGOO RAM MUGOWALIA". www.ambedkartimes.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014. There were not many Scheduled Caste persons in the Ghadar movement, however; Mangoo Ram recalls only one other Chamar besides himself.[self-published source?]
Sources
  • Strachan, Hew (2001), The First World War. Volume I: To Arms, Oxford University Press. USA, ISBN 0-19-926191-1.
  • Ramnath, Maia (2011). Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95039-9. Project MUSE book 26045.

Further reading

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