Wikipedia

Doom metal

(Redirected from Gothic-doom)

Doom metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music that typically uses slower tempos, low-tuned guitars and a much "thicker" or "heavier" sound than other heavy metal genres.[6] Both the music and the lyrics are intended to evoke a sense of despair, dread, and impending doom.[2] The genre is strongly influenced by the early work of Black Sabbath,[2] who formed a prototype for doom metal. During the first half of the 1980s,[2] a number of bands such as Witchfinder General and Pagan Altar from England, American bands Pentagram, Saint Vitus, the Obsessed, Trouble, and Cirith Ungol, and Swedish band Candlemass defined doom metal as a distinct genre. Pentagram, Saint Vitus, Trouble and Candlemass have been referred to as "the Big Four of Doom Metal".[7]

Doom metal
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsEarly to mid 1970s, United Kingdom and United States[2][3]
Derivative formsPost-metal[4][5]
Subgenres
  • Epic doom
  • traditional doom
Fusion genres
Regional scenes
  • Finland
  • Pacific Northwest
  • Louisiana
Local scenes
Other topics

Characteristics

edit

Instrumentation

edit

The electric guitar, bass guitar, and drum kit are the most common instruments used to play doom metal (although keyboards are sometimes used), but its structures are rooted in the same scales as in blues.[1] Guitarists and bassists often down tune their instruments to very low notes and make use of large amounts of distortion, thus producing a very "thick" or "heavy" guitar tone, which is one of the defining characteristics of the genre.[8] Along with the usual heavy metal compositional technique of guitars and bass playing the same riff in unison, this creates a loud and bass-heavy wall of sound. Another defining characteristic is the consistent focus on slow tempos,[2] and minor tonality with much use of dissonance (especially in the form of the tritone), employing the usage of repetitive rhythms with little regard to harmonic progression and musical structure.[8]

Vocals

edit

Traditional doom metal vocalists favor clean vocals, which are often performed with a sense of despair, desperation, or pain; imitating the high-tone wails of Ozzy Osbourne (Black Sabbath),[9] Frank Ferrara (Bang), Bobby Liebling (Pentagram),[8] and Zeeb Parkes (Witchfinder General). So-called "epic doom" vocalists often take it a step further, singing in an operatic style. Doom metal bands influenced by other extreme metal genres often use growled or screamed vocals, as is the case of death-doom, black-doom, and funeral doom.

Lyrical themes

edit

Lyrics in doom metal play a key role. Influenced by notable blues musicians like Robert Johnson and Son House,[1] normally they are gloomy and pessimistic,[9] including themes such as suffering, depression, fear, grief, dread, death, and anger. While some bands write lyrics in introspective and personal ways, others convey their themes using symbolism – which may be inspired by occult arts and literature.[1]

Some doom metal bands use religious themes in their music. Trouble, one of the genre's pioneers, were among the first to incorporate Christian imagery. Others have incorporated occult and pagan imagery.[10] For many bands, the use of religious themes is for aesthetic and symbolic purposes only. Examples include lyrics/imagery about the Last Judgment to invoke dread, or the use of crucifixes and cross-shaped headstones to symbolize death.

Furthermore, some doom metal bands write lyrics about drugs or drug addiction. This is most common among stoner doom bands, who often describe hallucinogenic or psychedelic experiences.

History

edit
 
Tony Iommi's guitar style greatly influenced and defined doom metal.

Origins (late 1960s–1970s)

edit

The first traces of doom in rock music could be heard as far back as the Beatles' 1969 track "I Want You (She's So Heavy)".[11][12] Black Sabbath are generally regarded as the progenitors of doom metal.[2] Black Sabbath's music is (in and of) itself stylistically rooted in blues, but with the deliberately doomy and loud guitar playing of Tony Iommi, and the then-uncommon dark and pessimistic lyrics and atmosphere, they set the standards of early heavy metal and inspired various doom metal bands.[8] In the early 1970s, both Black Sabbath and Pentagram (also as side band "Bedemon") composed and performed this heavy and dark music, which would in the 1980s begin to be known and referred to as doom metal by subsequent musicians, critics and fans.[1] Joe Hasselvander, Pentagram's drummer also cited bands like Black Widow, Toe Fat, Iron Claw, Night Sun, and Zior as pioneers of the doom metal sound.[13]

Aside from Pentagram and Black Sabbath, other groups from the 1970s would heavily influence the genre's development. Blue Cheer is often hailed as one of the first stoner metal bands. Through the use of loud amplifiers and guitar feedback, their debut Vincebus Eruptum created a template for other artists to follow.[14] Though lacking the pessimistic lyrical content of their contemporaries, Welsh heavy metal band Budgie would also produce heavy songs which were amongst the loudest of their day, stylistically influencing various doom metal acts.[15] Led Zeppelin's No Quarter is considered as one of the earliest examples of a doom metal song made by a rock band.[16] Early doom metal was also influenced by Japanese psychedelic rock albums, such as Kuni Kawachi & Friends' Kirikyogen and Flower Travellin' Band's Satori.[17] Bang's 1971 self-titled debut is considered an important forerunner to doom metal.[18][19] Other notable groups include Sir Lord Baltimore,[20] Buffalo,[21] Necromandus,[22] Lucifer's Friend,[22] and Leaf Hound.[23]

Development (1980s)

edit

During the early-mid-1980s, bands from England and the United States[2] contributed much to the formation of doom metal as a distinct genre. In 1982, English pioneers Witchfinder General released their debut album Death Penalty. During 1984, two American pioneers also released their debuts—Saint Vitus released their eponymous album and Trouble released Psalm 9. That same year, American band Cirith Ungol (formed in 1971) released their second studio album, King of the Dead—regarded by many as an early influence on doom.[24][25] The following year, American band Pentagram would go on to release their debut, Relentless. The Swedish Candlemass would also prove influential with their first record Epicus Doomicus Metallicus in 1986, from which epic doom metal takes its name.[26]

Some doom metal bands were also influenced by the underground gothic rock and post-punk scene of the 1980s, showing similarities with the dark themes addressed through lyrics and the atmosphere both music styles deal with. A doom metal band like Mindrot was often described as a cross-over between death metal and gothic rock.

Regional scenes

edit

Like other extreme metal genres, doom metal also has regionally based scenes, with their own particular characteristics:

Finnish doom metal

edit

In one of the greatest doom metal outputs, Finnish groups focus more on the depressive mood of the genre, evoking an intense grieving feeling.[27] The bands play with very slow tempos and melodic tones, creating an atmosphere of darkness and melancholia.[27][28] This scene was kick-started by the band Rigor Mortis (which, due to an older US band with the same name, changed their name to Spiritus Mortis), which originated in 1987.[29][30] Notable bands include Reverend Bizarre,[31] Minotauri,[30] Dolorian,[27] Shape of Despair,[27] Thergothon,[27] Skepticism,[27] and Unholy.[32]

Louisiana doom metal

edit
See also: Music of New Orleans § Heavy metal

Regarded as sludge metal's birthplace by AllMusic,[2] this scene originated in New Orleans in the late 1980s.[33][34][35] The bands of this scene employ some punk influences, like harsh vocals, guitar distortion and downtuned sound.[36][37][38] This scene was pioneered by Exhorder, who was the first band to combine doom metal with a punk-influenced metal sound.[35] In the 90s, several sludge and stoner metal bands arose in the state, mainly influenced by bands like Black Sabbath and Melvins, also mixing their sound with genres like hardcore punk and Southern rock.[34][38][39][40] Notable bands include Eyehategod,[34] Down[39] Exhorder,[35] Crowbar,[38] and Acid Bath.[41][42]

Washington D.C. doom metal

edit
See also: Music of Maryland § Popular music

This scene formed in the early 1970s and was kickstarted by Pentagram and the Obsessed.[43][44] Various doom/stoner bands, mostly from Washington, D.C. and its metropolitan area on Maryland and Virginia (thus also being labelled "Maryland doom sound"[43]), formed in this region being heavily influenced by early hard rock and heavy metal bands, like UFO, Blue Cheer, Black Sabbath, Uriah Heep and Sir Lord Baltimore.[44][45] This scene is also known as "Hellhound sound" for being closely related to the late Hellhound Records,[43] who signed with many important bands of the scene like Saint Vitus,[46][47] Internal Void,[47][45] Iron Man,[47] Revelation,[47] Wretched[47] and Unorthodox.[47] Other notable bands include Evoken,[48] Spirit Caravan,[44][45] Earthride,[44] and the Hidden Hand.[46]

Pacific Northwest doom metal

edit

The Pacific Northwest region – primarily Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia – has been host to a growing scene of doom, sludge,[49] and stoner metal[50][51] since the 1990s. It is influenced by the geographical origin of grunge music and a sound pioneered in part by the Washington band Melvins.[52][2] Common visual themes include the region's cold, rainy, forested climate, and many bands utilize psychedelic imagery influenced by bands like Sleep, Karp and Harkonen.[50] Musical styles often share crossover features with atmospheric/ambient black metal, drone metal, and post-metal as seen in Oregon's YOB, Agalloch, Witch Mountain, and Red Fang; Washington's Earth, and Sunn O))); and Vancouver's Anciients, Astrakhan,[53] and Aaron Turner project Sumac, among various others.

Palm Desert Scene

edit
Main article: Palm Desert Scene

Palm Desert, California, hosts a thriving desert rock and stoner metal scene, drawing heavy influences from psychedelia, blues and hardcore punk, often featuring distinctive repetitive drum beats, a propensity for free-form jamming, and "trance-like" or "sludgy" grooves.[54][55][56] Because of their integration, the term "stoner rock" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "desert rock".[57] Notable bands include Kyuss,[58][59] Queens of the Stone Age,[54] Dali's Llama,[60] Slo Burn,[61] and Brant Bjork.[62]

Stylistic divisions

edit

Black-doom

edit

Black-doom, also known as blackened doom, is a style that combines the slowness and thicker, bassier sound of doom metal with the shrieking vocals and heavily distorted guitar sound of black metal.[63][64][65] Black-doom bands maintain the Satanic ideology associated with black metal, while melding it with moodier themes more related to doom metal, like depression, nihilism, and nature.[63] They also use the slower pace of doom metal in order to emphasize the harsh atmosphere present in black metal.[66] Examples of black-doom bands include Barathrum,[67] Forgotten Tomb,[64] Woods of Ypres,[68] Deinonychus,[69] Shining,[70] Nortt,[71] Bethlehem,[72] early Katatonia,[73] Tiamat,[66] Dolorian,[66] October Tide,[66] and In the Woods...[66]

Depressive suicidal black metal

edit

Pioneered by black-doom bands like Ophthalamia, Katatonia, Bethlehem, Forgotten Tomb, and Shining, depressive suicidal black metal, also known as suicidal black metal, depressive black metal, or DSBM, is a style that melds the second wave-style of black metal with doom metal,[74] with lyrics revolving around themes such as depression, self-harm, misanthrophy, suicide, and death.[75][76] DSBM bands draw the lo-fi recording and highly distorted guitars of black metal, while employing the usage of acoustic instruments and non-distorted electric guitar's timbres present in doom metal, interchanging the slower, doom-like, sections with faster tremolo picking.[74] Vocals are usually high-pitched like in black metal, but lacking of energy, simulating feelings like hopelessness, desperation, and plea.[74] The presence of one-man bands is more prominent in this genre compared to others.[74] Examples of bands include Xasthur,[77] Leviathan,[74] Strid,[74] Silencer,[75][76] Make a Change... Kill Yourself,[74] and I Shalt Become.[75][76]

Blackened death-doom

edit

Blackened death-doom is a genre that combines the slow tempos and monolithic drumming of doom metal, the complex and loud riffage of death metal and the shrieking vocals of black metal.[78] Examples of blackened death-doom bands include Morast,[78] Faustcoven,[78] the Ruins of Beverast,[78] Bolzer,[78] Necros Christos,[78] Harvest Gulgaltha,[79] Dragged into Sunlight,[80] Hands of Thieves,[81] and Soulburn.[82]

Death-doom

edit
Main article: Death-doom
 
My Dying Bride at Frozen Rock Festival 2007

Death-doom is a style that combines the slow tempos and pessimistic atmosphere of doom metal with the deep growling vocals and double-kick drumming of death metal.[83] Influenced mostly by the early work of Hellhammer and Celtic Frost, the style emerged during the late 1980s and gained a certain amount of popularity during the 1990s.[83] Death-doom was pioneered by bands such as Winter,[84] Disembowelment,[84] Paradise Lost,[84] Autopsy, Anathema, My Dying Bride[84] and Novembers Doom.[85]

Funeral doom

edit
Main article: Funeral doom

Funeral doom is a genre that crosses death-doom with funeral dirge music.[86] It is played at an extremely slow tempo, and places an emphasis on evoking a sense of emptiness and despair.[1] Typically, electric guitars are heavily distorted and dark ambient aspects such as keyboards or synthesizers are often used to create a "dreamlike" atmosphere.[63] Vocals consist of mournful chants or growls and are often in the background.[63] Funeral doom was pioneered by Mournful Congregation,[87] Esoteric, Evoken, Funeral, Thergothon,[88] and Skepticism.[89]

Drone metal

edit
 
Sunn O))) performing live
Main article: Drone metal

Drone metal (also known as drone doom) is a style of doom metal that is largely defined by drones; notes or chords that are sustained and repeated throughout a piece of music.[90][91][92] Typically, the electric guitar is performed with large amounts of reverb and feedback[90] while lacking the presence of drums and vocals.[63][93] Songs are often very long and lack beat or rhythm in the traditional sense.[63] Drone metal is generally influenced by drone music,[90] noise music,[90] and minimalist music.[90] The style emerged in the early 1990s and was pioneered by Earth,[94] Boris, and Sunn O))).[90]

Epic doom

edit

Epic doom has a heavy classical influence. One of the main characteristics are the vocals; vocalists typically employ clean, operatic, and choral singing, accompanied by keyboarding and drumming performed in a bombastic fashion in order to evoke an "epic" sensation.[63][95][96] Lyrics and imagery are typically inspired by fantasy or mythology.[63] Examples of prominent epic doom bands include Candlemass,[97] Solitude Aeturnus,[98] Solstice,[99] While Heaven Wept,[96] and Doomsword.[100]

Gothic-doom

edit

Gothic-doom, also known as doom-gothic, is a style that combines more traditional elements of doom metal with gothic rock.[101][102] Gothic-doom bands usually play at slow and mid-tempos and employ the usage of instruments that are more related to classical music, alongside traditional doom metal instruments, in order to create darker and meditative atmospheres.[101] Doom-gothic lyrics combines the dramatic and romantic elements of gothic rock with the sorrowness and melancholy present in doom metal, while being more introspective and focused on personal experiences such as love, grief, irreparable loss, loss of faith, etc.[101] Unlike in gothic metal and death-doom, gothic-doom bands prefer the use of cleaner vocals instead of employing death growls,[102] although some of them employ harsher vocals occasionally, and avoid the usage of death metal-like riffage.[101] Bands labelled as gothic-doom include Weeping Silence,[103] the Foreshadowing,[102] Grave Lines,[104] Artrosis,[105] Ava Inferi,[106] Draconian,[107] and Type O Negative.[108]

Progressive doom

edit

Progressive doom is a fusion genre that combines elements of progressive metal and doom metal.[109] Notable bands include King Goat,[109] Below the Sun,[110] Sierra,[111] Oceans of Slumber,[112] and Green Carnation.[113]

Sludge metal

edit
Main article: Sludge metal

Sludge metal (also known as sludge doom[8][66]) is a style that combines doom metal and hardcore punk.[8][66][2][93] Many sludge bands compose slow and heavy songs that contain brief hardcore passages.[34][38] However, some bands emphasise fast tempos throughout their music.[114] The string instruments are heavily distorted and are often played with large amounts of feedback to produce an abrasive, sludgy sound.[115][36] Drumming is often performed in typical doom metal fashion,[citation needed] but drummers may employ hardcore d-beat or double-kick drumming during faster passages. Vocals are usually shouted or screamed, and lyrics often focus on suffering, drug abuse, politics and anger towards society. The style was pioneered in the late 1980s by the Melvins, and in the 1990s by bands such as Eyehategod,[34] Crowbar,[38] Buzzov*en,[114] Acid Bath,[116] and Grief.[117]

Sludgecore

edit

Sludgecore further combines sludge metal with hardcore punk, and possesses a slow pace, a low and dark pitch, and a grinding dirge-like feel.[118] Bands regarded as sludgecore include Acid Bath, Eyehategod, Soilent Green,[119][120] Black Sheep Wall, Admiral Angry, and The Abominable Iron Sloth.[121] Crowbar mixed "detuned, lethargic sludged-out metal with hardcore and southern elements".[122]

Stoner metal

edit
 
Jus Oborn of Electric Wizard
Main article: Stoner rock

Stoner metal or stoner doom[123][124] describes doom metal that incorporates psychedelic rock and acid rock elements.[93][125][126] Stoner metal is often heavily distorted, groove-laden bass-heavy sound, making much use of guitar effects such as fuzz, phaser, or flanger.[127] Stoner bands typically play in slow-to-mid tempo, employing the usage of melodic vocals and "retro" production.[128] It was pioneered in the early–mid-1990s by bands such as Kyuss,[129] Sleep,[130][131] Acid King,[132][133] Electric Wizard,[134][131] Orange Goblin,[134] and Sons of Otis.[135]

Desert rock

edit

Desert rock combines the psychedelic elements of stoner metal with hard rock characteristics.[59][93] Bands of this style include Kyuss,[136] Fu Manchu,[136] Queens of the Stone Age,[137] Earthlings?[136] and Yawning Man.[136][137]

Traditional doom

edit

Influenced by 70s and 80s heavy metal,[138] traditional doom metal bands more commonly use higher guitar tunings, and do not play as slowly as many other doom bands.[63] Traditional doom bands typically play slow to mid-tempo songs with a thick and heavy sound with the electric bass following the melody line, and sometimes employ the usage of keyboards, although assuming a secondary role on traditional doom metal songs.[9] Vocals are usually clean with the occasional growl or scream.[63] The lyrics in traditional doom usually are eerie and dark like other doom metal divisions. Some bands who play traditional doom metal are Orodruin,[139][140] Reverend Bizarre,[141] Witchcraft, Saint Vitus,[9] and Count Raven.[9]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f Wiederhorn, Jon (2 February 2017). "Doom Metal: A Brief Timeline". Bandcamp daily. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Doom metal". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  3. ^ "Doom Metal Music Guide: 11 Doom Metal Bands". MasterClass. 1 September 2021. Unlike Sabbath, who initially viewed itself as a blues act, Pentagram is considered a founder of the doom metal genre, along with contemporaries Trouble, Saint Vitus, and Candlemass.
  4. ^ Wiederhorn, Jon (4 August 2016). "A Brief History of Post-Metal". Bandcamp. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  5. ^ Jahdi, Robin (24 June 2015). "The 40 best post-metal records ever made". Fact. Retrieved 11 November 2017. The truth is post-metal takes in all of these elements without being entirely any one of them. So we'll be featuring nothing totally proggy, like Ayreon; nor pure doom, like Electric Wizard; nor your modern black metal fellows like Leviathan, Wolves in the Throne Room, or Velvet Cacoon, though their peaks certainly coincided with post-metal
  6. ^ K. Kahn-Harris, Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge (Berg Publishers, 2007), ISBN 1-84520-399-2, p. 31.
  7. ^ Rozycki, David (24 August 2021). "Eric Wagner, Lead Singer of Doom Metal Legends Trouble, Has Died from Covid-19". Houston Press.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Piper, Jonathan (2013). Locating experiential richness in doom metal (PhD). UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations. University of California, San Diego. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d e Irwin, William (September 2012). Black Sabbath and Philosophy: Mastering Reality. John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ "Doom Metal Music Guide: 11 Doom Metal Bands". Doom metal lyrics often describe paranoia, despair, political upheaval, and depression. They sometimes touch on witchcraft and pagan themes as well.
  11. ^ Classic Rock Magazine, September 2014
  12. ^ Hart, Josh; Fanelli, Damian (11 October 2015). "The 50 Heaviest Songs Before Black Sabbath: #40-31". Guitar World. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018.
  13. ^ Wiederhorn, Jon & Turman, Katherine (2013). Louder Than Hell: The Definitive Oral History of Metal (loan required). New York: itbooks. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-06-195828-1 – via the Internet Archive.
  14. ^ "Music News, Videos, Photos, Artists, Playlists and More". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
  15. ^ "Budgie". AllMusic. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  16. ^ Ezell, Brice (18 February 2015). "The Album Remains the Same: Led Zeppelin - "No Quarter"". PopMatters. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  17. ^ "Review: Flower Travellin Band – Satori". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  18. ^ "Bang". AllMusic. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  19. ^ "U.S. '70s Proto-Metal Power Trio Bang Returns". Blabbermouth.net. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  20. ^ "Sir Lord Baltimore". AllMusic. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  21. ^ "Heavy Planet Stoner Rock Blog: Album Of The Day-Buffalo-Volcanic Rock (1973)". Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  22. ^ a b Christe (2003), pg. 345, "Beginning with the overlooked Lucifer's Friend and Necromandus in the early 1970s, doom crawled through the 1980s with Trouble, Witchfinder General, the Obsessed, Candlemass, Pentagram, and Saint Vitus, then into the 1990s with Cathedral, Sleep, and Burning Witch."
  23. ^ ^ Sleazegrinder (March 2007). "The Lost Pioneers of Heavy Metal". Classic Rock.
  24. ^ Kaufman, Spencer (March 2019). "Northwest Terror Fest 2019 lineup: Pig Destroyer, Wolfbrigade, Cirith Ungol, and more to crush Seattle". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  25. ^ Lackey Shaffer, Nancy D. (4 October 2018). "OUT WITH A BANG | Robert Garven and Jarvis Leatherby talk Frost and Fire IV before the metalfest takes its final bow". Ventura County Reporter. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  26. ^ Ludwig, Jamie (18 April 2022). "Swedish doom-metal pioneers Candlemass celebrate their epic sounds in Chicago". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  27. ^ a b c d e f DerRozzengarten. "Swallow The Sun interview (10/2005)". Metal Storm. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  28. ^ Vladimir Kozlov. "Russian doom, Finnish-style". The Moscow News. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  29. ^ DerRozzengarten. "SPIRITUS MORTIS". MusicMight. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  30. ^ a b "Spiritus Mortis interview". Fémforgács. 6 October 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  31. ^ Marsicano, Dan. "Best Finnish Heavy Metal Bands". About.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  32. ^ "The Second Ring of Power – CD&DVD edition coming in October". Peaceville Records's Official site. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  33. ^ Fensterstock, Alison. "Axe to Grind: Heavy Metal in New Orleans". BestofNewOrleans.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  34. ^ a b c d e Huey, Steve. "Eyehategod biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
  35. ^ a b c Torreano, Bradley. "Exhorder". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
  36. ^ a b York, William. "Eyehategod – In the Name of Suffering". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
  37. ^ York, William. "Eyehategod – Take as Needed for Pain". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
  38. ^ a b c d e Huey, Steve. "Crowbar". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
  39. ^ a b Prato, Greg. "Down biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
  40. ^ York, William. "Soilent Green biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
  41. ^ "Modern hardcore music scene". Metalhammer magazine No.32.
  42. ^ Mahoney, Steve (30 March 1995). "Acid Bath's not famous but it is one hot band". jsonline.com, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.
  43. ^ a b c Pamfilos, Themis (23 July 2004). "Review: V/A – Doom Capital Maryland / DC". Metal Invader. Archived from the original on 10 November 2006.
  44. ^ a b c d Henderson, Alex. "Doom Capital: Maryland DC Heavy Rock Underground". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  45. ^ a b c Tschetter, Michelle. "Pentagram". Farmageddon Records. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  46. ^ a b Brandon, Wu (November 2010). "For Northern Virginia Metal Band Salome, Not All Hope Lies in Doom". Washington City Paper. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  47. ^ a b c d e f "Hellhound Records Archives – The Obelisk". The Obelisk. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  48. ^ "New Jersey Doom Metal". Rock Show Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  49. ^ "Sludge Special - Part 2". Terrorizer. No. 188. September 2009. pp. 40–57. ISSN 1350-6978.
  50. ^ a b Levin, Hannah (10 August 2011). "The Mix: A Pacific Northwest Metal Goldmine". NPR.
  51. ^ "Crushing Cascadia: Earworthy Metal of the Pacific Northwest -". 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  52. ^ Bukszpan, Daniel (2012). The Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal. Sterling, New York. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-1402792304.
  53. ^ "Reward in Purpose, by Astrakhan".
  54. ^ a b Vanhorn, Teri. "Queens Of The Stone Age At Home In Desert". mtv.com. MTV. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  55. ^ Prato, Greg. "Normadic Pursuits – Yawning Man". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  56. ^ Steve Appleford (22 October 2014). "Queens of the Stone Age's Josh Homme Is Our Last Real Rock Star". L.A. Weekly.
  57. ^ "News: StonerRock.com and MeteorCity Part Ways". Bravewords.com. 19 May 2004. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  58. ^ Morris, Chris (15 January 1994), "Kyuss lands on its feet and keeps climbing", Billboard, p. 1
  59. ^ a b Lynskey, Dorian (25 March 2011). "Kyuss: Kings of the stoner age". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  60. ^ Fessier, Bruce (30 June 2014). "Zach Huskey offering variety show of desert sound". The Desert Sun. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
  61. ^ "Slo Burn". allmusic.com. Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  62. ^ Dome, Malcolm (16 October 2016). "10 Essential Stoner Rock Albums". Metal Hammer. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ebner, Arne (25 July 2010). Ästhetik des Doom (PDF) (Bachelor) (in German). Macromedia University of Applied Sciences for Media and Communication – Cologne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  64. ^ a b Newshound, Terrorizer. "ITALIAN BLACKENED DOOMSTERS FORGOTTEN TOMB PLAN RELEASE". Terrorizer Online. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  65. ^ Marsicano, Dan. "Ordo Obsidium – Orbis Tertius Review". About.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  66. ^ a b c d e f g Zahn, Thorsten; Schurer, Petra (1 June 2003). "Emotionen in Zeitlupe". Rolling Stone (in German). Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  67. ^ "Reviews". Archived from the original on 28 January 1999. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  68. ^ Newshound, Terrorizer. "WOODS OF YPRES RELEASE DISCUSS THE GREEN ALBUM". Terrorizer Online. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  69. ^ "DEINONYCHUS: 'You Will Get A Pure Black/Doom Metal Album'". Blabbermouth. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  70. ^ Patterson, Dayal (2013). Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult. Feral House. ISBN 978-1936239757. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  71. ^ Obstkrieg, Dan (12 January 2018). "Nortt – Endeligt Review". Last Rites. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  72. ^ "BETHLEHEM REPLACE LIFELOVER ON BILL FOR KINGS OF BLACK METAL FESTIVAL". Brave Words. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  73. ^ "Katatonia: 'Brave Murder Day'". Decibel Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  74. ^ a b c d e f g Yavuz, Mehmet Selim (September 2015). Dead is dead: Perspectives on the Meaning of Death in Depressive Suicidal Black Metal Music through Musical Representations (MMus). Royal Holloway, University of London. doi:10.17613/M67D4Z. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  75. ^ a b c Sil, Janet (2013). Ishmael, Amelia; Price, Zareen; Stephanou, Aspasia; Woodward, Ben (eds.). "Open a Vein: Suicidal Black Metal and Enlightenment". Helvete: A Journal of Black Metal Theory (1). Brooklyn: Punctum Books: 5–19. ISBN 9780615758282. ISSN 2326-683X.
  76. ^ a b c Patterson, Dayal (2013). Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult. Port Townsend: Feral House. p. 351. ISBN 9781936239757.
  77. ^ Luedtke, Christopher (2 February 2016). "Essential Black Metal Listening: XASTHUR Nocturnal Poisoning". Metal Injection. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  78. ^ a b c d e f Kelly, Kim (29 March 2017). "Morast Expertly Synthesize Black, Death, and Doom Metal on 'Ancestral Void'". Noisey Vice. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  79. ^ Mattia, A. (7 February 2017). "DON'T LOOK BELOW: HARVEST GULGALTHA – 'ALTARS OF DEVOTION' REVIEW + STREAM". Cvlt Nation. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  80. ^ Falzon, Denise (31 October 2012). "Dragged Into Sunlight 'Widowmaker' (album stream)". Exclaim!. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  81. ^ Moore, Doug (31 August 2016). "The Black Market: The Month In Metal – August 2016". Stereogum. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  82. ^ Whelan, Kez (11 June 2014). "Soulburn: Band Of The Day". Terrorizer. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  83. ^ a b "Doom Metal Special: Doom/Death", Terrorizer #142.
  84. ^ a b c d Purcell, Nathalie J. (2003). Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a Subculture. McFarland & Company. p. 23. ISBN 0-7864-1585-1.
  85. ^ "Novembers Doom Biography, Songs, & Albums". AllMusic.
  86. ^ Davis, Cody. "Funeral Doom Friday: FUNERAL MOURNING's Blackened, Deadly Inertia of Dissonance (A Sermon in Finality)". Metal Injection. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
  87. ^ Bloodaxe, Mathias (27 July 2011). "Mournful Congregation – The Unspoken Hymns". VoltageMedia. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  88. ^ Hinchcliffe, James (April 2006). "Funeral Doom / Dron Doom: Hearse Play", Terrorizer #143, pp.44–45.
  89. ^ James Minton, Kim Kelly, and Jenn Selby, "Filth Parade", Terrorizer #188, September 2009, p. 56.
  90. ^ a b c d e f John Wray, "Heady Metal", New York Times, 28 May 2006. [1] Access date: 18 August 2008.
  91. ^ Jan Tumlir, "Primal dirge", Artforum, April 2006. [2] Access date: 22 August 2008.
  92. ^ Brandon Stosuy, "Heavy Metal: It's Alive and Flourishing", Slate, 19 August 2005. [3] Access date: 22 August 2008.
  93. ^ a b c d Burke, David (2018). Political Expression in Doom Metal (MA). University of Southampton. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  94. ^ Jason Jackowiak, "Earth: Hex: Or Printing in the Infernal Method" Archived 27 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Splendid, 14 September 2005. Access date: 23 August 2008.
  95. ^ Hayes, Craig. "Witch Mountain – Cauldron Of The Wild Review". About.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  96. ^ a b Henderson, Alex. "Fear of Infinity". AllMusic. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  97. ^ Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Candlemass". AllMusic. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  98. ^ Santos, José Carlos (2012). "Epicus Doomicus Metallicus". In Terrorizer's Secret History of Doom Metal, pp. 60–62, ISSN 2041-2142
  99. ^ VIRTANEN, MIIKA (27 June 2011). "SOLSTICE ANNOUNCE NEW VOCALIST". Zero Tolerance. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  100. ^ "DOOMSWORD To Release New Album In June". Blabbermouth. 1 May 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  101. ^ a b c d Sauciuc, Gabriela; Talpalariu, Dan-Radu. "Doom-gothic metal – its perception and interpretation by fans". limbistraine.com. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  102. ^ a b c Ramirez, Carlos (12 October 2012). "THE FORESHADOWING CRAFT GOTHIC DOOM MASTERPIECES". Noise Creep. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  103. ^ "Singing In A Gothic-Doom Metal Band". Voice Council Magazine. 5 June 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  104. ^ Kelly, Kim (30 April 2018). "Grave Lines Blur the Boundary Between Doom Metal and Gothic Folk". Noisey Vice. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  105. ^ Arancio, Dennis. "In the Flowers Shade Review". Soniccathedral.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  106. ^ van der Wal, Kim. "The Silhouette Review". Lordsofmetal.nl. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  107. ^ Fox, Erin. "Interview with Anders Jacobsson of Draconian". Thegauntlet.com. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  108. ^ Pratt, Greg (15 April 2010). "Type O Negative's Peter Steele Dies at 48". Exclaim!. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  109. ^ a b "The 9 albums that inspired King Goat's progressive doom sound". Metal Hammer.
  110. ^ "Full Album Stream: Below The Sun". Decibel Magazine. 23 May 2017.
  111. ^ "Canada's purveyors of progressive doom metal issue new video". AXS.
  112. ^ "6 New Metal Albums That Set a Strong Mood". Pitchfork. 30 March 2018.
  113. ^ Blabbermouth.net Review
  114. ^ a b York, William. "Buzzov*en". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
  115. ^ York, William. "Eyehategod – Dopesick". AllMusic. Retrieved 12 September 2008.
  116. ^ York, William. "Acid Bath". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
  117. ^ Henderson, Alex. "Grief". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
  118. ^ Pearson, David (2020). "Ch3-The Dystopian Sublime of Extreme Hardcore Punk". Rebel Music in the Triumphant Empire: Punk Rock in the 1990s United States. Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0197534885.
  119. ^ Rosenberg, Axl; Krovatin, Chris (2017). Hellraisers: A Complete Visual History of Heavy Metal Mayhem. Race Point Publishing. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-63106-430-2.
  120. ^ Sharpe-Young, Garry (2005). New Wave of American Heavy Metal. Zonda. p. 137. ISBN 978-0958268400.
  121. ^ Heilman, Max (3 March 2021). "Album Review: BLACK SHEEP WALL Songs for the Enamel Queen". Metal Injection. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  122. ^ Sharpe-Young, Garry (2005). New Wave of American Heavy Metal. Zonda. p. 97. ISBN 978-0958268400.
  123. ^ Kelly, Kim (19 April 2017). "10 Stoner Metal Albums Ranked by a Metalhead Who Doesn't Smoke Weed". Noisey Vice. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  124. ^ "10 ESSENTIAL STONER-METAL ALBUMS". Revolver Magazine. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  125. ^ Ellis, Iain (2008). Rebels Wit Attitude: Subversive Rock Humorists. Soft Skull Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-59376-206-3.[permanent dead link]
  126. ^ "Stoner age: Priestess marries metal and melody". Buffalo News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
  127. ^ Sharpe-Young, Garry. "MusicMight – Kyuss biography". MusicMight. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2007. [Kyuss] almost single handed invented the phrase 'Stoner Rock'. They achieved this by tuning way down and summoning up a subterranean, organic sound...
  128. ^ "Stoner Metal". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 May 2009. Stoner metal could be campy and self-aware, messily evocative, or unabashedly retro.
  129. ^ Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Kyuss biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 10 December 2007. ...they are widely acknowledged as pioneers of the booming stoner rock scene of the 1990s...
  130. ^ Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Sleep biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
  131. ^ a b Terich, Jeff; Blyweiss, Adam (20 April 2017). "10 Essential Stoner Rock Albums". Treblezine. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  132. ^ Dare, Tom (18 April 2015). "Lori from Acid King on Desertfest, doom and David Bowie". Metal Hammer. Retrieved 2 February 2017. Stoner metal pioneers Acid King emerged when the subgenre didn't really exist yet.
  133. ^ Kelly, Kim (20 April 2017). "10 Stoner Metal Albums Ranked by a Metalhead Who Doesn't Smoke Weed". Vice. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  134. ^ a b Distefano, Alex (2 April 2014). "The Top 10 Stoner Metal Bands". OC Weekly. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  135. ^ Anderson, Jason. "Sons of Otis Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  136. ^ a b c d Mettler, Mike (28 March 2014). "A Desert Soundtrack". palmspringslife.com. Palm Springs Life. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  137. ^ a b Linn, Robin; Lalli, Mario (19 July 2013). "The strange births of Desert Rock". The Sun Runner, Journal of the Real Desert. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  138. ^ Voutiriadou, Maria. "Crowned In Earth". Metal Temple. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  139. ^ Nixon, Josh (4 November 2019). "Orodruin – Ruins of Eternity". BMA Magazine. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  140. ^ "ORODRUIN To Release Debut". Blabbermouth.net. 10 January 2003. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  141. ^ "Reverend Bizarre". Decibel Magazine. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Doom metal.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doom_metal&oldid=1255805561#Gothic-doom"