Kigeli III Ndabarasa (reigned 1765–1792) was a warrior Mwami of the Kingdom of Rwanda during the eighteenth century. The son of Cyilima II Rujugira, he was raised to be co-ruler by his father before attaining the throne on his death in 1765 or 1786. His reign was marked by military campaigns that expanded Rwandan territory and control. He brought the people of Ndorwa into the kingdom and conquered the small kingdom of Mubali. He expanded the large number of armies he had inherited from his father and founded new armies in Ndorwa and Burundi. He increased support for his military force by creating four new herds of cattle for his army, as well as ten for cattle-herders, and expanded the number of domains for cattle herding into new territories. At the same time, the observance of the practice of veneration for ancestors decreased during his reign. He died due to complications from an operation and was succeeded by his son Sentabyo.
| Kigeli III Ndabarasa | |
|---|---|
| Mwami (King) | |
| Reign | 1765–1792 |
| Predecessor | Cyilima II Rujugira |
| Successor | Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo |
| Burial | Rutare |
| Mother | Rwesero |
Early life
edit
Ndabarasa was born the son of Cyilima II Rujugira at Rwesero. He was Mwami and he was of the royal line of Gisaka.[1] Rujugira gained the throne at a mature age and, soon after, Ndabarasa was named as co-regent by his father.[2] As his mother had died before his accession, and tradition did not allow for a son to reign who had no mother, he was provided with an adoptive Queen Mother, Nyiratunga, his own mother's first cousin.[3] Both the regnal names Cyilima and Kigeli designate warrior rulers in the royal cycle of Rwanda.[4] His father ruled at a time of almost constant war and diplomacy. In one of his early expeditions, Ndabarasa was sent by his father to Ndorwa in the region of the Ruhunda of Kajara. The ruler of the Ndorwa, Gahaya, had asked Rujugira to adjudicate between his sons, fearful that their disagreements could tear their society apart. The families had already allied through marriage. Instead, after Gahaya died, Ndabarasa overcame all potential successors to the reign and brought Ndorwa under the control of Rwanda.[5]
Reign
editWhen his father died at the age of 65, Ndabarasa became the uncontested King of Rwanda. This was reported as an unusual occurrence and celebrated in the name that he and his brothers were given, Abatangana, or those who agree with each other.[2] He was the 27th ruler of Rwanda and the third Kigeli.[6] Numerous sources claim that his reign lasted from 1765 to 1792.[7][8][9] Burke's Royal Families of the World gives his regnal dates as 1768 to 1792, although this ignores his time as co-regent.[10] Jan Vansina claims 1786 to 1796 and Kubwimana suggests his rule as lasting from 1708 to 1741, but acknowledges that these are controversial.[11][12]
During his reign, there was a decrease in the level of veneration for ancestors. He encouraged this, even reducing the amount of veneration for royal cycle and his own ancestors, a practice continued by his own son.[4] This change was accompanied by a decrease in the power of those who were responsible for the society's rituals, such as the Tsobe, Kono and Tega clans. However, many of members of these were also able to join the military campaigns and so retained political power.[13] Similarly, the court became less itinerant during his reign, moving five times compared to seven under his father.[14]
During his reign, Ndabarasa acquired great wealth. He created cattle-keeping domains in the lands he conquered. For example, he founded three domains in Bwanacyambwe and seven in Buganza.[15] During his reign, he added ten herds for cattle-keepers, four for armies and one for ritualists.[16] By the end of his reign, all the major herds in the land were royal herds.[17] His own herd consisted of between thirty and fifty cattle.[18]
Military campaigns
edit
Ndabarasa assumed an unprecedented number of armies from his father, and expanded this still further during his reign. In fact, one third of the armies recorded under the kingdom were created by Ndabarasa and his two immediate predecessors.[19] As well as absorbing the army of Ndorwa and others to the north of the traditional Rwanda centre, during his reign, he created new armies in the far south in Burundi too.[20]
He used these armies in increasingly wide campaigns. Mubali was a small kingdom located east of Mutara in current day Akagera National Park. It was ruled by Mwami Biyoro and his mother Nyirabiyoro. Ndabarasa proposed the hand of his daughter Nyabugondo to king Biyoro to create an alliance between the kingdoms. When the king had secured a way to land his forces on the island capital of Mubali, Shango, he established himself and advanced to meet his son-in-law and his family. The plan was partially successful since the Queen Mother was captured but her son was warned in time and escaped, seeking exile in Karagwe. Nyiginya troops captured the Mubali emblem drum.[21] Out of fear for Ndabarasa, the king of Karagwe was forced to surrender Biyoro, who was reunited with his mother in Rubona where they were held as prisoners. They were both executed and Mubali was annexed to Rwanda.[22][9]
In general, the king preferred military life and avoided the court at Nyanza.[2] As well as in the traditional houses of his family, he established two royal residences in Ndorwa.[23] He also used existing houses amongst the Rukoma, Busanza, Bufundu, Buganza and Gisagali.[24] His preference for Ndorwa was accompanied by an influx of people migrating into the area, which may have been a consequence of the resolution of conflict.[25]
Death and legacy
editNdabarasa suffered from nerve disease. To ease the pain, traditional doctors cut the nerve that prevented the sufferer from taking the slightest respite. This time it was done by Musare, but the operation fatally wounded Ndabarasa. This was revealed in poem no/63 "Inkovu icitse irushya abavuzi" by Umwiru Ntibanyendera. He was buried in Rutare, at the top of Munanira.[3] Like his father, he had already designated his successor, his son Sentabyo.[26] The end of his reign and the accession of his successor, was marked by an eclipse.[27]
He and his descendants were named Bigna, which is derived from the word mugina, which can be translated "termite mound". It is claimed that he had a light yellow skin, which gave rise to this appellation. Alternatively, the name may have been applied after a curse given to him by a mystic named Nyirabiyoro.[28]
Family
editNdabarasa had eight children:[29]
- Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo
- Kimanuka, head of the Bamanuka
- Kazenga, head of the Bazenga
- Baryinyonza, head of the Baryinyonza
- Burabyo, head of the Barabyo
- Semugaza, head of the Bahebera
- Nyemina, head of the Banyemina
- Barabarasa, lead of the Barabarasa, his own clan.
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Vansina 2005, p. 102.
- ^ a b c Vansina 2005, p. 107.
- ^ a b "Le règne de Kigeli III Ndabarasa" [The reign of Kigeli III Ndabarasa]. amateka.net (in French). Amateka Y'u Rwanda. 14 December 2018. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023.
- ^ a b Vansina 2005, p. 93.
- ^ Pauwels 1951, p. 339.
- ^ Delmas 1950, p. 24.
- ^ Newbury 1991, p. 84.
- ^ Ogot 2003, p. 84.
- ^ a b Niane 1980, p. 559.
- ^ Montgomery-Massingberd & Williamson 1980, p. 196.
- ^ Vansina 2005, p. 216.
- ^ Kubwimana 2014, p. 6.
- ^ Vansina 2005, p. 85.
- ^ Vansina 2005, p. 81.
- ^ Vansina 2005, p. 73.
- ^ Vansina 2005, p. 69.
- ^ Vansina 2005, p. 70.
- ^ Vansina 2005, p. 77.
- ^ Newbury 1991, p. 89.
- ^ Newbury 1991, pp. 88, 89.
- ^ Mureme 2010, pp. 367–371.
- ^ Vansina 2005, p. 105.
- ^ Pauwels 1951, p. 340.
- ^ Vansina 2005, p. 72.
- ^ Newbury 1991, p. 91.
- ^ Vansina 2005, p. 140.
- ^ Rwabukumba & Mudandagizi 1974, p. 10.
- ^ Delmas 1950, p. 72.
- ^ Delmas 1950, p. 27.
Bibliography
edit- Delmas, Léon (1950). Généalogies de la noblesse (les Batutsi) du Ruanda: dans l'Afrique centrale, région du Lac Kivu, une des sources du Congo and du fleuve Kagera, la source du Nil [Genealogies of the nobility (the Batutsi) of Rwanda: in central Africa, region of Lake Kivu, one of the sources of the Congo and the Kagera River, the source of the Nile] (in French). Kabgayi: Vicariat Apostolique du Ruanda. OCLC 1400432258.
- Kubwimana, Mwalimu Mureme (2014). La trop fausse chronologie ducolonialiste belge Jan Vansina [The false chronology of the Belgian colonialist Jan Vansina] (in French). Paris: Sciences Politiques Rwandaises.
- Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh; Williamson, David (1980). Burke's Royal Families of the World: Africa & the Middle East. London: Burke's Peerage. ISBN 978-0-85011-029-6.
- Mureme, Bonaventure K. (2010). Manuel d'histoire du Rwanda ancien: Suivant le modèle d'Alexis Kagame [History of Ancient Rwanda: Following the Model of Alexis Kagame] (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-29610-431-0.
- Niane, Djibril Tamsir (1980). Histoire générale de l'Afrique: L'Afrique du XIIe au XVIe siècle [General history of Africa: Africa from the 12th to the 16th century] (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-9-23201-710-9.
- Newbury, David S. (1991). Kings and Clans: Ijwi Island and the Lake Kivu Rift, 1780-1840. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-29912-894-4.
- Ogot, Bethwell A. (2003). The Challenges of History and Leadership in Africa. Trenton NJ: Africa World Press. ISBN 978-1-59221-004-6.
- Pauwels, Marcel (1951). "Le culte de Nyabingi (Ruanda)" [The cult of Nyabingi (Rwanda)]. Anthropos (in French). 46: 337–357.
- Rwabukumba, Joseph; Mudandagizi, Vincent (1974). "Les Formes Historiques de la Dépendance Personnelle dans l'État Rwandais" [Historical Forms of Personal Dependency in the Rwandan State]. Cahiers d'Études Africaines (in French). 14 (53): 6–25.
- Vansina, Jan (2005). Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: The Nyiginya Kingdom. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-29920-123-4.