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Wayne County, Michigan

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Wayne County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of 2020, the United States census placed its population at 1,793,561, making it the 19th-most populous county in the United States.[4] The county seat is Detroit.[5] The county was founded in 1796 and organized in 1815.[1] Wayne County is included in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is one of several U.S. counties named after Revolutionary War-era general Anthony Wayne.

Wayne County
Charter County
Charter County of Wayne
Clockwise: Downtown Detroit, Ford World Headquarters, James Scott Memorial Fountain, Gateway Bridge, the Uniroyal Giant Tire and the Detroit Metropolitan Airport
Flag of Wayne County
Flag
Official seal of Wayne County
Seal
Official logo of Wayne County
Wordmark
Location in Michigan
Location in Michigan
Municipalities in Wayne County
Municipalities in Wayne County
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
RegionMetro Detroit
Incorporated1796 (created)
1815 (organized)[1][2]
Named forAnthony Wayne
County seat and Largest cityDetroit
Government
 • ExecutiveWarren Evans
Area
 • Total
673 sq mi (1,740 km2)
 • Land612 sq mi (1,590 km2)
 • Water61 sq mi (160 km2)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
1,793,561
 • Estimate 
(2023)
1,751,169
 • Density2,700/sq mi (1,000/km2)
DemonymDetroiter
GDP
[3]
 • Total$112.857 billion (2022)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern Time Zone)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (Eastern Daylight Time)
Area codes313, 734, 248
Websitewww.waynecounty.com

History

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Further information: History of Detroit
 
Original Wayne County of the Northwest Territory
 
Wayne County in 1955

Wayne County was the sixth county in the Northwest Territory, formed August 15, 1796, from portions of territorial Hamilton County, territorial Knox County and unorganized territory. It was named for the U.S. general "Mad Anthony" Wayne. It originally encompassed the entire area of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, most of the Upper Peninsula, as well as smaller sections that are now part of northern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. By proclamation of the Territorial Secretary and Acting Governor, Winthrop Sargent, on August 15, 1796, the boundaries of Wayne County were declared to begin at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River then west to Fort Wayne, then to the southernmost point of Lake Michigan and along the western shore north to the territorial boundary in Lake Superior and then along the territorial boundary through Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Erie back to the starting point.[6] The first division of the county into townships occurred November 1, 1798, into the four townships of Detroit, Hamtramck, Mackinaw, and Sargent. The extent of Wayne county at that time included all the present state of Michigan in addition to parts of Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin, so that the townships erected at that time were vastly larger than the corresponding divisions of the present time.[7]

 
The historic Guardian Building in Detroit is the Wayne County headquarters.

On January 14, 1803, the Governor of Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, issued a similar proclamation defining the boundaries as beginning at a point where an east and west line passing through the southernmost extreme of Lake Michigan would intersect a north and south line, passing through the westernmost extreme of the lake, then north to the territorial boundary, then along said boundary line to a point where an east and west line passing through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan would intersect the same, then along this last mentioned line to the place of beginning. This boundary would include Chicago, Illinois, and a sizable strip of Wisconsin along Lake Michigan.[8]

These boundaries would be adjusted as Indiana and Illinois became states and as other counties were formed within Michigan Territory.

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 673 square miles (1,740 km2), of which 612 square miles (1,590 km2) is land and 61 square miles (160 km2) (9.0%) is water.[9] Its water area includes parts of the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair.

Wayne County borders on Oakland County and Macomb County to the north, Washtenaw County to the west, Essex County, Ontario, Canada to the east, and Monroe County to the south.

The eastern (and sometimes southern) boundary is a water boundary in the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair with Essex County, Ontario. Automotive traffic crosses this boundary at the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel and the Ambassador Bridge. Due to the southwestern course of the river, this small portion of Canada actually lies to the south of Wayne County. The southern communities of the county are usually referred to as Downriver, in reference to their location downstream of downtown Detroit.

Grosse Ile is the largest island in the county and is connected to the mainland by the Wayne County Bridge and the Grosse Ile Toll Bridge. The highest elevation (990 feet (300 m)) in the county is near Northville, in Maybury State Park.

Adjacent counties

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National protected area

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Transportation

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Wayne County Department of Public Services

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The Wayne County Department of Public Services was formed in 1906 as the Wayne County Road Commission. It was the government agency in Wayne County, Michigan responsible for building and maintaining the county's roads and highways.[10]

Its first commissioners were Edward N. Hines, Cassius R. Benton, and automobile manufacturer Henry Ford. While the commission was authorized by an 80% positive vote of county voters in a 1906 referendum, it was controversial and there was a Michigan state supreme court case pressed which found it unconstitutional. Commissioners Benton and Ford quit, but commissioner Hines persisted and led the commission through reorganization getting around the obstacles.[11]: 33  Hines was a commissioner continuously from 1906 to 1938. Hines is credited with the idea of putting a painted line down a roadway's center to divide traffic, and other innovations that were later widely adopted.[12]

The commission claims credit for constructing the country's first mile of concrete-paved rural highway, a section of Woodward Avenue just outside the Detroit city limits.[11]

A number of the county road commissions' works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[11][13]

The county road commission was merged into the general county government,[11]: 42  becoming the Roads Division of the Department of Public Services.[14]

Transit

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Major highways

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  •   I-75 through the Downriver communities, then through the southwest-side neighborhoods of Detroit and serves as the northern border of Downtown Detroit as the Fisher Freeway. It then turns away from the Fisher onto the Chrysler Freeway at a complex interchange with I-375 and an unnumbered extension which connects with M-3, then follows M-1, which is less than a mile away through the remainder of Detroit, connecting eastern Wayne County to Toledo and Flint to the south and north respectively. It runs non-stop to the Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge to the north and to Florida to the south.
  •   I-94 runs east–west through the central parts of Wayne County, connecting it to Port Huron eastbound and Chicago westbound. To the west it provides an uninterrupted route as far as Montana and connects to the northern side of the Detroit Metro Airport. In Detroit it is known as the Edsel Ford Freeway.
  •   I-96 has its eastern terminus in the county, in Detroit. It follows Grand River Avenue until the city's northwest side, there it turns due west to I-275, where it turns north to concurrent with I-275. West of Detroit to I-275 it is known as the Jeffries Freeway; in Detroit it is the Rosa Parks Memorial Highway, but it is sometimes still known as the Jeffries.
  •   I-275, most of whose mileage is in Wayne County, serves the southern side of the Detroit Metro Airport.
  •   I-375 is the nation's shortest Interstate Highway to be signed. However some highways are shorter but are not signed at all. It serves as the eastern boundary of Downtown Detroit and is a southern extension of the Chrysler Freeway. There are currently plans in the works to turn I-375 into a 6-lane boulevard.[15] Construction will start in 2025 and is expected to finish by 2028.[16]
  •   US 12 has its eastern terminus in Downtown Detroit at Cass Avenue. From there it travels through the west side of Detroit and through Dearborn and other points west and is a useful alternative to I-94. US 12 continues west through Michigan, passing through several US cities including Chicago and Minneapolis, eventually ending in the Pacific Northwest in Aberdeen, Washington. Locally it is known as Michigan Avenue.
  •   US 24 traverses through Downriver and the far west sides of Dearborn and Detroit and is a useful alternative to I-75. Locally it is known as Telegraph Road.
  •   US 10 entered the county by two ways. Initially it was via Woodward Avenue but when the Lodge Freeway was completed U.S. Route 10 was relocated onto it; the Woodward route became M-1. Later the existing highway was truncated in Bay City and M-10 replaced it on the Lodge.
  •   US 16 entered Wayne County on Grand River Avenue and ended in Downtown Detroit.
  •   US 25 was the designated name for Dix-Toledo Highway in Downriver and Fort Street and Gratiot Avenue in Detroit. The construction of I-75 resulted in the truncation of U.S. Route 25 to Cincinnati.
  •   US 112 followed Michigan Avenue out of Downtown Detroit and out of Wayne County. Is now a routing of U.S. Route 12.
  •   M-1 has its southern terminus in Downtown Detroit at Adams Street. It travels through Midtown Detroit and New Center and through Highland Park. It serves as an alternative to I-75 and M-10. Locally known as Woodward Avenue. M-1 was a result of US-10 being redesignated to the Lodge Freeway.
  •   M-3 has its southern terminus in Downtown Detroit at Randolph and Jefferson Avenue. It proceeds northeasterly through Detroit's northeast side and beyond towards Mount Clemens and points further north. Locally known as Gratiot Avenue. M-3 was the result of the removal of US-25 from Michigan.
  •   M-5 begins at the northern intersection with I-96 on Detroit's northwest side and follows Grand River Avenue out of the county.
  •   M-8 runs from I-96 to Conant Street in Detroit, passing through Highland Park. The freeway portion is known as the Davison Freeway.
  •   M-10 starts at the same intersection where M-3 starts in Downtown Detroit and travels further into the city on the Lodge Freeway and connects it to Southfield.
  •   M-14 starts at the interchange with I-96 and I-275 in Livonia and travels out into rural areas, serving Plymouth and Ann Arbor.
  •   M-39 starts in Lincoln Park's city center and runs along Southfield Road to Allen Park and becomes the Southfield Freeway, traveling through the west side of Detroit.
  •   M-53 begins at M-3 in Detroit, running through the city and connecting it to the Thumb area of the state. Locally known as Van Dyke Avenue.
  •   M-85, which is entirely in Wayne County, starts at Griswold Street in Downtown Detroit and connects the city's southwest side to Downriver, ending near Flat Rock at I-75, for whom which M-85 serves as an alternative. Locally known as West Fort and South Fort, divided at the River Rouge.
  •   M-97 only runs a short distance through Detroit's northeast side, starting at M-3. In the city it follows Gunston Street and Hoover Street.
  •   M-102 follows the county line between M-5 and I-94. Locally known as West 8 Mile and East 8 Mile, divided at John R. Street.
  •   M-153 starts at Wyoming Street on the Detroit-Dearborn limit and continues through the western suburbs as Ford Road.
  •   M-16 became part of US 16, which is also removed from Michigan.
  •   M-17 once followed Ecorse Road into Lincoln Park, then ran concurrently with U.S. Route 25 to Downtown Detroit.
  •   M-56 connected US 24 in Monroe to Flat Rock; it once connected to US 112 in Canton along Huron River Drive and Belleville Road.
  •   M-112 entered Wayne County during World War II, and the years following, on an expressway, providing access to the Willow Run Airport in Van Buren Township and turned onto present-day Interstate 94 in Romulus Township. In Taylor Township it had interchanges with both M-17 and US 24, then ended at US 112 in Dearborn.
  •   Dixie Highway ran through Wayne County as early as 1915. Back then it was one of the only routes that connected the county to the Southern United States. Today there are no traces of the old highway in the county.

Airports

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Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18102,227—
18203,57460.5%
18306,78189.7%
184024,173256.5%
185042,75676.9%
186075,54776.7%
1870119,06857.6%
1880168,44441.5%
1890257,11452.6%
1900348,79335.7%
1910531,59152.4%
19201,177,645121.5%
19301,888,94660.4%
19402,015,6236.7%
19502,435,23520.8%
19602,666,2979.5%
19702,666,7510.0%
19802,337,843−12.3%
19902,111,687−9.7%
20002,061,162−2.4%
20101,820,584−11.7%
20201,793,561−1.5%
2023 (est.)1,751,169[17]−2.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[18]
1790–1960[19] 1900–1990[20]
1990–2000[21] 2010–2019[4] 2020 census[22]

2020 census

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Wayne County, Michigan - Demographic Profile
(NH = Non-Hispanic)
Race / Ethnicity Pop 2010[23] Pop 2020[24] % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 902,180 857,132 49.55% 47.79%
Black or African American alone (NH) 732,801 669,277 40.25% 37.32%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 5,635 4,265 0.31% 0.24%
Asian alone (NH) 45,590 64,604 2.50% 3.60%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 304 322 0.02% 0.02%
Some Other Race alone (NH) 2,387 7,974 0.13% 0.44%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) 36,427 72,338 2.00% 4.03%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 95,260 117,649 5.23% 6.56%
Total 1,820,584 1,793,561 100.00% 100.00%

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

 
Ethnic origins in Wayne County

2010 Census

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The 2010 United States Census[25] indicates Wayne County had a 2010 population of 1,820,584. This is a decrease of 240,578 people from the 2000 United States Census. Overall, the county had an -11.7% growth rate during this ten-year period. In 2010 there were 702,749 households and 450,651 families in the county. The population density was 2,974.4 per square mile (1,148.4 per square kilometer). There were 821,693 housing units at an average density of 1,342.5 per square mile (518.3 per square kilometer). 52.3% were White, 40.5% Black or African American, 2.5% Asian, 0.4% Native American, 0.8% of some other race and 2.4% of two or more races. 5.2% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). 7.5% were of German, 6.8% Polish and 5.2% Irish ancestry.[26]

There were 702,749 households, out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.4% were husband and wife families, 20.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 35.9% were non-families, and 30.7% were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.22.

In the county, 25.4% of the population was under the age of 18, 9.7% was from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males.

The 2010 American Community Survey 1-year estimate[25] indicates the median income for a household in the county was $39,408 and the median income for a family was $49,176. Males had a median income of $26,823 versus $17,744 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,948. About 18.6% of families and 23.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.8% of those under the age 18 and 11.7% of that age 65 or over.

Religion

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According to 2010 statistics, the largest religious group in Wayne County was the Archdiocese of Detroit, with 297,283 Catholics worshipping at 149 parishes, followed by 92,394 non-denominational adherents with 144 congregations, 76,422 NBC Baptists with 110 congregations, an estimated 67,775 Muslims with 38 congregations, 28,021 ABCUSA Baptists with 32 congregations, 22,687 Missouri Synod Lutherans with 52 congregations, 16,043 CoGiC Pentecostals with 66 congregations, 14,689 UMC Methodists with 53 congregations, 14,107 PC-USA Presbyterians with 36 congregations, and 13,199 AME Methodists with 29 congregations. Altogether, 43.3% of the population was claimed as members by religious congregations, although members of historically African-American denominations were underrepresented due to incomplete information.[27] In 2014, Wayne County had 780 religious organizations, the 12th most among all US counties.[28]

Government

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Wayne County Building

Wayne County is Michigan's first "charter county", with a home rule charter setting up its structures within limits set in state law and constitution. Most Michigan county governments are structured according to state law, without a locally adopted charter. The county is governed pursuant to the Home Rule Charter of Wayne County, Michigan, and the Wayne County Code is the codification of Wayne County's local ordinances. Unless a violation of the code or other ordinance is specifically designated as a municipal civil infraction (or unless expressly otherwise required by applicable state or federal laws), the violation is a misdemeanor.[29]

The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records for all areas except Detroit, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services. Most other local government functions – police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. – are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.

Elected officials

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(information as of February 2021)

Department of Public Services

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Formerly the Wayne County Road Commission, the Department of Public Services is the government agency in Wayne County responsible for building and maintaining the county's roads and highways. A number of the former agency's works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[11][13]

Corrections

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The Wayne County Jail Division operates The Andrew C. Baird Detention Facility in Downtown Detroit, The Old Wayne County Jail in Downtown Detroit, and The William Dickerson Detention Facility in Hamtramck.[30]

Politics

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Wayne County has backed the Democratic candidate for president in every election from 1932 onward, at times by large margins. From 1896 to 1928, it had always voted Republican for president, or at least more Republican than Democratic. Its large population has helped swing the election to Democrats in many statewide elections since then, with candidates running up large margins here offsetting Republican majorities in most rural counties of Michigan. In fact, between 1944 and 2012, the county had the largest margin of victory for the Democratic candidate in Michigan in every presidential election except for 1976 and 1984, both times coming in second place to Gogebic County in the Upper Peninsula by less than 1.5%.

More recently, however, the margin of victory for the Democrats has started to shrink. Beginning in 2016, neighboring Washtenaw County, home of the University of Michigan, has surpassed Wayne County as the most Democratic county in Michigan; and in 2024, Ingham County, home of Michigan State University, also voted more Democratic than Wayne County. In 2020, Donald Trump became the first Republican since 1988 to crack 30% of the vote in the county. The 2024 election saw an even bigger shift, with Trump taking more than one-third of the county's vote, and Kamala Harris turning in the worst performance for a Democrat in Wayne County in 36 years, winning by less than 30% for the first time since 1988.

The last Republican candidate to carry Wayne County in a statewide election was Candice Miller when she won re-election to the Secretary of State office in 1998.

Federal representation

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Wayne County is split between three congressional districts:

United States presidential election results for Wayne County, Michigan[31]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 288,860 33.61% 537,032 62.49% 33,434 3.89%
2020 264,553 30.27% 597,170 68.32% 12,295 1.41%
2016 228,993 29.26% 519,444 66.36% 34,282 4.38%
2012 213,814 26.13% 595,846 72.83% 8,476 1.04%
2008 219,582 24.62% 660,085 74.02% 12,064 1.35%
2004 257,750 29.81% 600,047 69.39% 6,931 0.80%
2000 223,021 29.02% 530,414 69.01% 15,192 1.98%
1996 175,886 24.04% 504,466 68.95% 51,245 7.00%
1992 227,002 26.96% 508,464 60.39% 106,499 12.65%
1988 291,996 39.03% 450,222 60.18% 5,938 0.79%
1984 367,391 42.31% 496,632 57.19% 4,320 0.50%
1980 315,532 35.42% 522,024 58.60% 53,288 5.98%
1976 348,588 38.18% 548,767 60.11% 15,635 1.71%
1972 435,877 45.08% 514,913 53.26% 16,087 1.66%
1968 270,566 26.16% 654,157 63.25% 109,537 10.59%
1964 260,901 23.83% 831,674 75.97% 2,149 0.20%
1960 394,485 33.66% 773,327 65.99% 4,097 0.35%
1956 481,783 41.96% 664,618 57.88% 1,844 0.16%
1952 456,371 42.12% 622,236 57.43% 4,774 0.44%
1948 321,773 38.03% 489,654 57.87% 34,679 4.10%
1944 316,270 36.14% 554,670 63.38% 4,153 0.47%
1940 275,974 37.67% 451,003 61.56% 5,592 0.76%
1936 190,732 30.46% 404,055 64.53% 31,333 5.00%
1932 212,678 39.12% 310,686 57.15% 20,237 3.72%
1928 265,852 62.30% 157,047 36.80% 3,819 0.89%
1924 268,653 80.11% 23,817 7.10% 42,866 12.78%
1920 220,482 74.75% 51,773 17.55% 22,688 7.69%
1916 70,056 51.82% 60,935 45.08% 4,193 3.10%
1912 26,599 30.08% 22,678 25.65% 39,144 44.27%
1908 49,580 63.69% 24,128 31.00% 4,132 5.31%
1904 48,393 69.38% 19,548 28.03% 1,809 2.59%
1900 36,671 55.26% 28,337 42.70% 1,348 2.03%
1896 36,400 56.73% 26,231 40.89% 1,527 2.38%
1892 26,361 47.87% 27,508 49.95% 1,197 2.17%
1888 21,326 44.23% 25,986 53.90% 900 1.87%
1884 17,315 44.46% 20,930 53.74% 703 1.80%

Communities

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U.S. Census data map showing local municipal boundaries within Wayne County. Shaded areas represent incorporated cities.

Cities

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Charter townships

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Civil townships

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Unincorporated communities

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Education

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School districts:[32]

Former school districts:

Tertiary institutions:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Bibliography on Wayne County". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  2. ^ "Wayne County, Michigan History Magazine". Archived from the original on May 13, 2006.
  3. ^ "Gross Domestic Product: All Industries in Wayne County, MI". fred.stlouisfed.org.
  4. ^ a b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  5. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  6. ^ "Proclamation by Winthrop Sargent". Collections of the Pioneer Society of the State of Michigan together with Reports of County Pioneer Societies, Vol VIII (second ed.). Lansing, Mich.: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford. 1907 [1886]. pp. 496–497. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2006.
  7. ^ Fuller, George Newman (1924). Historic Michigan, land of the Great Lakes; its life, resources, industries, people, politics, government, wars, institutions, achievements, the press, schools and churches, legendary and prehistoric lore. Dayton Ohio United: National Historical Association, Inc. p. 101.
  8. ^ "Proclamation by Governor Harrison". Collections of the Pioneer Society of the State of Michigan together with Reports of County Pioneer Societies, Vol VIII (second ed.). Lansing, Mich.: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford. 1907 [1886]. pp. 540–542. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2006.
  9. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  10. ^ Staff. "Department of Public Services". Wayne County Department of Public Services. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012.
  11. ^ a b c d e Roise, Charlene K.; Fraser, Clayton B. (August 1998). "National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation: Historic Highway Bridges of Michigan, 1875-1948 / Wayne County: An Exemplary Road Commission, 1906-1948". National Park Service.
  12. ^ "Painting lane lines on roadways was a Michigan man's idea". mlive. December 28, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  13. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  14. ^ Roads Division. "History of the Wayne County Road Commission". Wayne County Department of Public Services. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  15. ^ "I-375 replacement project in Detroit moves closer to reality, gets OK from feds". Detroit Free Press.
  16. ^ "Detroiters react to I-375 being converted into a boulevard". WXYZ 7 Action News Detroit. September 15, 2022.
  17. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
  18. ^ "Census of Population and Housing from 1790". US Census Bureau. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  19. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  20. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  21. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  22. ^ https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/waynecountymichigan,US/PST120219 [dead link‍]
  23. ^ "P2 Hispanic or Latino, And Not Hispanic or Latino by Race - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Wayne County, Michigan". United States Census Bureau.
  24. ^ "P2 Hispanic or Latino, And Not Hispanic or Latino by Race - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Wayne County, Michigan". United States Census Bureau.
  25. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  26. ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "U.S. Census website". census.gov. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
  27. ^ "County Membership Report Wayne County (Michigan)". The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  28. ^ "Social Capital Variables Spreadsheet for 2014". PennState College of Agricultural Sciences, Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development. December 8, 2017. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
  29. ^ Wayne County Code § 1-25
  30. ^ "Jail Division Archived 2012-10-29 at the Wayback Machine." Wayne County. Retrieved on November 5, 2012. "570 Clinton Street, Detroit, MI 48226" and "525 Clinton Street, Detroit, MI 48226" and "3501 Hamtramck Dr, Hamtramck, MI 48212"
  31. ^ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
  32. ^ "2020 Census – School District Reference Map: Wayne County, MI" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022. - Text list
  33. ^ "School District Reference Map (2010 Census): Wayne County, MI" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2022. - Pages 1 and 2 - Text list

Further reading

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42°17′N 83°16′W / 42.28°N 83.26°W / 42.28; -83.26

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