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Givati Parking Lot dig

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The Givati Parking Lot dig (also called Wadi Hilwa Square)[1] is an archaeological excavation located in Silwan in advance of building project commissioned by the El'ad Association. It is adjacent to the City of David archaeological site. The dig was conducted by Doron Ben-Ami and Yana Tchekhanovets of the Israel Antiquities Authority and underwritten by the City of David Foundation.[2] While the IAA conducts the excavations, the project and site is managed by El'ad.[3]

Givati Parking Lot dig
Givati Parking Lot Excavations
Alternative nameWadi Hilwa Square
LocationSilwan, Jerusalem
Coordinates31°46′23″N 35°14′11″E / 31.773056°N 35.236389°E / 31.773056; 35.236389
TypeArchaeological excavation
History
FoundedVarious periods, primarily Second Temple and Byzantine
Site notes
Discovered2007
Public accessNo
City of David excavation, 2011

Location

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In the 1970s the Jerusalem Municipality seized land in Silwan in East Jerusalem to create a parking lot for visitors. The site is located in Wadi Hilweh, a Palestinian neighbourhood of Silwan, and is close to the Western Wall.[4][1] The area has undergone a process of Judaization with Hebrew names replacing Arabic names: Silwan was renamed Kfar Hashiloah and the Wadi Hilwa Square being renamed the Givati Parking Lot.[5]

History of the excavations

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In the 1990s the El'ad Association began planning to build int he area of the City of David and purchasing land. The construction was initially opposed by the Israel Antiquities Authority to protect historical sites. El'ad continued to purchased land in the area and were given control over the Jerusalem Walls National Park; they proposed various construction projects on the site of the parking lot, and the proposal to establish a multi-storey visitor centre was approved by the IAA. Rescue excavations would need to be carried out in advance of planned construction to record any archaeological remains and the IAA stipulated that "archaeological finds will be integrated into the building".[6]

El'ad "[pursues] an ideology of strengthening the Jewish hold in Palestinian neighborhoods in East Jerusalem",[7] and the excavations at the parking lot have contributed to that aim.[8] The parking lot was divided into four parks that would be totally excavated one after the other,[9] and excavations on the site began in 2007.[10] Among the 2007 discoveries is an ancient building believed to have been the palace of Queen Helena of Adiabene.[11]

 
Part of a hoard, dated to the time of Byzantine emperor Heraclius

In 2008 medieval burials were found and removed by the developer and not recorded by the IAA.[12] The same year, archaeologists uncovered a hoard of 264 gold coins minted at the beginning of the reign of Byzantine emperor Heraclius, between the years 610–613 CE, thus just before the Persian conquest of Jerusalem.[13]

Residents of Silwan and non-governmental organization Peace Now objected to the proposed construction and petitioned to stop the work, though were ultimately unsuccessful.[14] In 2010, the dig discovered a small, Roman-era cameo of Cupid made from onyx. The cupid is in a "striking" blue on a dark brown ground, he has wings and curly hair. The round cameo would have been an insert in a piece of jewelry. Cupid's left hand rests on an overturned torch, symbolizing death, so it was probably a mourning piece.[2][15]

 
Glacis associated with the Acra, 2015

In November 2015, discovery of a tower and glacis identified as belonging to the Seleucid fortress known as the Acra was announced.[16] According to archaeologists Doron Ben-Ami, Yana Tchekhanovets and Salome Dan Goor they had unearthed a complex of rooms and fortified walls they identified as the Acra. Finds include fortification walls, a watchtower measuring 4 by 20 meters, and a glacis. Bronze arrowheads, lead sling-stones and ballista stones were unearthed at the site, stamped with a trident characteristic to the reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. These are indicative of the military nature of the site and the efforts to take it. The finds included coins from the reigns of Antiochus Epiphanes through Antiochus VII Sidetes, as well as a multitude of stamped Rhodian amphora handles.[16][17]

Archaeological architect Leen Ritmeyer disagrees with this identification. He claims the location and north–south orientation of the fortifications make them part of the defensive walls of what is known today as the City of David and described by Josephus as the Lower City. This Lower City was fortified by the Seleucids, who built the citadel known as Acra. In Greek, any fortification is called an acra. This is a common noun, not a proper one, thus some confusion as to which fortification each specific ancient description is referring to: the refortified City of David, which Ritmeyer identifies as Josephus' southern part of the Lower City, or the Acra proper, the entirely new fortress. Based on the writings of Josephus and 1 Maccabees 1:33,[18]

Ritmeyer argues (a) there were two distinct fortified structures in the Lower City and (b) the new citadel, the Acra, was higher than the Temple, which it overlooked. Given that the new finds from the Givati Parking Lot are some 200 metres away from the Temple Mount of the Hellenistic period, and at a much lower elevation than the Mount, they could not be part of the Acra that "overlooked the temple".[19]

 
Excavated ruins at the former Givati Parking Lot in 2021

In 2019, a seal bearing the inscription "(belonging) to Nathan-Melech, Servant of the King" was discovered. The discoverers believe this seal probably refers to the official Nathan-melech mentioned in 2 Kings 23:11.[20] In 2023, a series of channels dating to the 9th century BCE were discovered.[21]

Impact

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The excavations at the parking lot are part of a long-standing attempt to understand the Biblical history of the area.[22] An investigation by Emek Shaveh found that the developers who intended to build on the site prioritised the preservation of layers relating to Jewish history. As a result, finds were removed and structures dismantled without adequate recording.[9] This included a Muslim and possibly Jewish cemetery. Archaeologist Raphael Greenberg considered that this is a "serious breach of good archaeological practice, especially in view of the paucity of archaeological evidence concerning Jerusalem’s population in the Fatimid or Mamluk periods and the possibility of investigating an ethnically mixed, Muslim and Jewish, population".[23] El'ad's director, David Be'eri, was of the opinion that "It is necessary to present as much evidence linked to Biblical periods as possible".[4]

The discovery of the moat in 2023 led to the re-evaluation of Kathleen Kenyon's excavations at Jerusalem decades earlier, suggesting that she had encountered a continuation of the moat and had interpreted it as a natural feature.[24]

Archaeologist Mahmoud Hawari contends that the Israeli-led excavations in Silwan contravene international law as they are carried out in occupied territory.[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Hawari, Mahmoud (2022). "Silwan: Biblical Archaeology, Cultural Appropriation, and Settler Colonialism". Jerusalem Quarterly. 90: 75–97.  
  2. ^ a b Lidman, Melanie (2010-08-30). "2,000 year-old intact carving of Cupid found in Jerusalem". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 2010-09-02.
  3. ^ Greenberg, Raphael (2014). A Privatized Heritage: How the Israel Antiquities Authority Relinquished Jerusalem's Past (PDF) (Report). Emek Shaveh. p. 41.  
  4. ^ a b Greenberg, Raphael (2014). A Privatized Heritage: How the Israel Antiquities Authority Relinquished Jerusalem's Past (PDF) (Report). Emek Shaveh. p. 37.  
  5. ^ Hawari, Mahmoud (2022). "Silwan: Biblical Archaeology, Cultural Appropriation, and Settler Colonialism". Jerusalem Quarterly. 90: 82.  
  6. ^ Greenberg, Raphael (2014). A Privatized Heritage: How the Israel Antiquities Authority Relinquished Jerusalem's Past (PDF) (Report). Emek Shaveh. pp. 11–12, 14, 18–19.  
  7. ^ Greenberg, Raphael (2014). A Privatized Heritage: How the Israel Antiquities Authority Relinquished Jerusalem's Past (PDF) (Report). Emek Shaveh. p. 51.  
  8. ^ Veeder, Anna; Mizrachi, Jonathan (2014), "Remaking the City: Archaeological projects of political import in Jerusalem's Old City and in the village of Silwan", Approaching Religion, 4 (2): 142, doi:10.30664/ar.67557
  9. ^ a b Greenberg, Raphael (2014). A Privatized Heritage: How the Israel Antiquities Authority Relinquished Jerusalem's Past (PDF) (Report). Emek Shaveh. p. 31.  
  10. ^ The Givati Parking Lot Excavation. Givati Parking Lot. Archived from the original on 2022-07-24.
  11. ^ Ben-Ami, Doron; Tchekhanovets, Yana (2011). "Has the Adiabene Royal Family "Palace" Been Found in the City of David?". In Galor, Katharina; Avni, Gideon (eds.). Unearthing Jerusalem: 150 Years of Archaeological Research in the Holy City. Penn State Press. pp. 231–240. ISBN 978-1-57506-659-2.
  12. ^ Greenberg, Raphael (2014). A Privatized Heritage: How the Israel Antiquities Authority Relinquished Jerusalem's Past (PDF) (Report). Emek Shaveh. pp. 31–33.  
  13. ^ Israel Antiquities Authority, "A Hoard Comprising Hundreds of Gold Coins was Uncovered in the Excavations the Israel Antiquities Authority is Conducting at the 'Giv'ati Car Park' in the City of David, in the Walls Around Jerusalem National Park" Archived 2016-04-05 at the Wayback Machine, 22 December 2008. Accessed 23 June 2022.
  14. ^ Hawari, Mahmoud (2022). "Silwan: Biblical Archaeology, Cultural Appropriation, and Settler Colonialism". Jerusalem Quarterly. 90: 85.  
  15. ^ "Israel archeologists uncover 2,000-year-old cupid in City of David dig Israel Antiquities Authority says added inlaid semi-precious stone is of the 'Eros in mourning,' one of a group of visual motifs linked with mourning practices." Archived 2010-09-01 at the Wayback Machine Aug. 30, 2010, Haaretz.
  16. ^ a b Eisenbud, D. (November 3, 2015). "Archeological find in Jerusalem's City of David may answer ancient mystery". Jerusalem Post. Jerusalem. Archived from the original on November 4, 2015. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
  17. ^ Zilberstein, Ayala (2021). "Hellenistic Military Architecture from the Givʿati Parking Lot Excavations, Jerusalem". In Berlin, Andrea M.; Kosmin, Paul J. (eds.). The Middle Maccabees: Archaeology, History, and the Rise of the Hasmonean Kingdom. SBL Press. pp. 37–52. ISBN 978-0-884-14504-2.
  18. ^ 1 Maccabees 1:33
  19. ^ Ritmeyer, Leen (November 11, 2015). "The mysterious Akra in Jerusalem". Archived from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  20. ^ Mendel-Geberovich, Anat; Shalev, Yiftah; Bocher, Efrat; Shalom, Nitsan; Gadot, Yuval (2019). "A Newly Discovered Personal Seal and Bulla from the Excavations of the GivꜤati Parking Lot, Jerusalem". Israel Exploration Journal. 69 (2): 154–174. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27098633.
  21. ^ Gadot, Yuval; Bocher, Efrat; Freud, Liora; Shalev, Yiftah (2023). "An Early Iron Age Moat in Jerusalem between the Ophel and the Southeastern Ridge/City of David". Tel Aviv. 50 (2): 147–170. doi:10.1080/03344355.2023.2246811.
  22. ^ Hawari, Mahmoud (2022). "Silwan: Biblical Archaeology, Cultural Appropriation, and Settler Colonialism". Jerusalem Quarterly. 90: 90.  
  23. ^ Greenberg, Raphael (2014). A Privatized Heritage: How the Israel Antiquities Authority Relinquished Jerusalem's Past (PDF) (Report). Emek Shaveh. p. 32.  
  24. ^ David, Ariel (12 December 2023). "Archaeologists Bewildered by Monumental Moat That Split Biblical Jerusalem in Two". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  25. ^ Hawari, Mahmoud (2022). "Silwan: Biblical Archaeology, Cultural Appropriation, and Settler Colonialism". Jerusalem Quarterly. 90: 88.  
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