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Goldfields Water Supply Scheme

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The Goldfields Water Supply Scheme[a] is a pipeline and dam project that delivers potable water from Mundaring Weir in Perth to communities in Western Australia's Eastern Goldfields, particularly Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie. The project was commissioned in 1896 and completed in 1903.

Mundaring Weir nearing completion circa 1901

The pipeline continues to operate today, supplying water to over 100,000 people in over 33,000 households as well as mines, farms and other enterprises.

Water scarcity

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During the early 1890s, thousands of settlers had travelled into the barren and dry desert centre of Western Australia seeking gold, but the existing infrastructure for the supply of water was non-existent, and an urgent need arose.

Prior to the scheme, water condensers,[1] irregular rain, and water trains[2] were part of the range of sources. Railway dams were essential for water to supply locomotives to travel to the goldfields.[3]

Origins of the scheme

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Throughout the 1890s, water availability issues in Coolgardie and in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder region were causing concern. On 16 July 1896, the Premier of Western Australia, Sir John Forrest introduced to Western Australian Parliament a bill to authorise the raising of a loan of £2.5 million to construct the scheme: the pipeline would convey 23,000 kilolitres (5,100,000 imp gal) of water per day to the Goldfields from a dam on the Helena River near Mundaring in Perth.[4][5]

The scheme consisted of three key elements – the Mundaring Weir, which dammed the Helena River in the Darling Scarp creating the Helena River Reservoir; a 760 millimetres (30 in) diameter steel pipe which ran from the dam to Kalgoorlie 530 kilometres (330 mi) away; and a series of eight pumping stations and two small holding dams to control pressures and to lift the water over the Darling Scarp.

Construction and criticism

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C. Y. O'Connor c.1890s

The scheme was devised by C. Y. O'Connor who oversaw its design and most of the construction project. Although supported by Premier Forrest, O'Connor had to deal with widespread criticism and derision from members of the Western Australian Parliament as well as the local press based on a belief that the scope of the engineering task was too great and that it would never work.[6]

There was also a concern that the gold deposits would soon be depleted, and the state would have a significant debt to repay but little or no commerce to support it.

Sunday Times editor Frederick Vosper – who was also a politician, ran a personal attack on O'Connor's integrity and ability through the paper. Timing was critical, Forrest as a supporter had moved into Federal politics,[7] and the new Premier George Leake had long been an opponent of the scheme.[8]

O'Connor died by suicide in March 1902 less than 12 months before the final commissioning of the pipeline.[9]

Lady Forrest officially started the pumping machinery at Pumping Station Number One (Mundaring) on 22 January,[10] and on 24 January 1903 water flowed into the Mount Charlotte Reservoir at Kalgoorlie.[11][12] O'Connor's engineer-in-chief, C. S. R. Palmer took over the project after his death, seeing it through to its successful completion.[13][14]

The government conducted an inquiry into the scheme[15][16] and found no basis for the press accusations of corruption or misdemeanours on the part of O'Connor.

Pipeline

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A section of the pipeline

The pipes were manufactured locally from flat steel sheets imported from Germany and the United States. Mephan Ferguson was awarded the first manufacturing contract and built a fabrication plant at Falkirk (now known as the Perth suburb of Maylands) to produce half of the 60,000 pipes required.[17] C & G Hoskins established a factory near Midland Junction (now known simply as Midland) to produce the other half.[18][19]

When built, the pipeline was the longest fresh-water pipeline in the world.[20]

The pipeline ran alongside the earlier route of the Eastern Railway and the Eastern Goldfields Railways for parts of its route, so that the railway service and the pipeline had an interdependence through the sparsely populated region between Southern Cross and Kalgoorlie.

The scheme required significant infrastructure in power generation to support the pumping stations. Communities oriented to the maintenance of the pipeline and pumping stations grew up along the route. With improved power supplies and modern machinery and automation, the scheme now has more unattended pumping stations operated by fewer people.

Dam

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Mundaring Weir today
Main article: Mundaring Weir

Construction of the dam started in 1898. When completed in 1902 it was claimed to be the highest overflow dam in the world.

Shortly after World War II, raising the wall was proposed[21] and by 1951 the height of the dam wall was increased by 9.7 metres (32 ft).[22]

Mundaring Weir branch railway

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Main article: Mundaring Weir branch railway

The Public Works Department originally constructed and ran the railway from the Mundaring railway station for the purpose of delivering materials to the construction site.[23]

The Western Australian Government Railways took over the railway operation. It ceased operation in 1952, and the connecting railway line at Mundaring closed in 1954.[24]

Design challenges

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  • The sudden Darling Range height rise between Mundaring and Northam required the location of Pumping Station number two to be close to number one.
  • The Avon River in Northam required the construction of the Poole Street Bridge after failure of river bed pipes in 1917.

The distance was compounded by the height the water had to be lifted. To rise the almost 400 metres (1,300 ft) in altitude, issues with friction meant that a head of 800 metres (2,600 ft) had to be achieved. O'Connor had eight pumping stations that each pumped the water to the next of the receiving tanks in his plans.

Leakages were noted early;[25] by the early 1930s, 1,700,000 kilolitres (370,000,000 imp gal) of water per year – a quarter of the total volume of water being pumped from Mundaring Weir – was leaking from the pipeline.

Pumping stations

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Original pumping station at Mundaring Weir.

With most of the original stations being steam-driven, a ready supply of timber was needed to fire the boilers. Hence the pipeline route was closely aligned with the Eastern Railway. To enhance the reliability of the system, each pumping station was designed and constructed with a spare pumping unit. Due to pressure requirements related to the slope of the pipeline, stations one to four required two pumping units to be in operation. Stations five to eight only required one operating pump, due to a lower rise in height between those stations.

James Simpson and Co[26] supplied 3,500 tonnes of equipment in 5,000 separate boxes for the construction of the pumping sets.[27]

Original pumping stations

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All the original pumping stations were powered by steam.[28][29]

Current pumping stations

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  1. Mundaring
  2. Chidlow
  3. Wundowie
  4. Grass Valley
  5. Meckering
  6. Cunderdin
  7. Kellerberrin
  8. Baandee
  9. Merredin
  10. Walgoolan
  11. Yerbillon
  12. Nulla Nulla
  13. Southern Cross
  14. Ghooli
  15. Karalee
  16. Koorarawalyee
  17. Boondi
  18. Dedari
  19. Bullabulling
  20. Kalgoorlie

Branch mains, or extensions, were started as early as 1907.

Water from the pipeline was utilised for a number of country towns adjacent to its route, and also into the Great Southern region. The Public Works Department started this project in the 1950s following the raising of the weir wall in the early 1950s and it completed this work in 1961.

Centenary

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The scheme was "interpreted" by the National Trust of Western Australia in its Golden Pipeline Project, which created guide books, web sites, and tourist trails along the scheme pipeline and tracing the older power station locations and communities that serviced the scheme. The Trust achieved the responsibility in an agreement with the Water Corporation in 1998. Most of the material was developed between 2001 and 2003.

Recent histories

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In 2007 two items were produced that were overviews of the scheme:

Pipe Dreams

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The history of the construction of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme was detailed in the 2007 documentary Pipe Dreams,[34] which was part of the ABC series Constructing Australia.[35]

River of Steel

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The book River of Steel,[36][37] by Dr Richard G. Hartley, won the Margaret Medcalf award of the State Records Office of Western Australia in 2008.[38]

Lower Helena Dam

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Lower Helena Pipehead Dam is now also used to supply water to the Goldfields region. Water from the dam is currently pumped back into Mundaring Weir.[39][40]

Engineering heritage

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The scheme is listed as a National Engineering Landmark by Engineers Australia as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program, and an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.[41]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Also known as the Coolgardie Water Scheme in early documents and news reports
  1. ^ Mammoth government condenser at Coolgardie, 1902 pandora.nla.gov.au
  2. ^ "NORTHAM". Western Mail. Perth. 17 December 1897. p. 24. Retrieved 15 November 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  3. ^ [1] pandora.nla.gov.au
  4. ^ Forrest, John Sir; Western Australia. Parliament. Legislative Assembly (1896), Speech in the Legislative Assembly by The Hon. Sir John Forrest ... on moving the second reading of the Coolgardie Goldfields Water Supply Loan Bill, on Tuesday, 21st July, 1896, Richard Pether, retrieved 15 November 2012
  5. ^ "Statement by the Premier". Western Mail. Perth. 22 July 1898. p. 36. Retrieved 15 November 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  6. ^ "HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY". Kalgoorlie Western Argus. WA. 8 September 1898. p. 15. Retrieved 16 November 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  7. ^ When the Commonwealth of Australia was inaugurated, Forrest was elected unopposed for the electorate of Swan in the House of Representatives adb.anu.edu.au
  8. ^ "HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY". Kalgoorlie Miner. WA. 27 July 1898. p. 5. Retrieved 16 November 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. ^ "The late MR C. Y. O'CONNOR, C.M.G." Bunbury Herald. WA. 13 March 1902. p. 2. Retrieved 15 November 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  10. ^ "THE GOLDFIELDS WATER SCHEME". The West Australian. Perth. 23 January 1903. p. 5. Retrieved 16 November 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. ^ "The Water Scheme Opening". Western Mail. Perth. 31 January 1903. p. 32. Retrieved 16 November 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. ^ Chamber of Mines of Western Australia (1903), Goldfields water scheme : a souvenir of the official opening and visit to the mines of the "Golden mile", Kalgoorlie, 24th and 26th January, 1903, Chamber of Mines of Western Australia, retrieved 16 November 2012
  13. ^ "New Engineer-in-chief". Western Mail. Perth. 14 June 1902. p. 15. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  14. ^ "The COOLGARDIE WATER SCHEME". The West Australian. Perth. 3 October 1902. p. 5. Retrieved 15 November 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  15. ^ "TELEGRAPHIC". Kalgoorlie Miner. WA. 20 February 1902. p. 5. Retrieved 15 November 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  16. ^ Western Australia, Public Works Dept; O'Connor, Charles Yelverton, 1843–1902; Western Australia, Royal Commission (1902), Coolgardie water supply plan and longitudinal profile of the pipe line shewing location of pumping stations, tanks, & reservoirs, Public Works Dept, Royal Commission Appointed to Inquire into and Report upon the Conduct and Completion of the Coolgardie Water Scheme, retrieved 16 November 2012{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Completed pipes for the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme at Mephan Ferguson's pipewords in Falkirk, 1900, retrieved 16 November 2012
  18. ^ "Coolgardie Water Supply". Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney, NSW : 1870 – 1907). 14 October 1899. p. 36. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  19. ^ "BIG PIPE CONTRACT". Sunday Times (Sydney, NSW : 1895 – 1930). 18 September 1898. p. 8. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  20. ^ The Forrest family Dynasties, ABC. Retrieved 17 September 2006.
  21. ^ "POST-WAR WATER SUPPLIES". Western Mail. Perth. 17 May 1945. p. 22. Retrieved 16 November 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  22. ^ HRRC Illustrations Ltd (1950), Construction of the raising of the Mundaring Weir wall [picture], retrieved 16 November 2012
  23. ^ Gunzburg, Adrian; Austin, Jeff; Rail Heritage WA; Gunzburg, Adrian; Austin, Jeff (2008), Rails through the bush : timber and firewood tramways and railway contractors of Western Australia (2nd ed.), Rail Heritage WA, ISBN 978-0-9803922-2-7
  24. ^ Mundaring Primary School (W.A.) (2007), Down memory line : a history of the Mundaring to Mundaring Weir spurline, 1898–1952, Mundaring Primary School, retrieved 16 November 2012
  25. ^ "THE GOLDFIELDS WATER SCHEME". Kalgoorlie Miner. WA. 19 August 1902. p. 2. Retrieved 15 November 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  26. ^ James Simpson & Co (1890), History of the goldfields of Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie water supply scheme, James Simpson & Co. ; Sydney : Simpson Brothers, Bemrose & Sons, printers, retrieved 17 November 2012
  27. ^ British steam locomotive builders. Hinckley: Traction Engine Enterprises. 1975. ISBN 0-905100-816.
  28. ^ Goldfields water supply scheme : ceremony to commemorate the completion of the phasing out of the original eight steam pumping stations commissioned in 1903, 3rd April, 1970, Government Printer, 1970, retrieved 16 November 2012
  29. ^ Western Australia. Public Works Dept; O'Connor, Charles Yelverton, 1843-1902; Western Australia. Royal Commission Appointed to Inquire into and Report upon the Conduct and Completion of the Coolgardie Water Scheme (1902), Coolgardie water supply : plan and longitudinal profile of the pipe line shewing location of pumping stations, tanks, & reservoirs, Public Works Dept, retrieved 3 March 2016{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Taylor, William (American government official) (1 September 2003), "No. 1 pump station: installations within the first pump station on Western Australia's golden pipeline treats the existing building as the ground for interpreting the history of the goldfields water scheme", Architecture Australia, 92 (5): 88(3), ISSN 0003-8725
  31. ^ Walker, Marshal (2003), The pump, Hesperian Press, ISBN 978-0-85905-323-5
  32. ^ Site of No.8 Pumping Station, Dedari, 11/2/02, 1900, retrieved 3 March 2016
  33. ^ Campbell, R. McK; National Trust of Western Australia (1995), Goldfields water supply no. 8 steam pumping station at Dedari, Distributed by the National Trust of W.A.], retrieved 3 March 2016
  34. ^ Stitson, Roger (2007). "Pipe Dreams" (PDF). Constructing Australia–Teachers notes. Film Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  35. ^ Evans, Richard W; West, Alex; Australian Broadcasting Corporation; Film Australia (2007), Constructing Australia, Melbourne University Publishing, ISBN 978-0-522-85402-2
  36. ^ Hartley, Richard G (2007), River of steel : a history of the Western Australian Goldfields and Agricultural Water Supply 1895-2003, Access Press, ISBN 978-0-86445-196-5
  37. ^ Oliver, Bobbie (1 November 2008), "Richard G. Hartley, River of Steel: A History of the Western Australian Goldfields and Agricultural Water Supply.(Book review)", Labour History: A Journal of Labour and Social History (95), Australian Society for the Study of Labour History: 263(3), ISSN 0023-6942
  38. ^ margaret-medcalf-award-2012/previous-winners: 2008 Dr Richard Hartley www.sro.wa.gov.au
  39. ^ "Statewide Dam Storage". Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012. Lower Helena Pumpback
  40. ^ "CWR - Centre for Water Research - Commercial Services from CWR". Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  41. ^ "Coolgardie Goldfields Water Supply Scheme, 1903-". Engineers Australia. Retrieved 27 April 2020.

References

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Note – the material on the scheme is in its entirety a significant collection, and although the Water Authority might hold a comprehensive bibliography, it has not been published.

Primary sources
  • Articles in The Golden Age relating to the water supply at Coolgardie 1894–1898. J S Battye Library
  • Coolgardie Goldfields Water Supply : a new method of dealing with granite rocks.1894. West Australian, 10 Feb 1894.
  • The Agricultural areas, Great Southern towns and Goldfields water supply scheme : constructed by the Public Works Department, Western Australia, completed November 1961 : form of proceedings at the function to commemorate the completion of the project, held at Mundaring Weir, on 24 November 1961 [Perth, W.A.] : Govt. Printer, 1961.
Secondary sources
  • Hartley, Richard G. (2007) River of steel : a history of the Western Australian Goldfields and Agricultural Water Supply 1895–2003 Bassendean, W.A. : Access Press. ISBN 978-0-86445-196-5 (pbk.)
  • National Trust of Western Australia (2002). The golden pipeline heritage trail guide: a time capsule of water, gold and Western Australia. West Perth, W.A.: The Trust. ISBN 1-876507-25-X.
Pamphlets
  • The Politics of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme, The Golden Pipeline Information Sheet Number 1. National Trust of Australia (Western Australia) No Date.
Further reading
  • Le Page, J. S. H. (1986) Building a state : the story of the Public Works Department of Western Australia 1829–1985 Leederville,W.A: Water Authority of Western Australia. ISBN 0-7244-6862-5
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