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Gongsun Zan () (before 161[a] - April or May 199[b]), courtesy name Bogui, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty.
Gongsun Zan | |||||||||||||||||
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| 公孫瓚 | |||||||||||||||||
 A Qing dynasty illustration of Gongsun Zan | |||||||||||||||||
| Inspector of You Province (幽州刺史) (self-appointed) | |||||||||||||||||
| In office 193 – March 199 | |||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han | ||||||||||||||||
| General of the Vanguard (前將軍) | |||||||||||||||||
| In office 192 – March 199 | |||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han | ||||||||||||||||
| General of Uplifting Martial Might (奮武將軍) | |||||||||||||||||
| In office 189–192 | |||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han | ||||||||||||||||
| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||
| Born | Before 161 Qian'an, Hebei | ||||||||||||||||
| Died | April or May 199 Yi County, Hebei | ||||||||||||||||
| Children | Gongsun Xu (公孫續) | ||||||||||||||||
| Relatives |
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| Occupation | Military general, politician, warlord | ||||||||||||||||
| Courtesy name | Bogui (伯珪) | ||||||||||||||||
| Peerage | Marquis of Yi (易侯) | ||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 公孫瓚 | ||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 公孙瓒 | ||||||||||||||||
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Life
editGongsun Zan was born in Lingzhi, Liaoxi Commandery (遼西郡), which is present-day Qian'an, Hebei.[1] He served in the secreteriat commandery. His appearance was striking and his voice bearing. Furthermore, he was a talented orator. During any discussions, he would not waste time on trivial matters and concentrate on the important with great memory and pertinence in his arguments.[2]
The local Administrator (太守), whose surname was Hou (侯), was greatly impressed and married his daughter to him. He also sent him to study under the tutelage of Lu Zhi.[3] Where he bonded with Liu Bei, one of his classmates. Since Gongsun Zan was older, Liu Bei treated him like an older brother.[4]
He was appointed as official serving in a commandery. When his Administrator (太守), whose surname was Liu (劉), was summoned by the Minister of Justice (廷尉) for an offense. Gongsun Zan drove his chariot and supported him during the travel. When he was exiled to Rinan Commandery (日南郡) in Jiao Province, Gongsun Zan decided to accompany him and prepared rice and meat as offering to his ancestors on the northen hill.[5]
There, raising his cup, he declared: "I was a son and now a subordinate, going to Rinan. Now, the place is hard to live and I'm uncertain if I may one day return. Therefore, I pay my respect to my ancestors." He was so passionate in his demonstration that none did not cry watching him. As they were going south, Administrator Liu was pardoned.[6]
Gongsun Zan was nominated as a xiaolian (civil service candidate) and appointed as Chief Clerk (長史) in Liaodong. During a patrol with tens of horsemen, he met hundreds of Xianbei riders. While retreating, Gongsun Zan told to his men that if they did not fight back then they would all be killed. With blade attached on both ends of his spear, he led the charge through the barbarians, killing and wounding them by dozens while losing half of his troop, managing to escape.[7] The Xianbei fearful of him did not dare to pursue. He was promoted to Prefect (令) of Zhuo County (涿縣).[8]
During the Guanghe (光和; 178–184 period), Gongsun Zan was appointed as commander of 3 000 soldiers from You Province to quell a rebellion in Liang Province. However, in the northeast Zhang Chun (張純) started his own rebellion after securing the help of the Wuhuan leader Qiuliju. The rebels plundered Ji, killed and stole officals and civilians alike, from Youbeiping Commandery to Liaoxi Commandery, destroying everything in their path.[9]
Gongsun Zan led his army against Zhang Chun defeating him and for his victory was promoted to Commandant of Cavalry (騎都尉). Following this the Wuhuan leader of Tanzhi (談指) surrendered alongside his tribe to Gongsun Zan. For this, he was appointed as General of the Household (中郎將) and received a marquis title.[10]
Ater this victory however, Gongsun Zan made a costly error and pursued Zhang Chun without waiting for reinforcements. Qiuliju soon came to Zhang Chun’s aid and they forced Gongsun Zan to fall back. He fled to the town of Guanzi 管子 in Liaoxi, where Qiuliju besieged him for over 200 days. Eventually, Gongsun Zan took advantage of a snowstorm to drive through a hole in the encirclement to escape, however the Han army suffered losses of 50–60% of the man. Still he kept commend of the forces in the area battling the rebel tribes and fought with them for five or six years. Qiuliju and other Wuhuan leaders plundered the four provinces of Qing, Xu, You and Ji. Gongsun Zan was unable to prevent them from looting and killing common people.[11]
Following a misunderstanding with his lord, Liu Yu, Gongsun attacked Liu and killed him, thus winning control of the surrounding areas. However, contrary to popular belief, he was never formally appointed as a commandery administrator. During this time, his former classmate Liu Bei came to serve him and was allocated the city of Pingyuan to defend.
To the south, the two brothers Yuan Shao in the north and Yuan Shu in the south vied for supremacy over central China. Gongsun Zan formed an alliance with Yuan Shu and sent his second cousin, Gongsun Yue, to help Yuan Shu's general, Sun Jian, retake Yangcheng. However, Gongsun Yue died in the campaign. Using this as a pretext, Gongsun Zan attacked Yuan Shao after his initial plan to gain Han Fu's lands went awry. However, Gongsun Zan was defeated by Yuan Shao at the Battle of Yijing. He committed suicide through self-immolation, after killing his sisters, wife and children.[12]
Family
edit- Gongsun Yue (公孫越), Gongsun Zan's younger second cousin. Gongsun Zan sent him with 1,000 troops and supplies to assist the warlord Yuan Shu, who was in a proxy war with his half-brother Yuan Shao. Gongsun Yue died after being hit by a stray arrow during the Battle of Yangcheng in 191 while fighting alongside Sun Jian (Yuan Shu's proxy) against Zhou Yu (Renming) (Yuan Shao's proxy). Gongsun Zan used Gongsun Yue's death as an excuse to declare war on Yuan Shao.
- In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Gongsun Yue is Gongsun Zan's younger brother. Gongsun Zan sends Gongsun Yue as a messenger to demand that Yuan Shao keep his promise by dividing Ji Province between him and Gongsun Zan after seizing it from Han Fu, but Yuan Shao refuses. While Gongsun Yue is on his return journey, Yuan Shao orders his men to pretend to be Dong Zhuo's soldiers and then ambush and kill Gongsun Yue. Gongsun Zan sees through Yuan Shao's ruse and subsequently declares war on him.
- Gongsun Fan (公孫範), Gongsun Zan's younger second cousin. He leads troops from Bohai Commandery (勃海郡) to join Gongsun Zan. He also fought in the Battle of Jieqiao alongside Gongsun Zan against Yuan Shao.
- Gongsun Xu (公孫續), Gongsun Zan's son. During the Battle of Yijing (198–199), Gongsun Zan sent him to seek reinforcements from the Heishan bandits led by Zhang Yan. They returned too late as Gongsun Zan had already been defeated by Yuan Shao and had committed suicide along with the rest of his family. Gongsun Xu later met his end at the hands of the Chuge (屠各), a Xiongnu tribe.
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
editGongsun Zan is a character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He leads an elite cavalry unit called the "White Riders" and has served on the northern and eastern frontiers of the Han Empire by defending the borders from incursions by various non-Han Chinese tribes. In 191, Gongsun Zan joins the coalition against Dong Zhuo, the warlord who seized power in Luoyang and holds the figurehead Emperor Xian hostage. After the coalition breaks up, he gets into a rivalry with Yuan Shao over the territories in northern China and engages him in a series of battles throughout the 190s, starting with the Battle of Jieqiao and ending with his defeat and death at the Battle of Yijing.
In the novel, Gongsun Zan is nicknamed "White Horse General" because the elite cavalry unit he leads is made up completely of horses of pure white. The reason for doing so is that he knows that the non-Han Chinese tribes consider white horses sacred animals so they will run away when they encounter an enemy unit riding white horses in battle.
In Records of the Three Kingdoms
editGongsun Zan's white horse volunteers (白馬義從) have a historical basis, and appear in the historical records as an elite mounted unit on white horses which formed the core of his fighting force. The Records of Three Kingdoms describes how their "flags and armour lit up Heaven and Earth" at the Battle of Jieqiao.
In popular culture
editGongsun Zan is one of the main playable characters of the video game Total War: Three Kingdoms, developed by Creative Assembly and published by Sega.[13]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ According to Liu Bei's biography in Records of the Three Kingdoms, Gongsun Zan was older than Liu Bei, and Liu Bei treated Gongsun Zan like an elder brother. Since Liu Bei was born in 161, Gongsun Zan's birth year must be earlier. (瓒年长，先主以兄事之。) Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 32
- ^ According to Liu Xie's biography in the Book of the Later Han, Yuan Shao occupied Yijing (with Gongsun Zan dying in the siege) in the 3rd month of Jian'an 4. This corresponds to 14 Apr to 12 May 199 on the Julian calendar. ([建安]四年春三月，袁绍攻公孙瓒于易京，获之。) Houhanshu, vol.09
References
editCitations
edit- ^ (公孫瓚字伯珪，遼西令支人也。) Sanguozhi vol. 8.
- ^ (《典略》曰：瓚性辯慧，每白事不肯梢入，常總說數曹事，無有忘誤，太守奇其才。) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 8.
- ^ (為郡門下書佐。有姿儀，大音聲，侯太守器之，以女妻焉，遣詣涿郡盧植讀經。) Sanguozhi vol. 8.
- ^ (而瓚深與先主相友。瓚年長，先主以兄事之。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
- ^ (後復為郡吏。劉太守坐事徵詣廷尉，瓚為御車，身執徒養。及劉徙日南，瓚具米肉，於北芒上祭先人，) Sanguozhi vol. 8.
- ^ (舉觴祝曰：「昔為人子，今為人臣，當詣日南。日南瘴氣，或恐不還，與先人辭於此。」再拜慷慨而起，時見者莫不歔欷。劉道得赦還。) Sanguozhi vol. 8.
- ^ (瓚以孝廉為郎，除遼東屬國長史。嘗從數十騎出行塞，見鮮卑數百騎，瓚乃退入空亭中，約其從騎曰：「今不沖之，則死盡矣。」瓚乃自持矛，兩頭施刃，馳出刺胡，殺傷數十人，亦亡其從騎半，遂得免。) Sanguozhi vol. 8.
- ^ (鮮卑懲艾，後不敢復入塞。遷為涿令。) Sanguozhi vol. 8.
- ^ (光和中，涼州賊起，發幽州突騎三千人，假瓚都督行事傳，使將之。軍到薊中，漁陽張純誘遼西烏丸丘力居等叛，劫略薊中，自號將軍，略吏民攻右北平、遼西屬國諸城，所至殘破。) Sanguozhi vol. 8.
- ^ (瓚將所領，追討純等有功，遷騎都尉。屬國烏丸貪至王率種人詣瓚降。遷中郎將，封都亭侯，) Sanguozhi vol. 8.
- ^ (進屯屬國，與胡相攻擊五六年。丘力居等鈔略青、徐、幽、冀，四州被其害，瓚不能禦。) Sanguozhi vol. 8.
- ^ (紹設伏，瓚遂大敗，復還保中小城。自計必無全，乃悉縊其姊妹妻子，然後引火自焚。) Book of the Later Han vol. 73.
- ^ "Total War Three Kingdoms: Who are the warlords?". IGN Nordic. June 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
Bibliography
edit- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- de Crespigny, Rafe (1996). To Establish Peace: being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 189 to 220 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang. Vol. 1. Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies, The Australian National University. ISBN 0-7315-2526-4.
- Fan, Ye (5th century). Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).