Wikipedia

Counterterrorism Mission Center

(Redirected from Global Response Staff)
"Counterterrorism Center" redirects here. For other uses, see Counterterrorism Center (disambiguation).

The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's Mission Center for Counterterrorism (often referred to as the Counterterrorism Mission Center or CTMC, formerly the Counterterrorism Center, or simply CTC) is a division of the CIA's Directorate of Operations, established in 1986. It was renamed during an agency restructuring in 2015 and is distinct from the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), which is a separate entity.[1] The most recent publicly known Assistant Director for Counterterrorism Mission Center was Chris Wood who led the organization from 2015 to 2017.[2]

Counterterrorism Mission Center
CIA seal
CIA flag
Agency overview
Formed1986 (1986)
HeadquartersGeorge Bush Center for Intelligence, Langley, Virginia
Agency executive
  • Assistant Director for Counterterrorism Mission Center
Parent agencyCentral Intelligence Agency

Foundation and early years

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The Counterterrorism Mission Center was established as the Counterterrorism Center in February 1986, under the CIA's Directorate of Operations, with Duane Clarridge as its first director. It was an "interdisciplinary" body; many of its personnel and chiefs were drawn from the CIA's Directorate of Operations, but others came from the Directorates of Intelligence and Science and Technology. Observing that terrorism knew no geographical boundaries, the CTC was designed to cut across the traditional region-based bodies of the CIA.

Discredited by the Iran-Contra scandal of 1986, the original aims later gave way to a more analytical role. This did not prevent the Center from contemplating an "Eagle" drone aircraft project in 1986–7, which could have been used to spy on hostage-takers in Lebanon.[citation needed] The idea was unrealistic in terms of the technical abilities of the time. Still, it can be compared to the Predator drone eventually inaugurated in 2000.[3]

Notable early members included Vincent Cannistraro, Chief of Operations and Analysis from 1988 to 1991, Robert Baer, from the Directorate of Operations, and Stanley Bedlington, a "senior analyst."[4]

The 1990s

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In the early 1990s, the CTC had no more than a hundred personnel, divided into about a dozen branches. Besides branches specializing in Lebanon's Hezbollah, and secular groups like the Japanese Red Army, another concentrated on Sunni Islamist radicalism, primarily in Algeria.[5] Former CTC Director Cofer Black illustrates the evolution of the organization's priorities throughout the 1990s during the 9/11 commission, explaining:

During the early and mid-1990's, al-Qa'ida was not our principal counterterrorism target. Until September 11, Hizballah had killed more Americans than any terrorist group. The Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Hamas, Shining Path in Peru, Abu Saayef in the Philippines, 17 November in Greece, were all threats to Americans or American interests. Personnel and financial resources, management attention, and policymaker interest were spread among these groups.[6]

In January 1996, the CTC opened the Bin Laden Issue Station to track Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, with Michael Scheuer, formerly in charge of the CTC's Islamic Extremist Branch, as its first head. The reasons were similar to those for the establishment of the CTC itself. Unlike the traditional country-based ones, the new station was not geographically limited and drew its personnel from across the U.S. intelligence community.

 
J. Cofer Black, CTC Director 1999–2002

Geoffrey O'Connell was Director of the CTC from 1997 until Cofer Black became Director in June 1999 as part of a reshuffle by CIA chief George Tenet, who was embarking on a plan to deal with al-Qaeda. At the same time, Tenet made one of his executives, Richard Blee, head of the unnamed section in charge of the Bin Laden Station.

Paul Pillar became chief of analysis in 1993; by 1997, he was the center's deputy director. But in the summer of 1999, he suffered a clash of styles with Cofer Black. Soon after, Pillar left the organization.[7] He was replaced as deputy director by Ben Bonk. Henry Crumpton was head of operations in the late 1990s,[8] and came back after 9/11 as chief of a new Special Operations section.

In the late 1990s, the CIA began to set up Counterterrorist Intelligence Centers, in collaboration with the intelligence services of individual countries, to deal with Islamist militants. The CTICs spread widely after the September 11, 2001 attacks, existing in more than two dozen countries by 2005. The local CIA chief of station usually supervises the CIA-vetted officers from the host nations serving in the CTICs.[citation needed]

"The Plan" (1999–2001)

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In December 1998, CIA chief George Tenet "declared war" on Osama bin Laden.[9] Early in 1999, Tenet ordered the CTC to conduct a review of the CIA's operational strategy to create "a new, comprehensive plan of attack" against al-Qaeda.[citation needed] By mid-September, the result of this review, known simply as "The Plan", had been briefed to CIA operational level personnel and the NSA, the FBI, and other partners.[citation needed]

Once Cofer Black had finalized his operational plan, Charles E. Allen, associate deputy director of Central Intelligence for Collection, created a dedicated al-Qaeda cell with officers from across the intelligence community. This cell met daily, focusing on penetrating the Afghan sanctuary and ensuring that collection initiatives were synchronized with operational plans. Allen met with Tenet every week to review initiatives.[citation needed]

The CIA increasingly concentrated its diminished resources on counterterrorism, so resources for this activity increased sharply, in contrast to the general trend. At least some of the Plan's more modest aspirations were translated into action. Intelligence collection efforts on bin Laden and al-Qaeda increased significantly from 1999.[10]

The core 9/11 hijackers emerge

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Beginning in September 1999, the CTC picked up multiple signs that bin Laden had set in motion major terrorist attacks for the turn of the year. The CIA set in motion what Black later described as the "largest collection and disruption activity in the history of mankind". They focused on known al-Qaeda terrorists and on senior personnel both inside and outside Afghanistan.[11]

Amid this activity, in November–December 1999, Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, Ziad Jarrah, and Nawaf al-Hazmi visited Afghanistan, where al-Qaeda selected them for the 9/11 operation.[12] In late 1999, the NSA picked up traces of an "operational cadre" consisting of al-Hazmi, his younger brother Salem, and Khalid al-Mihdhar, who were planning to go to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in January 2000. A CTC officer sought permission to conduct surveillance on the men.[13] At about this time, the SOCOM-DIA data mining operation "Able Danger" also identified a potential al-Qaeda unit, consisting of the future leading 9/11 hijackers, and termed them the "Brooklyn cell". The operation found five cells, including two of the three cells involved in the 9/11 attack.[14][15]

The CIA erratically tracked al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar as they traveled to and attended the al-Qaeda summit in Kuala Lumpur in early January 2000.[16][17]

The Predator drone (2000–2001)

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In autumn 2000, a series of flights over Afghanistan by Predator drones, under the joint control of the U.S. Air Force and the CTC, produced probable sightings of bin Laden. CTC Director Black advocated arming Predators with missiles to try to launch a targeted killing of bin Laden, but there were legal and technical issues. Black continued to lobby for Predators armed with adapted Hellfire anti-tank missiles under the new Bush administration in 2001. On Black's advice, Director George Tenet raised the matter at the long-awaited Cabinet-level Principals Committee meeting on terrorism on September 4, 2001, and received authorization to deploy the system.[citation needed]

9/11 and the War on Terror (2001–2015)

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After the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, some CTC staff were exempted from an order to evacuate the CIA headquarters building at Langley. They included the shift of the Global Response Center on the exposed sixth floor, which Black had argued was essential to keep operating during the crisis. Tenet finally agreed with Black that their lives would be put at risk.[18]

The CTC obtained passenger lists from the planes used in the attack and identified Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al-Hazmi,[19] whose names they had first linked with terrorism in the winter of 1999–2000. Tenet later proposed inserting CIA teams into Afghanistan to assist local warlords in the fight against al-Qaeda.

The CIA geared up to take the lead in the attack on al-Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan. The Northern Afghanistan Liaison Team (NALT) team, led by Gary Schroen, entered the country once more on September 26. A new branch was added to the CTC, named CTC Special Operations, or CTC/SO, headed by Henry Crumpton, to locate and destroy al-Qaeda resources. Execution of this mission was nowhere more evident than at Qala-i-Jangi, a 19th-century fortress on the outskirts of the northern Afghan town of Mazar-i-Sharif, when it fell to American allies.[20]

The Global Response Staff (GRS), a paramilitary security wing of the CIA Directorate of Support, was created after 9/11.[21] The CIA also created Scorpions, an Iraqi paramilitary force.[22]

Gina Haspel, who would later become CIA Director, requested a transfer to CTC in 2001. Her first day was September 11, 2001. She continued at CTC for three years following the attacks.[23]

Restructuring to CTMC (2015–present)

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In 2015, the Director of CIA John Brennan introduced sweeping changes to the agency in a modernization effort. In addition to creating the first new directorate for the agency in nearly fifty years, many changes surrounded the creation of 10 new "mission centers" modeled on CTC, which combine analysts and operators in hybrid units focused on specific regions or security threats. Most track longstanding CIA assignments, with centers devoted to weapons proliferation, such as the Near East. These centers essentially replicated the structure of CTC, which by 2015 had grown in size and mission from the war on terror. The changes narrowed CTC's scope, led to the reassignment of its director, Michael D'Andrea, to the newly formed Iran Mission Center, and gave CTC a new name, the Mission Center for Counterterrorism. The name was in line with the nine other announced mission centers, but was criticized by members of the agency, even otherwise in support of the changes, for being clunky.[1] With the move, the role of Director of the Counterterrorism Center was renamed Assistant Director for Counterterrorism Mission Center, and Chris Wood was the first to occupy the newly renamed office.[24][25] Reviews of the implementation of the changes at CTMC and elsewhere with the new mission centers have been mixed, with parochialism reportedly continuing to belabor the reorganization.[26]

In 2017, the Agency announced the creation of the Korea Mission Center, the 11th such group modeled on the structure of CTC, charged with tackling the threat posed by North Korea.[27]

In March 2020, the Trump administration acting Director of National Intelligence Richard Grennell relieved CTMC Deputy Chief of Analysis and 40-year intelligence veteran Russel Travers from his position as Acting Director of the National Counter-Terrorism Center (NCTC) during a surprise reshuffle. Reports initially suggested he was fired to be replaced by Christopher C. Miller. While ODNI insisted Travers was afforded the opportunity to return to CIA, former coworkers insisted to the Washington Post that he was afforded only the chance to retire.[28] Long seen as redundancy by some in departments of the constituent agencies of the Intelligence Community for having a similar and sometimes overlapping mission with what they see as the territory better left to their units like CTMC, the Trump administration's more significant move to downsize NCTC was less surprising to most than the abrupt dismissal. Travers' deputy on loan from the National Security Agency was also relieved in the shakeup and returned to a position at NSA.[28]

In November 2020, president-elect Joe Biden reportedly considered Darrell M. Blocker, who served as former deputy director of the Mission Center, as a candidate for the role of CIA Director.[29][30]

Director history

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No. Director Tenure President(s) served under
1   Duane Clarridge 1986 – 1987 Ronald Reagan
2   Frederick Turco 1987 – 1991
George H.W. Bush
3   Stephen Richter 1992 – 1994 Bill Clinton
4   Winston Wiley 1994 – 1997
5   Geoffrey O'Connell 1997 – 1999
6   Cofer Black[31] 1999 – May 2002
George W. Bush
7   Jose Rodriguez[32] May 2002 - November 2004
8   Robert Grenier[33] 2004 – 2006
9   Michael D'Andrea[34] 2006 – 2015
Barack Obama
10   Chris Wood[2] 2015 – 2017
Donald Trump
  Classified 2017 – ???
11
Joe Biden

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Miller, Greg. "The CIA unveils a radically new org chart". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  2. ^ a b Coll, Steve (2018). Directorate S: The CIA and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. New York: Penguin Press. pp. 11–16. ISBN 9780525557302.
  3. ^ Steve Coll, Ghost Wars (2005 edn), pp. 137–46, 527–8; 9/11 Commission Report, chapter 3, pp. 75, 92 (HTML version). The "explosive drones" are from Coll's interview with Clarridge, Dec. 28, 2001: Ghost Wars, p. 685, note 3.
  4. ^ Coll, Ghost Wars (2005 edn), pp. 140–6. (Coll misspells Bedlington's name "Bedington".)
  5. ^ Coll, Ghost Wars (2005 edn), pp. 252–3.
  6. ^ "Statement of Cofer Black: Joint Investigation Into September 11: September 26, 2002". fas.org. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
  7. ^ Coll, Ghost Wars (2005 edn), pp. 257, 375, 451, 457.
  8. ^ Tenet, At the Center of the Storm, pp.*; cf. Coll, Ghost Wars (2005 edn), p. 523.
  9. ^ Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 436–7, and p. 646 note 42; 9/11 Commission Report, chapter 11, p. 357 (HTML version).
  10. ^ Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 457, 466–72, 485, and p. 654 note 7; Tenet statement to the Joint Inquiry on 9/11, Oct. 17, 2002[permanent dead link‍]; 9/11 Commission Report, chapter 4, pp. 142–3 (HTML version); Tenet, At the Center of the Storm, pp. 119, 120.
  11. ^ Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 495–6; 911 Commission Report, chapter 6, pp. 174–80 (HTML version).
  12. ^ 9/11 Commission Report, chapter 5, pp. 155–8, 168 (HTML version). Data derived from subsequent intelligence interrogations of captives.
  13. ^ 9/11 Commission Report, chapter 6, p. 181 (HTML version); Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 487–88.
  14. ^ Shaffer interview on Able Danger Archived September 24, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, Government Security News, Aug. 2005
  15. ^ Inside the Ring", Washington Times, Sept. 30, 2005.
  16. ^ 9/11 Commission Report, chapter 6, pp. 181–2
  17. ^ 9/11 Commission Report chapter 11, pp. 383–4.
  18. ^ Tenet, At the Center of the Storm, pp. 164–65. The conversation is a virtual replica of that given in Bob Woodward, Bush at War (2002/3) (Publisher's extract from chapter 1).
  19. ^ Tenet, At the Center of the Storm, p. 167.
  20. ^ Tenet, At the Center of the Storm, pp. 209, 211, 217, 221–3. Cf. Franklin Freeman, "Afghan Massacres...", Liberty Strikes Back.
  21. ^ "an innocuously named organization that has recruited hundreds of former U.S. Special Forces operatives to serve as armed guards for the agency's spies." (Washington Post, "CIA's Global Response Staff emerging from shadows after incidents in Libya and Pakistan" 27 December 2012.
  22. ^ Priest, Dana; White, Josh (August 3, 2005). "Before the War, CIA Reportedly Trained a Team of Iraqis to Aid U.S." Washington Post. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  23. ^ "Get to Know our Deputy Director — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  24. ^ "Agency officials" (PDF). National Archives and Records Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-17.
  25. ^ "Director of CIA's Counterterrorism Center to resign". SOFREP. 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  26. ^ Castelli, Matt (2020-12-02). "CIA Is Losing Its Best and Brightest and Not Just Because of Trump". Just Security. Archived from the original on 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  27. ^ Younes, Ali (May 11, 2017). "CIA creates 'Mission Center' on North Korea threat". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  28. ^ a b Nakashima, Ellen. "Acting counterterrorism center head fired, according to former U.S. officials". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  29. ^ McKay, Hollie (2020-11-27). "Exclusive: Former CIA station chief Darrell Blocker floated to lead agency under Biden, source says". Fox News. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  30. ^ Fuchs, Hailey (2020-11-29). "Presidential Transition Live Updates: Recounts in Wisconsin Reaffirm Biden's Victory". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  31. ^ "Statement of Cofer Black: Joint Investigation Into September 11: September 26, 2002". fas.org. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
  32. ^ "Salim v. Mitchell - Jose Rodriguez Deposition Transcript". www.thetorturedatabase.org. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
  33. ^ Gellman, Barton & Linzer, Dafna (February 7, 2006). "Top Counterterrorism Officer Removed Amid Turmoil at CIA". Washington Post.
  34. ^ Cockburn, Andrew (2015). Kill Chain: The Rise of the High-Tech Assassins. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9780805099270.
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