Gordonia is a genus of gram-positive, aerobic, catalase-positive bacterium in the Actinomycetota,[1] closely related to the Rhodococcus, Mycobacterium, Skermania, and Nocardia genera.[2] Gordonia bacteria are aerobic, non-motile, and non-sporulating.[2] Gordonia is from the same lineage that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis.[2] The genus was discovered by Tsukamura in 1971 and named after American bacteriologist Ruth Gordon.[2] Many species are often found in the soil,[1] while other species have been isolated from aquatic environments.[2] Some species have been associated with problems like sludge bulking and foaming in wastewater treatment plants.[3][4] Gordonia species are rarely known to cause infections in humans.[5]
| Gordonia | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Mycobacteriales |
| Family: | Gordoniaceae |
| Genus: | Gordonia (ex Tsukamura 1971) Stackebrandt et al. 1989 |
| Species | |
|
See text. | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Some pathogenic instances of Gordonia have been reported to cause skin and soft tissue infections, including bacteremia and cutaneous infections. Though infections are generally treated with antibiotics, surgical procedures are sometimes used to contain infections.[6] Some investigations have found that 28 °C is the ideal temperature for the growth of Gordonia bacteria.[1] Gordonia species often have high G-C base pair contents in DNA, ranging from 63% to 69%.[6] G-C base pair content levels are generally positively correlated with melting temperature.
Some species of Gordonia, such as Gordonia rubripertincta, produce colonies that have a bright orange or orange-red color.[1]
Some strains of Gordonia have recently garnered interest in the biotechnology industry due to their ability to degrade environmental pollutants.[7]
Cases of pathogenicity
editGordonia bronchialis has occasionally shown pathogenicity, infecting sternal wounds from surgery.[8] However, since G. bronchialis infections can present with minimal and mild symptoms, few reports of G. bronchialis infections have been documented.[9]
Gordonia can infect immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals.[9]
Environmental applications
editGordonia species are able to degrade various environmental pollutants toxins and other natural compounds that cannot regularly be biodegraded. Two common materials, natural and synthetic isoprene rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene), can be biodegraded and used as a carbon and energy source by Gordonia.[8] Gordonia are commonly detected in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, where they along with other mycolic acid containing actinomycetes are well known contributors to sludge foaming issues that impede biomass settling and process performance.[10][11]
Gordonia as a bacteriophage host
editGordonia species are also being studied as hosts to bacteriophages, or bacteria-parasitizing viruses. Because of their relatedness to Mycobacterium, Gordonia were used as hosts in the SEA-PHAGES project,[12] greatly contributing to the number of isolated Gordonia phages. According to the Actinobacteriophage Database PhagesDb.org, more than 2,806 Gordonia-infecting types of bacteriophages have been identified as of April 26, 2023.[13] Research with bacteriophages parasitizing Gordonia and other genera can be used to develop bacteriophage therapies for drug-resistant human, animal, and plant bacterial infections; contamination prevention in food processing facilities; targeted gene delivery; and more.[14]
Species
editGordonia comprises the following species:[15]
- G. aichiensis corrig. (Tsukamura 1983) Klatte et al. 1994
- G. alkaliphila Cha and Cha 2013
- G. alkanivorans Kummer et al. 1999
- G. amarae corrig. (Lechevalier and Lechevalier 1974) Klatte et al. 1994
- G. amicalis Kim et al. 2000
- G. araii Kageyama et al. 2006
- G. asplenii Suriyachadkun et al. 2021
- "G. australis" Schneider et al. 2008
- G. bronchialis corrig. (Tsukamura 1971) Stackebrandt et al. 1989
- G. caeni Srinivasan et al. 2012
- G. cholesterolivorans Drzyzga et al. 2009
- G. crocea Tamura et al. 2020
- G. defluvii Soddell et al. 2006
- G. desulfuricans Kim et al. 1999
- G. didemni de Menezes et al. 2016
- G. effusa Kageyama et al. 2006
- G. hankookensis Park et al. 2009
- G. hirsuta corrig. Klatte et al. 1996
- G. hongkongensis Tsang et al. 2016
- G. humi Kämpfer et al. 2011
- G. hydrophobica corrig. Bendinger et al. 1995
- G. insulae Kim et al. 2020
- G. iterans Kang et al. 2014
- "G. jacobaea" De Miguel et al. 2000
- G. jinghuaiqii Zhang et al. 2021
- G. jinhuaensis Li et al. 2014
- G. lacunae Le Roes et al. 2009
- G. malaquae Yassin et al. 2007
- G. mangrovi Xie et al. 2020
- G. namibiensis Brandão et al. 2002
- G. neofelifaecis Liu et al. 2011
- G. oryzae Muangham et al. 2019
- G. otitidis Iida et al. 2005
- G. paraffinivorans Xue et al. 2003
- G. phosphorivorans Kämpfer et al. 2013
- G. phthalatica Jin et al. 2017
- G. polyisoprenivorans Linos et al. 1999
- "G. pseudoamarae" Batinovic et al. 2021
- G. rhizosphera Takeuchi and Hatano 1998
- G. rubripertincta corrig. (Hefferan 1904) Stackebrandt et al. 1989
- G. sediminis Sangkanu et al. 2019
- G. shandongensis Luo et al. 2007
- G. sihwensis Kim et al. 2003
- G. sinesedis Maldonado et al. 2003
- G. soli Shen et al. 2006
- G. spumicola Tamura et al. 2020
- G. sputi corrig. (Tsukamura and Yano 1985) Stackebrandt et al. 1989
- G. terrae corrig. (Tsukamura 1971) Stackebrandt et al. 1989
- "G. terrea" Stobdan et al. 2008
- G. westfalica Linos et al. 2002
- G. zhaorongruii Zhang et al. 2021
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Andalibi, Fatemeh; Fatahi-Bafghi, Mehdi (2017-05-01). "Gordonia: isolation and identification in clinical samples and role in biotechnology". Folia Microbiologica. 62 (3): 245–252. doi:10.1007/s12223-017-0491-1. ISSN 1874-9356. PMID 28105601. S2CID 43621276.
- ^ a b c d e Arenskotter, M.; Broker, D.; Steinbuchel, A. (2004). "Biology of the Metabolically Diverse Genus Gordonia". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (6): 3195–3204. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.3195A. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.6.3195-3204.2004. PMC 427784. PMID 15184112.
- ^ Asvapathanagul, Pitiporn; Huang, Zhonghua; Gedalanga, Phillip B.; Baylor, Amber; Olson, Betty H. (December 2012). "Interaction of Operational and Physicochemical Factors Leading to Gordonia amarae-Like Foaming in an Incompletely Nitrifying Activated Sludge Plant". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 78 (23): 8165–8175. doi:10.1128/AEM.00404-12. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 3497385. PMID 22983974.
- ^ Liu, Mei; Gill, Jason J.; Young, Ry; Summer, Elizabeth J. (2015-09-09). "Bacteriophages of wastewater foaming-associated filamentous Gordonia reduce host levels in raw activated sludge". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 13754. doi:10.1038/srep13754. hdl:1969.1/178664. ISSN 2045-2322.
- ^ Ramanan, Poornima; Deziel, Paul J.; Wengenack, Nancy L. (October 2013). "Gordonia Bacteremia". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 51 (10): 3443–3447. doi:10.1128/JCM.01449-13. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 3811652. PMID 23884999.
- ^ a b Sowani, H.; Kulkarni, M.; Zinjarde, S.; Javdekar, V. (2017-01-01), Kon, Kateryna; Rai, Mahendra (eds.), "Chapter 7 - Gordonia and Related Genera as Opportunistic Human Pathogens Causing Infections of Skin, Soft Tissues, and Bones", The Microbiology of Skin, Soft Tissue, Bone and Joint Infections, Clinical Microbiology: Diagnosis, Treatments and Prophylaxis of Infections, vol. 2, Academic Press, pp. 105–121, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811079-9.00007-0, ISBN 9780128110799, retrieved 2023-04-26
- ^ Drzyzga, Oliver (2012-11-01). "The strengths and weaknesses of Gordonia: A review of an emerging genus with increasing biotechnological potential". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 38 (4): 300–316. doi:10.3109/1040841X.2012.668134. ISSN 1040-841X. PMID 22551505. S2CID 29015627.
- ^ a b Arenskötter, Matthias; Bröker, Daniel; Steinbüchel, Alexander (June 2004). "Biology of the Metabolically Diverse Genus Gordonia". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (6): 3195–3204. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.6.3195-3204.2004. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 427784. PMID 15184112.
- ^ a b Franczuk, Monika; Klatt, Magdalena; Filipczak, Dorota; Zabost, Anna; Parniewski, Paweł; Kuthan, Robert; Jakubowska, Lilia; Augustynowicz-Kopeć, Ewa (February 2022). "From NTM (Nontuberculous mycobacterium) to Gordonia bronchialis—A Diagnostic Challenge in the COPD Patient". Diagnostics. 12 (2): 307. doi:10.3390/diagnostics12020307. ISSN 2075-4418. PMC 8871261. PMID 35204397.
- ^ de los Reyes III, Francis L.; Raskin, Lutgarde (2002-01-01). "Role of filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge foaming: relationship of mycolata levels to foaming initiation and stability". Water Research. Modern Scientific Tools in Bioprocessing. 36 (2): 445–459. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00227-5. ISSN 0043-1354.
- ^ Liu, Mei; Gill, Jason J.; Young, Ry; Summer, Elizabeth J. (2015-09-09). "Bacteriophages of wastewater foaming-associated filamentous Gordonia reduce host levels in raw activated sludge". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 13754. doi:10.1038/srep13754. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4563357. PMID 26349678.
- ^ Pope, Welkin H.; Mavrich, Travis N.; Garlena, Rebecca A.; Guerrero-Bustamante, Carlos A.; Jacobs-Sera, Deborah; Montgomery, Matthew T.; Russell, Daniel A.; Warner, Marcie H.; Science Education Alliance-Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science (SEA-PHAGES); Hatfull, Graham F. (2017-09-06). Losick, Richard (ed.). "Bacteriophages of Gordonia spp. Display a Spectrum of Diversity and Genetic Relationships". mBio. 8 (4). Forest Rohwer, Jason Gill. doi:10.1128/mBio.01069-17. ISSN 2161-2129. PMC 5559632. PMID 28811342.
- ^ "Phaages that infect Gordonia hosts". The Actinobacteriophage Database at PhagesDB.org. April 26, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
- ^ Haq, Irshad Ul; Chaudhry, Waqas Nasir; Akhtar, Maha Nadeem; Andleeb, Saadia; Qadri, Ishtiaq (2012-01-10). "Bacteriophages and their implications on future biotechnology: a review". Virology Journal. 9 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-9-9. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 3398332. PMID 22234269.
- ^ Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Gordonia". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 23, 2022.
