The Hinukh (Hinukh: гьинухъес hinuqes, Avar: гьинухъесел, romanized: hinuqesel[2]) are a people of Dagestan living in 2 villages: Genukh, Tsuntinsky District - their 'parent village' and Novomonastyrskoe, Kizlyarsky District - where they settled later and live together with Avars and Dargins and also in the cities of Dagestan. They are being assimilated by the Caucasian Avars.[citation needed]
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| c. 4,000 (highest est.) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Russia
| 630 (2021)[1] |
| Languages | |
| Hinuq, Avar, Russian | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Tsez, Khwarshi, Avars and other Northeast Caucasian peoples | |
History
editThe Hinukh ethnonym "hinukh" comes from the word hino/hinu - "the road" (suffix -kh/-kho form essive case - "at the road", "on the road"). Bezhta people call them "гьинухъаса" (hinukhasa), Georgians - "ლეკები" (lekebi), "დიდოელები" (didoelebi), Tsez people - "гьинузи" (hinuzi).[3]
In the official documents and the censuses the Hinukh didn't appear as an independent ethnic group. After the forcible deportation of the Vainakh people and disbandment of the Chechen–Ingush ASSR, they were (together with some other Avar–Andi–Dido peoples) resettled in Vedensky District which was given to Dagestan ASSR.[2][4] After the rehabilitation of the Vainakh peoples in 1958 they settled back in their native lands.[2]
In 1960s the population of the Hinukh people was estimated to be 200.[2] 2002 Russian Census showed their number as 531.[5] They were considered as a subgroup of Avar people in this census.[6] 2021 Russian census registered 630 Hinukh, nearly all living in Dagestan.[1]
Genetics
editAccording to genetic studies in 2016, the following haplogroups are found to predominate among Hinukh:[7]
- J1 (56%)
- G2 (44%)
Religion
editThe Hinukh people are overwhelmingly Sunni Muslims. They converted to Islam possibly in the late 18th century, through the mountain guides from the Free Community of Gidatl and Khunzakh and the Bezhta people who were already Muslims.[8]
Language
editThe Hinukh language is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Tsezic subgroup. Beside their native Hinukh language, many also speak Avar, Tsez, Russian and often also other languages of the region.
The first information about Archi language was in a letter from Peter von Uslar to Franz Anton Schiefner dated 1865, where he writes about a special language in Inukho aul (i.e. Hinukh).[9] The first written material about Hinukh language was a list of 16 words with their counterparts in Tsez language, given by the Belarusian ethnographer and folklorist Aleksandr Serzhputovkiy in his work about the Tsez people in 1916.[2][10]
Linguist Nicholas Marr classified Hinukh language as an independent language, but erroneously described it as a language "between Avar and Dido languages".[11] It was classified as a dialect of the Tsez language by the linguists D.S. Imnaishvili and E.S. Lomtadze.[10]
The Hinukh people and Hinukh language were not in the list of the ethnic groups and languages of Dagestan for a long time. They appeared only in the second edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.[12]
References
edit- ^ a b "Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации согласно переписи населения 2021 года" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2022-12-30. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
- ^ a b c d e Языки народов России. Красная книга. Энциклопедический словарь-справочник. Том 4 (in Russian). Москва: Academia. 2002. p. 58. ISBN 5-87444-149-2.
- ^ Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств. Энциклопедия в 3-х томах. Том 1 (in Russian). Москва: Наука. 1997. p. 290. ISBN 5-02-011237-2.
- ^ Полян, Павел. Принудительные миграции в годы второй мировой войны и после ее окончания (1939–1953) (in Russian). memo.ru. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
- ^ Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам России. Russian Census (2002). Ethnic composition of the population by the regions (in Russian). «Демоскоп». Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
- ^ Перечень имен народов, выделявшихся при разработке материалов Всесоюзных/Всероссийских переписей 1926 - 2002 гг., и их численность. List of names of peoples, who excelled in evaluation of the USSR/Russian Censuses in 1926-2002 and their population numbers (in Russian). «Демоскоп». Retrieved 21 April 2014.
- ^ "Gene pool of the Tsez populations of Dagestan from the data of Y-chromosome markers".
- ^ Лугуев, С. А.; Ризаханова, М. Ш. (2002). "Гинухцы". In Арутюнов, С. А.; Османов, А. И.; Сергеева, Г. А. (eds.). Народы Дагестана (in Russian). Москва: Наука. p. 251. ISBN 5-02-008808-0.
- ^ Бокарёв, Евгений Алексеевич (1959). Цезские (дидойские) языки Дагестана (in Russian). Москва: Изд-во Академия наук СССР. p. 7.
- ^ a b Бокарёв, Евгений Алексеевич (1967). "Гинухский язык". Языки народов СССР: в 5-ти томах. Иберийско-кавказские языки. Том 4 (in Russian). Москва: Наука. p. 436.
- ^ Бокарёв, Евгений Алексеевич (1967). "Гинухский язык". Языки народов СССР: в 5-ти томах. Иберийско-кавказские языки. Том 4 (in Russian). Москва: Наука. p. 110.
- ^ Бокарёв, Евгений Алексеевич (1959). Цезские (дидойские) языки Дагестана. Москва: Изд-во Академия наук СССР. p. 6.
- Wixman, Ron. Peoples of the USSR. p. 74.