Ernest Howard Culbertson, also known as E. H. Culbertson and Howard Culbertson, (April 29, 1886, New York – July 1972, New York City) was an American newsreel editor, journalist, playwright, and screenwriter. Educated in Washington D. C., Culbertson began his career working for William Randolph Hearst as a features writer for The Washington Times. A pioneer in newsreel journalism, he was appointed head of the features department for William Fox's newly created Fox News in 1919; the organization that invented the newsreel. He later worked as a newsreel editor for Universal Newsreel. As a dramatist he is best known for the play Goat Alley which was first staged on Broadway in 1921 and later revived in 1927. He also wrote screenplays for films made by Pathé Exchange and Paramount Pictures, and was a writer for the 1937 CBS Radio program Living Dramas of the Bible.
Early life and education
editBorn Ernest Howard Culbertson, Jr on April 29, 1886, in New York state, the son of Ernest Howard Culbertson, Sr. (1860–1895) and Marie A. Gillmore (b. 1890).[1] His primary school and middle school education took play at Seaton School in Washington D.C. from which he graduated in 1901.[2] He then attended the McKinley Manual Training High School in Washington D.C., where he was a First Sergeant in the United States Navy's Cadet Corps.[3] In 1903, he was the president of the Young Washingtonians' Pleasure Club, an organization for youth in Washington D.C. which put on music and dramatic performances.[4]
Career
editJournalist and screenwriter
editAfter graduating from high school, Culbertson began his career as a writer and journalist working for William Randolph Hearst as a features writer for The Washington Times.[5] His 1910 play Beulah was an adaptation of Augusta Jane Evans Wilson's 1859 novel of the same name.[6] After leaving his position with Hearst, he co-authored the story for the 1918 Pathé Exchange silent film Enemies Within.[5]
In 1919, he was appointed the head of the features department for William Fox's newly created and groundbreaking Fox News, the organization that pioneered the newsreel.[7] He later left that organization to work as an editor for Universal Newsreel and as a screenwriter for Paramount Pictures.[8] He also worked as a features writer for the Los Angeles Evening Post-Record.[9]
Goat Alley
editAs a playwright, Culbertson's best known play was Goat Alley; a work whose plot was about African American life in a slum of that name in Washington D.C.[10][11] A social progressive for his day, Culbertson's play was informed from his past experiences reporting on the Goat Alley neighborhood of Washington D.C. while working for The Washington Times. He wrote articles covering advocacy by the National Civic Federation and other civic action groups attempting to enact reforms in the Goat Alley neighborhood. His play was written as an attempt to raise the visibility of the Goat Alley neighborhood among white communities in order to gain support among voters for welfare, housing, and education programs to assist the improvement of the neighborhood.[12] In keeping with its goals of social and political advocacy, the play was adopted and advocated by the Medical Review of Reviews (MRR).[13]
Goat Alley premiered on Broadway at the Bijou Theatre on June 20, 1921,[14] and was subtitled "Tragedy of Negro Life".[15] The original production was produced by Alice Wade Mulhern of the MRR and directed by Cecil Owen.[16][17][14] The play was introduced at its performances by sociologist Dr. Victor Robinson of the MRR who endorsed the work as being of sociological importance, and used Freud's psychology as a means of validating the play. Robinson also introduced government statistics about the Goat Alley neighborhood which at that time had the highest murder rate of any community in the United States.[13] The play was published in Cincinnati in 1922 by Stewart Kidd Company.[18]
Reviews of Goat Alley were mixed at the time of its premiere. George Jean Nathan wrote it was "probably the most acute transcription of the Negro yet made visible in our native dramatic literature."[19] Hubert Harrison ripped the play in The New Republic for faulty dialect and inauthentic portrayal of African American life in D.C.[20] A brief review in The South Atlantic Quarterly was more favorable and credited the play for its realism but concluded the tragic subject matter was heavy.[21] The play was revived on Broadway in 1927.[22]
Goat Alley has left a mixed and complicated legacy when it comes to the issues of race and racism in relation to the American theatre.[23] On the positive side, the work was groundbreaking in that it was the first full-length drama with an all-black cast staged on Broadway.[24] At this period in American theater history there was much racial prejudice against black actors appearing in dramatic roles as their performances in dramas were viewed as inferior to white performers. Given this prevailing racial prejudice, it was common practice for white actors to portray black characters in blackface rather than having black actors in these roles.[23] The New York Times review of Goat Alley was indicative of the racial prejudice of the period and it criticized the work specifically for its decision to cast a serious drama with an all-black cast; arguing that it would have had better acting if had it used white actors in blackface.[25] In this sense, Goat Alley has been praised for its role in challenging racist casting practices and opening the door to black performers in the dramatic repertory.[23]
In spite of this positive achievement and its well-meaning goal of racial uplift, Goat Alley included themes of Social Darwinism which propagated racist stereotypes,[13] and played into the controversial and often negative politics surrounding birth control, eugenics, and the black urban poor during that period of American history.[23]
Other works
editCulbertson 's one-act play The End of the Trail was published in Theatre Arts in 1924.[26][27] He was a writer for 1937 CBS Radio program Living Dramas of the Bible.[28]
Death
editErnest Howard Culbertson died in July 1972, in New York City, at the age of 86.[1]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b Ernest Culbertson in the U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014
- ^ "Pupils Promoted". Washington Evening Star. June 25, 1901. p. 14.
- ^ "School Boy Soldiers". Washington Evening Star. October 29, 1903. p. 10.
- ^ "The World of Society". Washington Evening Star. February 23, 1903. p. 5.
- ^ a b Pizzitola, Chapter 2: Overproduction 1919-1922
- ^ Library of Congress (1910). Catalogue of Copyright Entries. U.S. Government Printing Office.
- ^ Fielding, p. 60
- ^ Mayorga, p. 119
- ^ Los Angeles Evening Post-Record, 10 March 1928, page 7
- ^ "Goat Alley, by Ernest Howard Culbertson—a Project Gutenberg eBook".
- ^ Allison, Madeline G. (August 24, 1921). "The Horizon". The Crisis. The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.: 177 – via Google Books.
- ^ Kusmer, p. 208-209
- ^ a b c Steen, p. 42
- ^ a b Leiter & Hill, p. 320
- ^ D.C.), Columbia Historical Society (Washington (August 24, 1976). Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. Columbia Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-8139-0641-6 – via Google Books.
- ^ "No One Under Twenty". New York Star. XXVI (14): 26. June 22, 1921.
- ^ Mantle, p. 387
- ^ Office, Library of Congress Copyright (August 24, 1923). "Catalog of Copyright Entries". U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books.
- ^ Cheney, Sheldon; Isaacs, Edith Juliet Rich (August 24, 1923). "Theatre Arts". Theatre Arts, Incorporated – via Google Books.
- ^ Croly, Herbert David (August 24, 1923). "The New Republic". Republic Publishing Company – via Google Books.
- ^ Bassett, John Spencer; Mims, Edwin; Glasson, William Henry; Few, William Preston; Boyd, William Kenneth; Wannamaker, William Hane (August 24, 1923). "The South Atlantic Quarterly". Duke University Press – via Google Books.
- ^ "GOAT ALLEY' EARNEST BUT CRUDE DRAMA; Revival of a Play of Negro Life That Presents Only a Phase of a Sociological Problem". The New York Times. April 21, 1927. p. 24.
- ^ a b c d Braconi, Chapter "Goat Alley as Case Study of Public Welfare: Reframing Class, Eugenics, and Public Housing
- ^ Katie N. Johnson (2006). Sisters in Sin: Brothel Drama in America, 1900–1920. Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–76. ISBN 9780521855051.
- ^ "'GOAT ALLEY" IS DIM AS TO 'NEGRO PROBLEM'; It Reveals Nothing New Sociologically or Dramatically, butIs Realistic at Times". The New York Times. June 21, 1921. p. A26.
- ^ "Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature". H. W. Wilson Company. August 24, 1925 – via Google Books.
- ^ Burnham, Mary; Hurd, Carol (August 24, 1928). "The United States Catalog: Books in Print January 1, 1928". H.W. Wilson Company – via Google Books.
- ^ "Religion: God on the Air". Time. May 10, 1937. Archived from the original on December 26, 2021.
Bibliography
edit- Braconi, Adrienne Macki (2015). Harlem's Theaters: A Staging Ground for Community, Class, and Contradiction, 1923-1939. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 9780810132269.
- Fielding, Raymond (2015). The American Newsreel: A Complete History, 1911–1967, 2d Ed. McFarland & Company. ISBN 9781476607948.
- Leiter, Samuel L.; Hill, Holly (1985). "Goat Alley". The Encyclopedia of the New York Stage, 1920-1930, Volume 1. Greenwood Press.
- Kusmer, Kenneth L., ed. (1991). Black Communities and Urban Development in America, 1720-1990: Overviews, theory, and historiography. Garland Publishing.
- Mantle, Burns, ed. (1922). The Best Plays of 1921-1922 and the Year Book of the Drama in America. Small, Maynard & Company.
- Mayorga, Margaret Gardner, ed. (1938). One-reel Scenarios for Amateur Movie-makers: A Handbook for Those who Wish to Make Their Own Films. Samuel French, Inc.
- Pizzitola, Louis (2002). Hearst Over Hollywood: Power, Passion, and Propaganda in the Movies. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231507554.