Parnassius glacialis, the glacial Apollo or Japanese clouded Apollo, is a high-altitude butterfly found in Japan, eastern China, and Korea. It is a member of the snow Apollo genus (Parnassius) of the swallowtail family (Papilionidae).[1]
| Glacial Apollo | |
|---|---|
| |
| Paratype of P. g. shikokuensis from Isizuchi, Shikoku, Japan | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Papilionidae |
| Genus: | Parnassius |
| Species: | P. glacialis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Parnassius glacialis Butler, 1866
| |
Description
editP. glacialis (Takashi et al. 2001) is much larger than Parnassius stubbendorfi of which it was once considered a subspecies. The blackish grey central spot of the cell is sometimes connected with the apical cell-spot by fuscous dusting along the sides of the cell, and the submarginal band of the forewing is more or less distinct and complete. The abdominal area of hindwing is deep black as far as the cell, clothed with white hairs; on and along the veins with blackish dusting. Collar, coxae and abdomen are laterally clothed with yellow or reddish yellow hairs. The wing underside is slightly yellow. In some Japanese specimens (from Hakodate) the cell-spots and the submarginal band of the forewing have entirely disappeared, or are only feebly indicated.[2]
Classification
editP. glacialis has fifteen subspecies[3] (mostly described by Felix Bryk and Curt Eisner). For a list of subspecies types in the British Museum (Natural History), see Ackery, P. R. (1973) A list of the type-specimens of Parnassius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in the British Museum (Natural History). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 29 (1) (9.XI.1973): 1—35, 1 pl.[4]
Range
editIt is found in eastern China, Korea and Japan. The type locality is "in Hakodadi (North Japan)" (by lectotype designation).Hakodadi is located near the southern limit of Hokkaido.
Status
editThis butterfly is abundant but threatened by urbanisation in some areas.
Identification
editThe Parnassius genus of butterflies is often hard to identify and can sometimes only be identified by dissection of the genitalia.[5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ D'Abrera, Bernard, 1990 Butterflies of the Holarctic Region: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Danaidae and Satyridae (Partim) (Butterflies of the World) Hill House Publishers ISBN 0646012029
- ^ Stichel in Seitz, 1906 (Parnassius). Die Groß-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Die Groß-Schmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes. Die palaearktischen Tagfalter, Stuttgart.
- ^ Palanisamy, Giri; San gil, Inigo (2010-07-03). "The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)". SciVee. doi:10.4016/19006.01 (inactive 1 November 2024). Retrieved 2023-01-27.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ British Museum (Natural History) (1973–74). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology. London Natural History Museum Library. London : BM(NH).
- ^ Ackery PR (1975) A guide to the genera and species of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera:Papilionidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Ent.) 31, 4 pdf
- Takashi Yagi, Toru Katoh, Anton Chichvarkhin, Tsutomu Shinkawa and Keiichi Omoto, 2001 “Molecular phylogeny of butterflies Parnassius glacialis and P. stubbendorfii at various localities in East Asia” Genes Genet. Syst. Vol. 76 229-234
- Nemoto T & Inomata T, 1994 Geographical and individual variations of the genus Parnassius Latreille, 1804: Parnassius stubbendorfii Ménétriès, 1848 8 pp 117–132; col pl 56–63; fig 43–46; stapled series eds: Ohya A & Inomata T;in: Illustrations of selected insects in the world [A, Lepidoptera].
Further reading
edit- sv:Parnassius glacialis - Swedish Wikipedia provides further references and synonymy
External links
edit
- Funet Taxonomy, distribution
- Images
- Takashi Yagi1, Toru Katoh, Anton Chichvarkhin,Tsutomu Shinkawa and Keiichi Omoto Molecular phylogeny of butterflies Parnassius glacialis and P. stubbendorfii at various localities in East Asia [1][permanent dead link]