Gorze Abbey was a Benedictine monastery in Gorze in the present arrondissement of Metz, near Metz in Lorraine. It was prominent as the source of a monastic reform movement in the 930s.[1]
History
editGorze Abbey was founded in around 757[2] by Bishop Chrodegang of Metz,[3] who obtained for it from Rome the relics of Saint Gorgonius. The new community at first followed his Rule, but decline later set in. The highly placed Frankish lord Bivin of Gorze (810–863), married to a daughter of Boso the Elder, functioned as lay abbot of Gorze.[4] In 933 the premises, by then semi-derelict, were given by Adalbero, Bishop of Metz, to John of Gorze and Einald of Toul so that they could restore observance of the Rule of St. Benedict.[5] They did so extremely successfully and the customary of Gorze soon spread to many other monasteries,[6] at first local, such as St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier, and St. Evre's Abbey, Toul, and later in more distant places, such as Bavaria, through the mediation of Wolfgang of Regensburg.
Gorze Reform
editThe Gorze Reform was similar to the Cluniac Reform in that it aimed at a reestablishment of the Rule of St. Benedict, but quite different in several major areas. In particular, whereas Cluny created a centralised system of authority in which the religious houses adopting its reforms became subordinate to Cluny itself, the Gorze reforms preserved the independence of the participating monasteries, and resulted instead in a network of loosely connected affiliations based on several centres, such as Fulda, Niederaltaich, Einsiedeln and St. Emmeram's Abbey in Regensburg.[7]
Gorze was also the home of the "chant messin", an early form of Gregorian chant or plainsong, as a part of the liturgy, and also of sacred drama, particularly in connection with the Easter rituals.
After the reform
editFrom the 12th century Gorze ceased to occupy the central spiritual position it had had previously. Nevertheless, in material terms it continued to prosper, and in the 12th and 13th centuries undertook substantial building works, including the lay church, which alone of the abbey buildings still survives, as the present parish church of Saint Stephen.
The extensive territory which the abbey accumulated became known as the "Terre de Gorze". The abbey was dissolved in 1572 as a consequence of the Reformation. An attempt at a re-foundation in 1580 came to nothing, and the buildings, apart from St. Stephen's church, were demolished.
Abbot's Palace
editThe "Terre de Gorze" continued however as a territorial unit, with an abbot as its overlord, even in the absence of a monastic community. In the 1660s these lands passed from the Holy Roman Empire to France. In the 1690s, the Prince-Abbot Eberhard von Löwenstein built an appropriately splendid residence, which still stands. At the time of the French Revolution the building was confiscated and sold off and was later used for a variety of military and local government purposes, particularly as a workhouse for the poor. The palace has now been restored and is in use as a museum, old people's home and for several other purposes. The gardens, nymphaeum and chapel are all of architectural and artistic interest.
Protection
editThe abbey is the property of the commune. It has been listed since 1886 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ John Nightingale, 2001. Monasteries and Patrons in the Gorze Reform: Lotharingia c. 850-1000 (Oxford University Press).
- ^ Lexikon des Mittelalters, Volume 4, article Gorze. J. B. Metzler’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 1999. pp. 1565–1567. ISBN 3476017427.
- ^ "Saint Chrodegang". New Catholic Dictionary. CatholicSaints.Info. 15 September 2012
- ^ Riché, Pierre. The Carolingians: The Family who Forged Europe, transl. Michael Idomir Allen (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), 198.
- ^ Eugen Ewig (1953). "Adalbero I.Bischof von Metz (seit 929), † 962 Sankt Trond (Diözese Lüttich)". Neue Deutsche Biographie. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München. pp. 40–41.
- ^ Hartmann, Wilfried, "Gorze Abbey", Religion Past and Present. 2006 ISBN 9789004146662
- ^ Sanderson, Warren (1971). "Monastic Reform in Lorraine and the Architecture of the Outer Crypt, 950-1100". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 61 (6): 3–36. doi:10.2307/1006092. JSTOR 1006092.
- ^ Base Mérimée: Gorze: Abbaye (ancienne), Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
Sources
edit- Lawrence, C.H., 2001. Medieval Monasticism (3rd edn.). Longman
External links
edit- (in French) Abbot's Palace, Gorze Archived 2005-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
- Base Mérimée: Gorze Abbey, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
- (in German) Tholey Historical Society: Article about Gorze Abbey