Sphyraena barracuda, commonly known as the great barracuda, is a species of barracuda: large, predatory ray-finned fish found in subtropical oceans around the world.
| Great barracuda | |
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| Great barracuda hovering in the current at Paradise Reef, Cozumel, Mexico | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Carangiformes |
| Family: | Sphyraenidae |
| Genus: | Sphyraena |
| Species: | S. barracuda
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| Binomial name | |
| Sphyraena barracuda | |
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List
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Distribution and habitat
editThe great barracuda is present in tropical to warm temperate waters, in subtropical parts of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans, from mangrove areas to deep reef, with a lower depth limit of 110 metres (360 ft).[2] They are reported to be declining in Florida, and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission are considering imposing catch limits.
Description
editGreat barracudas are large fish, and one of the largest of the Barracudas. Mature specimens are usually around 60–100 cm (24–39 in) in length and weigh 2.5–9.0 kg (5.5–19.8 lb). Exceptionally large specimens can exceed 1.5 m (4.9 ft) and weigh over 23 kg (51 lb). The record-sized specimen caught on rod-and-reel weighed 46.72 kg (103.0 lb) and measured 1.7 m (5.6 ft), while an even longer example measured 2 m (6.6 ft).[3][4][5] The largest great barracuda was said to have measured 3 m (9.8 ft).
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The great barracuda is blue gray above, fading to silvery and chalky-white below. Sometimes, a row of darker crossbars occurs on its upper side, with black blotches on each lower side. The second dorsal fin and the anal and caudal fins range from dark violet to black with white tips.[3][4][5]
In general, barracudas are elongated fish with powerful jaws. The lower jaw of the large mouth juts out beyond the upper. Barracudas possess strong, fang-like teeth that are unequal in size and set in sockets in the jaws and on the roof of the mouth. The head is quite large and is pointed and pike-like in appearance. The gill covers do not have spines and are covered with small scales. The two dorsal fins are widely separated, with the first having five spines and the second having one spine and 9 soft rays. The second dorsal fin equals the anal fin in size and is situated more or less above it. The lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail. The spinous dorsal fin is situated above the pelvis. The hind end of the caudal fin is forked or concave, and it is set at the end of a stout peduncle. The pectoral fins are placed low down on the sides. The barracuda has a large swim bladder.
Behavior and biology
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Barracudas appear in open seas. They are voracious predators and hunt by ambush. They rely on surprise and short bursts of speed up to 36 mph (57.9 km/h) to overrun their prey, sacrificing maneuverability. Barracudas are more or less solitary in their habits. Young and half-grown fish frequently congregate in shoals.
Barracudas can reach at least 14 years of age.[4] The spawning season lasts from April to October.[2] Females can release about 5,000 to 30,000 eggs.[4] The diets of these top predators of reefs are composed almost totally of fish, cephalopods, and occasionally shrimp.[2][4] Their fish diet consists of killifishes, herrings, sardines, gobies, silversides, anchovies, small mullets, and lizardfishes, to name a few.[6] Large barracudas, when gorged, may attempt to herd a school of prey fish in shallow water where they guard over them until they are ready for another hunt.[7]
Relationship with humans
editBarracudas are scavengers, and may mistake snorkelers for large predators, following them in hopes of eating the remains of their prey. Swimmers have been reported being bitten by barracuda, but such incidents are rare and possibly caused by poor visibility. Barracudas may mistake objects that glint and shine for prey.[8]
Barracuda attacks on humans are rare, although bites can result in lacerations and the loss of some tissue.[9] They are a popular target for recreational fishing, due to the strong fight they put up when hooked. However they are also known for the pungent odor they release upon being caught, and their meat has a chance of causing Ciguatera fish poisoning when eaten.[10][11]
References
edit- ^ Purdy, Robert W.; Schneider, Vincent P.; Applegate, Shelton P.; McLellan, Jack H.; Meyer, Robert L.; Slaughter, Bob H. (2001), The Neogene Sharks, Rays, and Bony Fishes from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, vol. 90, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 71–202, doi:10.5479/si.00810266.90.71, retrieved 2024-08-29
- ^ a b c d Aiken, K.A.; Dooley, J.; Marechal, J.; Pina Amargos, F.; Russell, B.; Singh-Renton, S. (2017) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Sphyraena barracuda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T190399A115319634. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T190399A15603115.en.
- ^ a b Florida Museum of Natural History
- ^ a b c d e Marine Bio
- ^ a b Animal Spot
- ^ "Sphyraena barracuda (Short barracuda)". Animal Diversity Web.
- ^ "Texas Saltwater Fishing". texassaltwaterfishingmagazine.com. August 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
- ^ Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
- ^ The Nature Conservancy, Great Barracuda, archived from the original on 2016-09-02, retrieved 2013-12-29
- ^ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- ^ The Human Evolution Blog: "That time I ate a barracuda and got ciguatera poisoning"; Professor Nathan H. Lents
External links
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Data related to Sphyraena barracuda at Wikispecies
Media related to Sphyraena barracuda at Wikimedia Commons- Photos of Great barracuda on Sealife Collection
