Azusa (Tongva: Asuksa-nga)[7] is a city in the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County, California, United States, at the foot of the San Gabriel Mountains and located 20 miles (32 km) east of downtown Los Angeles.
Azusa, California
Asuksa-nga | |
|---|---|
 Azusa City Hall | |
 Flag  Seal  Logo | |
| Nickname: "The Canyon City" | |
 Location of Azusa in Los Angeles County, California | |
  Azusa Location in California  Azusa Azusa (California)  Azusa Azusa (the United States)  Azusa Azusa (North America) | |
| Coordinates: 34°7′50″N 117°54′25″W / 34.13056°N 117.90694°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | Los Angeles |
| Founded | 1887[1] |
| Incorporated | December 29, 1898[2] |
| Incorporated | August 14, 1901[3] |
| Named for | A hispanicized version of Asuksa-nga, the Tongva settlement that existed at the time of Spanish colonization |
| Government | |
| • Type | Council-Manager |
| • Mayor | Robert Gonzales[4] |
| • Mayor Pro Tem | Dennis Beckwith[4] |
| • Councilmember | Edward J. Alvarez[4] |
| • Councilmember | Andrew N. Mendez[4] |
| • Councilmember | Jesse Avila Jr.[4] |
| Area | |
• Total | 9.67 sq mi (25.05 km2) |
| • Land | 9.66 sq mi (25.02 km2) |
| • Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2) 0.13% |
| Elevation | 610 ft (186 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 50,000 |
| • Density | 5,175.45/sq mi (1,998.24/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−8 (Pacific) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−7 (PDT) |
| ZIP Code | 91702 |
| Area code | 626 |
| FIPS code | 06-03386 |
| GNIS feature IDs | 1652667, 2409768 |
| Website | azusaca |
Its population was 50,000 in 2020, an increase from 46,361 at the 2010 census.[8] Azusa is located along historic Route 66, which passes through the city on Foothill Boulevard and Alosta Avenue.
Azusa is bordered by the San Gabriel Mountains range to the north, Irwindale to the west, the unincorporated community of Vincent to the southwest, Glendora and the unincorporated community of Citrus to the east, and Covina to the south.
History
editThe name "Azusa" appears to have been derived from the Tongva place name Asuksa-nga, meaning "skunk place," with asuksa meaning skunk and -nga denoting place.[9] The area was part of the homeland of the indigenous Tongva people (Gabrieleño Indians) since at least 55 BC.[10] A backronym, "Azusa stands for everything from A to Z in the U.S.A.", has been a phrase used for many years by organizations such as the Chamber of Commerce to promote the city.[11][12][13]
The first Mexican settlement in Azusa was at the Rancho el Susa in 1841, a Mexican land grant from the Alta California Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado to Luis Arenas. In 1844, Arenas sold the rancho's land to Henry Dalton, an English immigrant and wealthy merchant from the Pueblo of Los Angeles, for $7,000. He renamed it Rancho Azusa de Dalton, and had built a winery, distillery, vinegar house, meat smokehouse, and flour mill. Also, a vineyard was planted. Dalton built a house here on a place known as Dalton Hill, near 6th Street and Cerritos Avenue in Azusa.
Dalton was also the owner of the large, adjacent Rancho San Francisquito and Rancho Santa Anita properties. In the end, Dalton owned an unbroken expanse of land from present-day San Dimas to the eastern edge of Pasadena.[14] A portion of Azusa west of the San Gabriel River was within adjacent Rancho Azusa de Duarte.
With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican–American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho San Francisquito was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852 and confirmed by the Commission in 1853, but rejected by the US District Court in 1855, on the grounds that Henry Dalton was not, at the time of the grant, a citizen of Mexico.[15] The decree was reversed by the US Supreme Court,[16] and the grant was patented to Henry Dalton in 1867.[17]
Azusa was listed in the 1860 census as a township (encompassing the Azusa de Dalton and Azusa de Duarte ranchos) with a population of 363. The 1870 US Census listed the area as the township of Azusa – El Monte Township and 1880 US Census listed the area as the township of San Jose and Azusa. There were a few corrections to cross out the San Jose name on most of the census pages, but this was done sporadically and there remain many index errors in the online census due to these errors.
Dalton had borrowed money from Los Angeles banker Jonathan S. Slauson to fund 24 years of litigation, and had to sign the land over to him in 1880. Slauson laid out the plan for the city in 1887 and the city was officially incorporated in 1898.[18]
The completion of the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad in January 1887, later sold to the Santa Fe railroad, brought new people looking for homes and investment opportunities to Azusa. The A Line Foothill light rail line was built on the old rail right-of-way.[19][20][21] Part of this land boom was the short-lived town of Gladstone in 1887, which merged into Azusa in 1905.[22]
Geography
editThe city is located at the entrance to the San Gabriel Canyon, giving the city its nickname "The Canyon City." It is on the east side of the San Gabriel River.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.7 square miles (25 km2); over 99% of it is land.
Climate
editThis region experiences warm, dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F (22.0 °C). According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Azusa has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.[23]
Demographics
edit| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1860 | 363 | — | |
| 1870 | 320 | −11.8% | |
| 1900 | 863 | — | |
| 1910 | 1,477 | 71.1% | |
| 1920 | 2,460 | 66.6% | |
| 1930 | 4,808 | 95.4% | |
| 1940 | 5,209 | 8.3% | |
| 1950 | 11,042 | 112.0% | |
| 1960 | 20,497 | 85.6% | |
| 1970 | 25,217 | 23.0% | |
| 1980 | 29,380 | 16.5% | |
| 1990 | 41,333 | 40.7% | |
| 2000 | 44,712 | 8.2% | |
| 2010 | 46,361 | 3.7% | |
| 2020 | 50,000 | 7.8% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[24] | |||
2010
editThe 2010 United States Census[25] reported that Azusa had a population of 46,361. The population density was 4,794.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,851.3/km2). The racial makeup of Azusa was 26,715 (57.6%) White (19.3% Non-Hispanic White),[26] 1,499 (3.2%) African American, 562 (1.2%) Native American, 4,054 (8.7%) Asian, 87 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 11,270 (24.3%) from other races, and 2,174 (4.7%) from two or more races. There were 31,328 people of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race (67.6%).
The Census reported that 43,559 people (94.0% of the population) lived in households, 2,691 (5.8%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 111 (0.2%) were institutionalized.
There were 12,716 households, out of which 5,955 (46.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 6,310 (49.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 2,275 (17.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,014 (8.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 891 (7.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 104 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,238 households (17.6%) were made up of individuals, and 761 (6.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.43. There were 9,599 families (75.5% of all households); the average family size was 3.85.
The population was spread out, with 12,407 people (26.8%) under the age of 18, 7,724 people (16.7%) aged 18 to 24, 13,185 people (28.4%) aged 25 to 44, 9,469 people (20.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 3,576 people (7.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.
There were 13,386 housing units at an average density of 1,384.4 units per square mile (534.5 units/km2), of which 6,802 (53.5%) were owner-occupied, and 5,914 (46.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.4%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.6%. 22,805 people (49.2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 20,754 people (44.8%) lived in rental housing units.
During 2009–2013, Azusa had a median household income of $52,001, with 20.1% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[26]
2000
editAs of the census[27] of 2000, there were 44,712 people, 12,549 households, and 9,298 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,023.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,939.7/km2). There were 13,013 housing units at an average density of 1,462.1 units per square mile (564.5 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 52.35% White, 3.78% Black or African American, 1.31% Native American, 6.14% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 30.52% from other races, and 5.73% from two or more races. 63.79% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 12,549 households, out of which 43.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 17.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% were non-families. 18.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.41 and the average family size was 3.90.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.8% under the age of 18, 15.5% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 15.3% from 45 to 64, and 6.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $39,191, and the median income for a family was $40,918. Males had a median income of $30,845 versus $26,565 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,412. About 15.1% of families and 18.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.9% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.
Mexican and German were the most common ancestries. Mexico and the Philippines were the most common foreign countries of birth.[28]
Economy
editAccording to the City of Azusa's FY 2014-15 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[29] the top employers in the city are:
| # | Employer | # of Employees |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Azusa Pacific University | 1,433 |
| 2 | Azusa Unified School District | 1,250 |
| 3 | Northrop Grumman | 859 |
| 4 | City of Azusa | 383 |
| 5 | Costco Wholesale Corporation | 295 |
| 6 | S&S Foods LLC | 285 |
| 7 | Hanson Distributing Company | 195 |
| 8 | Buena Vista Food Products | 186 |
| 9 | Target Corporation | 142 |
| 10 | Artisian Screen | 140 |
Azusa was the former home of the Lucky Lager brewery and its successor, General Brewing. Built in 1949, the facility was purchased and converted to production by Miller Brewery in May 1966. A decade later, Miller relocated its operations to the nearby city of Irwindale and the Azusa facility ceased production in 1980, eventually being demolished.
- Professional sports teams
| Club | Sport | Founded | League | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SoCal Legends | Basketball | 2005 | Continental Basketball Association | Azusa Pacific University |
Superfund site
editAerojet, a rocket engine manufacturer, had a plant in Azusa from World War II to 2001. In 1980, it was determined that under Aerojet's facility there was TCE water contamination in the groundwater, whose plume was entering the aquifer under the city and of the San Gabriel Valley groundwater basin.[30] The San Gabriel Valley aquifer is very valuable, providing most of the drinking water in the area at a fraction of the cost of water imported by aqueducts.[30] In 1985, the U.S. EPA declared it a Superfund Site.[30]
In 1997, additional chemical contamination, mostly NDMA and ammonium perchlorate, was found in the site's groundwater. Aerojet was named the Responsible Party for the groundwater remediation (cleanup) work and expenses.[31] Aerojet sold the property in 2001 to Northrop Grumman Corporation, but remained the Responsible Party for the pollution.
In a 2002 court decision, Aerojet and seven other San Gabriel Valley groundwater polluters agreed to provide funding to build and operate six water-treatment facilities.[32] One of the main contaminants is perchlorate, a carcinogenic component of rocket fuels produced by Aerojet.[32]
Government
editCity Council elections were held on a Tuesday after the first Monday in March in odd-numbered years until the 2017 election. Effective with the 2020 California Primary election, it will be held on a Tuesday after the first Monday in March of even-numbered years. The Mayor is elected to a two-year term, City Council members are elected to a four-year term and elected at-large.
In the California State Legislature, Azusa is in the 22nd Senate District, represented by Democrat Susan Rubio, and in the 48th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Blanca Rubio.[33]
In the United States House of Representatives, Azusa is in California's 31st congressional district, represented by Democrat Grace Napolitano.[34]
The city mayor is[when?] Robert Gonzales.[35][36] On March 9, 2011, Azusa voters approved an agreement between Azusa Rock, Inc. and the city to address environmental issues associated with hillside mining in the area.[37] The benefits of the proposed agreement has been questioned by several groups.[38]
Education
edit- Public schools
Azusa is served by the Azusa Unified School District. Its schools include:
- Seven traditional elementary schools: Dalton, Hodge, Lee, Magnolia, Murray, Paramount, and Valleydale
- One Kindergarten-only elementary school: Longfellow
- Gladstone Middle School
- Azusa High School
- Sierra (Continuation) High School — a model continuation school
- Azusa Adult School
- Private schools
- St. Frances of Rome Elementary School (grades K–8) — part of St. Frances of Rome Catholic Church, in the Los Angeles Archdiocese
- Azusa Pacific University — a private Christian university
- Dhammakaya Open University — a private Buddhist university
Transportation
editAzusa lies along the Foothill Freeway (I-210) between the San Gabriel River Freeway (I-605) and the Orange Freeway (SR 57). Azusa Avenue (SR 39) extends from the Angeles National Forest starting at San Gabriel Canyon Road/Sierra Madre Avenue south through Orange County.
Azusa serves as the terminus for the Los Angeles Metro Rail A line light rail, which stops at Azusa Downtown station adjacent to Azusa City Hall before terminating at APU/Citrus College station at the eastern border of Azusa by Citrus College. On March 5, 2016, Azusa became the eastern terminus of the first phase of the Foothill Extension of the L Line (now the northeastern terminus of the A Line) which previously operated between Los Angeles Union Station and Sierra Madre Villa station in eastern Pasadena.[39]
The A Line operates along former Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway right-of-way purchased by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1993.[40] MTA is currently pre-constructing and planning to extend the line to the end of its reserved right-of-way in Montclair, just across the San Bernardino County line. In October 2009, the MTA Board unanimously voted to include the Foothill Extension in its long-range plan, and approved funding for the construction and operation of the Foothill Extension's first phase to Azusa. This phase of the extension broke ground in June 2010.
The Metrolink San Bernardino Line stops nearby at Covina station and Baldwin Park station several times each day.
Principal streets
editAzusa's main arterial streets are:
- Azusa Avenue (State Route 39) — begins in the Angeles National Forest, proceeds down from the San Gabriel Mountains and south crossing the Foothill Freeway (I-210) and I-10, and continues through Orange County to the Pacific Coast Highway.
- Foothill Boulevard — this section begins at the San Gabriel River crossing into Irwindale, and enters Azusa, passes Azusa Pacific University, and jogs north at Citrus Avenue. Continuing straight past Citrus, the street becomes Alosta Avenue, where at Amelia Avenue, it turns back into Foothill Boulevard. Irwindale and turns into Alosta Avenue and travels in front of Azusa Pacific University. The Azusa section of Foothill Boulevard was on historic U.S. Route 66.
- San Gabriel Avenue — begins at Sierra Madre Avenue, and travels south, connecting into Azusa Avenue. San Gabriel Avenue is used for the annual Azusa Golden Days Parade.
Healthcare
editThe Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Monrovia Health Center in Monrovia, serving Azusa.[41]
In popular culture
editA popular running gag on the long-running radio comedy The Jack Benny Program involved a character voiced by Mel Blanc announcing the arrival or departure of a train to or from "Anaheim, Azusa, and Cuc-a-monga," all three then being small towns without rail service at the time.[42]
Azusa boasted the world's first Go Kart factory as of 1958. The product proved very popular. Go Kart went into bankruptcy in 1963.
The city's name appeared in the title of the Jan and Dean song "Anaheim, Azusa, & Cucamonga Sewing Circle, Book Review and Timing Association" in 1964.
In 1971 Life magazine ran a cover story on teen pregnancy featuring a unique program for pregnant high school teens. The story focused on teenage mothers attending Citrus High School in Azusa. At a time when many pregnant teens were shunned by their schools and families, Citrus High School sought to help the teen mothers continue their studies while pregnant.[43]
In Hold Back the Dawn (1941), Emmy Brown (Olivia de Havilland), a schoolmarm from Azusa, recites the claim that it "stands for everything from A to Z in the U.S.A." The same happens in A Woman's Secret (1949), with Susan Caldwell (Gloria Grahame), born and raised in Azusa, describing the town's name as "kind of a made-up name".
Sister cities
editAzusa has one sister city:[44]
Notable people
edit- Hank Aguirre, major league baseball pitcher[45]
- Rocky Dennis, born with craniodiaphyseal dysplasia and subject of the motion picture Mask[46]
- Mack Ray Edwards (1918–1971), Heavy equipment operator, and child sex abuser/serial killer
- Adore Delano, Season 7 American Idol semi-finalist, Season 6 RuPaul's Drag Race finalist, Season 2 RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars contestant, YouTube personality
- Billy Kilmer, NFL quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers, the New Orleans Saints, and the Washington Redskins
- Shinya Kimura, motorcycle builder
- Zack Padilla, world champion boxer[47]
- Anthony Robbins, life coach and author
- Lizette Salas, professional golfer
- Judson Scott, actor
- Greggy Soriano, cake designer and reality TV personality
- Tatiana Suarez (born 1990), mixed martial artist
- Ruth Wysocki, track athlete, 1978 U.S. champion in 800 meters
- Members of Silent Planet, metalcore band
- Scheana Shay, television personality and singer [48]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "Azusa History". Azusa, CA. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
- ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
- ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "City Council". Azusa, CA. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
- ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
- ^ "Azusa". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
- ^ City of Azusa - History
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Azusa city, California". Census.gov. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
- ^ Rasmussen, Cecilia (June 3, 2007). "What's in a name? Clues to a city's past". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
- ^ Sutton, M. Q. (2009). "People and language: Defining the Takic expansion into southern California" (PDF). Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. 41 (1–2): 31–93. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
- ^ Ward, Mike (September 20, 1987). "COLD WAR IN AZUSA : City Hall Turns Frosty After Council Says Mayor Raided Fridge". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Cole, Rick. "Creating a 'Real' Place: Azusa Faces the 21st Century". Terrain.org. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
- ^ Remington, Frank L. (September 8, 1969). "Take a Good Look at the US Map. Towns Have the Craziest Names". The Milwaukee Journal. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
This one writer seems to have conflated Reno with Azusa to come up with the "best town from A to Z in the USA." Note the date of article and that no other sources for "best town" can be found.
[permanent dead link] - ^ "Henry Dalton Papers: Finding Aid". content.cdlib.org.
- ^ "Finding Aid to the Documents Pertaining to the Adjudication of Private Land Claims in California, circa 1852-1892". content.cdlib.org.
- ^ Henry Dalton v. The United States, US Supreme Court, 63 US 436, 22 Howard 436 (1859)
- ^ Report of the Surveyor General 1844–1886 Archived March 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Azusa History." Azusa, California—Official Website. Retrieved on July 25, 2012.
- ^ "The Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad." by Hoyt, Franklyn., Pacific Historical Review 20 (August 1951): 227–239
- ^ California History, VOLUME LXVII NO. 1-4 1988, CONTENTS, California Historical Society SAN FRANCISCO • LOS ANGELES • SAN MARINO, NUMBER 1— MARCH 1988
- ^ Historic Record Company, Los Angeles; Brackett, Frank Parkhurst (October 4, 2018). History of Pomona Valley, California, with biographical sketches of the leading men and women of the valley who have been identified with its growth and development from the early days to the present . Los Angeles, Cal., Historic Record Company – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Baker, Charles C. (1914). "The Rise and Fall of the City of Gladstone". Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California. 8 (3): 188–194. doi:10.2307/41168704. JSTOR 41168704.
- ^ "Azusa, California Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Azusa city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
- ^ a b "Census data". quickfacts.census.gov. Archived from the original on July 3, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "City of Azusa: Comprehensive Annual Financial Report". Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
- ^ a b c LA Times: "Talks to Develop Aquifer Cleanup Plan Collapse" (8 June 2000). accessed July 14, 2014
- ^ LA Times: "EPA Tells Aerojet, 18 Other Firms to Clean Up Aquifer" (1 July 2000). accessed July 14, 2014
- ^ a b LA Times: "$250-Million Deal OKd to Treat Basin's Water (10 May 2002); "Firms agree to build and run plants to remove pollution in the San Gabriel Valley." . accessed July 14, 2014
- ^ "Statewide Database". UC Regents. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
- ^ "California's 31st Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC.
- ^ "Staff Directory". Azusa, CA Official Website. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
- ^ "Azusa Mayor Rocha, incumbents Gonzales and Alvarez win seats on the City Council". San Gabriel Valley Tribune. March 8, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
- ^ "Voters elect tried and true in San Gabriel Valley". Pasadena Star-News. Pasadena, CA. March 9, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
- ^ "Save Our Canyon: What is the Extent of Expansion of the Azusa Rock Quarry Plan?". saveourcanyon.org. Archived from the original on June 28, 2010. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
- ^ Nelson, Laura J. (March 5, 2016). "San Gabriel commuters cheer as Gold Line rail extension officially opens". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ^ Stein, Mark A. and Perlman, Jeffrey A. (June 19, 1992) "Santa Fe, Transit Officials Reach Rail Deal : Commuting: The $500-million agreement for 336 miles of track means expanded O.C. passenger service." Los Angeles Times
- ^ "Monrovia Health Center." Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Retrieved on March 27, 2010.
- ^ Katz, Curtis (1999). "By Train to Anaheim, Azusa and Cucamonga". Nostalgia Digest. February–March: 30–32.
- ^ "Life Magazine archives: "Fighting teen pregnancy, portrait of a radical high school program" (1971)". Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
- ^ "女性にこだわりのある男性なら青森のデリヘルは大当たり". azusasistercity.org. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved June 22, 2008.
- ^ Reichler, Joseph L., ed. (1979) [1969]. The Baseball Encyclopedia (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-02-578970-8.
- ^ Ebert, Roger. "Mask Movie Review & Summary (1985)". Retrieved January 23, 2018.
- ^ "Zack Padilla - BoxRec". boxrec.com.
- ^ "16 Things You Didn't Know About Scheana from 'Vanderpump Rules'".
External links
edit
Azusa, California.