John Ratcliffe (born John Sicklemore; 1549 – December 1609) was an early Jamestown colonist, governor, and sea captain. Ratcliffe became the second president of the colony of Jamestown. He was slain by the Pamunkey Native Americans in the winter 1609–1610.
Captain John Ratcliffe | |
|---|---|
_(14589986637).jpg) Depiction of Ratcliffe (left) and John Smith | |
| Born | John Sicklemore 1549 Lancashire, England |
| Died | c. 1609 Virginia Colony |
| Cause of death | Torture by Native Americans |
| Other names | John Radcliff |
| Occupation | Adventurer |
| Spouse | Dorothy Ratcliffe |
Biography
editJohn Sicklemore was born in Lancashire. In early life, he changed his name to Ratcliffe as an alias.[1] He served as a seaman before going to Virginia, and he may be the Captain Ratcliffe taken prisoner with Sir Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland and Captain Piggot, at Mülheim, in 1605.
Virginia colony
editRatcliffe commanded Discovery and became a councillor of the Jamestown Colony. Discovery was the smallest of all three ships; it had a crew of only 21 men. He became president of the colony upon the deposition of Edward Maria Wingfield on 10 September 1607. Ratcliffe fell out of favour with many colonists after enlisting men to build a governor's house. Many colonists also disagreed with how he handled trade with the natives and how he performed during the food shortages during the summer of 1608. Ratcliffe was removed in July 1608 and succeeded by Matthew Scrivener. During the administration of George Percy, Ratcliffe was sent in October 1609 to build a fort at Old Point Comfort, which was named "Algenourne Fort" after one of Percy's ancestors.[2] Ratcliffe had been sick in the first summer of Jamestown, and never recovered to the change of climate.[1]
Ratcliffe worked with explorer John Smith to remove Edward Wingfield from the presidency because he was hiding food for himself that the colony needed. Ratcliffe was elected president and asked Smith to organise work details and expeditions to trade with Native Americans. By January 1608, only 38 colonists were alive, and Ratcliffe and the Council planned to return to England on Discovery. Ratcliffe's overgenerous trading provoked Smith to complain that they would soon run out of items to trade. Ratcliffe left office (either by resignation or deposition) in July 1608, two months before the end of his term. The colonists were also enraged that as they were sick and dying, Ratcliffe ordered they build a capitol in the woods. The colonists dubbed the project "Ratcliffe's Palace." Ratcliffe accompanied Christopher Newport when he sailed from Virginia in 1608. In May 1609, he commanded Diamond, one of the ships in the Third Supply fleet of Sir Thomas Gates.[2]
Death
editDuring The Starving Time in December 1609 (or early 1610), Ratcliffe and 25 fellow colonists were invited to a gathering with a group of Powhatan Indians.[1] They had been promised they would receive corn by way of trade, but it was a trap; the Powhatans ambushed and killed them, and Ratcliffe was taken to the village to suffer a particularly gruesome fate. He was tied to a stake in front of a fire and flayed by women of the tribe with mussel shells, with pieces of his skin tossed into the flames as he watched.[3] The account of his death was relayed by the surviving Captain William Phettiplace, and recorded by George Percy. As a consequence of the man's misfortune, he was given the nickname Luckless Captain Ratcliffe.[citation needed]
Butt haveinge noe expectacyon of Reliefe to Come in so shorte a Tyme I sentt Capteyne Ratliefe to Powhatan to p[ro]cure victewalls and corne by the way of comerce and trade the w[hi]ch the Subtell owlde foxe att firste made good semblanse of althoughe his intente was otherwayes onely wayteinge a fitteinge tyme for their destruction as after plainely appered. The w[hi]ch was p[ar]tly ocasyoned by Capt[eyn]e Ratliefes Creduletie for Haveinge Powhatans sonne and dowghter aboard his pinesse freely suffred them to dep[ar]te ageine on shoare, whome if he had deteyned mighte have bene a Sufficyentt pledge for his saffety. And after, nott kepeinge a p[ro]per and fitteinge Courte of guarde, butt Suffreinge his men by towe and thre and small numbers in a Company to straggle into the Salvages howses when the slye owlde kinge espyed a fitteinge Tyme Cutt them all of, onely Surprysed Capt[eyn]e Ratliefe alyve who he caused to be bownd unto a tree naked w[i]th a fyer before, and by woemen his fleshe was skraped from his bones w[i]th Mussell shelles and before his face throwne into the fyer. And so for wantt of Circumspection miserably p[er]ished.
— George Percy, A Trewe Relacyon
In popular culture
editRatcliffe is the main antagonist of Disney's Pocahontas (1995), portrayed as a greedy and ruthlessly ambitious man who believes that the Powhatan tribe is very barbaric and has hidden gold near the outskirts of Virginia. He wants to battle the Native Americans for it, despite the fact that there was never any gold in Virginia. Here, he was voiced by David Ogden Stiers, who gave him a Mid-Atlantic accent. In this adaptation, he is accompanied by his pug Percy (this name is derived from the English colonist George Percy) and by his servant Wiggins (also voiced by Stiers). He also appeared in the direct-to-video sequel Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (1998), where he plans to dupe King James I into allowing him to send a large navy armada to perpetrate a genocide against the Powhatans by attempting to sabotage the diplomatic meetings between Pocahontas and the king. He is finally arrested and exposed for his crimes of incompetence and treachery and is imprisoned by King James.
Notes
edit- ^ a b c Carlyle, E.I. (1897). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 52. pp. 192–193.
- ^ a b Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, ed. (1915). Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography, Vol. I, pp. 33–34. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co.
- ^ Smith, John (2007). Writings. Internet Archive. New York : Library of America : Distributed to the trade in the U.S. by Penguin Putnam. pp. 1098–1099. ISBN 978-1-59853-001-8.
References
edit- Jamestown – Historyisfun.org
- Beaufort County Court House, Washington, NC, Public Records, Log of Transactions
- Raymond F. Dolle, "Captain John Smith's Satire of Sir Walter Raleigh"
- David Morenus, "The Real Pocahontas"
- "Virginia Records Timeline: 1553–1743", United States Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Papers
- Price, David A., Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation (New York: Knopf, 2003)
- Property Records from Beaufort County Courthouse, North Carolina
- The Jamestown Adventure: Accounts of the Virginia Colony, 1605–1614 (Real Voices, Real History) by Ed Southern (Editor) (Winston-Salem NC: Blair, 2004)
- George Percy, "A Trewe Relacyon of the procedeings and ocurrentes of Momente which have hapned in Virginia"