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Govigama

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Govigama (also known as Goyigama, Govikula, Govi Vansa or Goyi Vansa)[1] is a Sinhalese caste found in Sri Lanka. They form approximately half of the Sinhalese population and are traditionally involved in agriculture.[2] The term Govigama became popular during the last period of the Sinhalese Kingdom of Kandy. Its members have dominated and influenced national politics and Sinhalese Buddhism (particularly the Siam Nikaya sect).[3]

Geographically Govigama is highly concentrated into Upcountry including Kandy, Colombo and some other interior areas of low country. These Govi and the Bathgama have traditionally been responsible for cultivation in accordance with the traditional tenure system of land-holding known as Rājākariya, where the king granted land in exchange for services rendered.[4] The Govigama caste has several endogamous subdivisions which include the Radalas (Kandyan aristocracy), Rate atto (husbandmen), Patti (shepherds), Katupulle (messengers or clerks), Nilamakkara (temple servants), Porovakara (wood cutters), Vahal (Radala servants) and Gattara (Govigama outcaste).[5][6][7][8]

Etymology

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The caste name is occupational derived. Govigama is derived from the Sinhala word Goyigama meaning farm-land, in reference to their traditional occupation as farmers and land owners.[9][10] Early Sinhalese texts such as the 13th century Pujavaliya mention a caste system of the Sinhalese society; the Raja (rulers), Bamunu (Brahmins), Velanda (traders) and the Govi (Farmers).[11][12] being the forward castes.[13]

The appellation Govi is probably derived from the Prakritic Gahapati which literally means 'householder'.[14] We find in the 13th century Saddharma-Ratnāvaliya of Dharmasena, the Pali term gahapati being rendered as Govi gahapatika or Govi kulehi upan tänättō.[15] Gahapati occurs in ancient Pali literature as the third ranking caste after the Khattiya and Brāhmaṇa and appears to have been synonymous with the Vessakula i.e. Vaiśya.[16][17]

When it comes to the present day, it appears that the Govigama caste has transformed into a compound caste made out of all castes mentioned in Saddharma-Ratnāvaliya (raja, bamunu, velanda and govi) consisting of four sub-castes, Radalavaru (Governing elite), Mudaliperuwa (Knighted elite), Rate aththo (officers of state), and Goviyo( farmers).[18][19][20]

 
An 18th-century illustration of a Hondrew (goyigama) officer of the kandyan king supervising a man extoring a fine, from An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon by Robert Knox (1641–1720)[20][21]

History

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Ancient period

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Ancient texts such as the Pujavaliya, Sadharmaratnavaliya and Yogaratnakaraya list the four major classes as Raja, Bamunu, Velanda, and Govi.[11][12]

Kandyan period

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For the past 1,700 years the only undisputed symbol of Sri Lankan royalty and leadership has been the sacred Tooth Relic of Gautama Buddha. Whosoever possessed this was acknowledged as the rightful ruler of Lanka, and thus the Tooth Relic was a possession exclusive to the ruling dynasty of Sri Lanka. Upon each change of capital, a new palace was built to enshrine the Relic. Finally, in 1595 it was brought to Kandy where it is at present, in the Temple of the Tooth. However, even in the land-locked Kandyan kingdom 'Unambuwe' a son of a concubine of some considerable background was deemed not of 'royalty', hence a Telugu of royalty was imported from Madurai. This last Kandyan royal dynasty (four kings) of Nayake origin was from the Balija caste[22][23] Even King Senarat Adahasin's regent, Antonio Baretto Kuruvita Rala, Prince of Ouva, was not from the Govi cast.[24]

The oldest Buddhist sect in Sri Lanka, the Siam Nikaya (established on 19 July 1753) are the custodians of the Tooth Relic, since its establishment during the Kandyan Kingdom. The Siam Nikaya uses caste-based divisions, and as of 1764 grants higher ordination only to the Govigama caste, excluding other castes from its numbers,[25] Sitinamaluwe Dhammajoti (Durawa) was the last non-Govigama monk to receive upasampada. This conspiracy festered within the Siam Nikaya itself and Moratota Dhammakkandha, Mahanayaka of Kandy, with the help of the last two Kandyan Telugu Kings victimised the low-country Mahanayaka Karatota Dhammaranma by confiscating the Sri Pada shrine and the retinue villages from the low country fraternity and appointing a rival Mahanayaka[26]

Current political power

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Non–Govigama representation in Parliament has steadily declined since independence and representation of non-Govigama castes are well below their population percentages. Caste representation in the Cabinet has always been limited to a few very visible, but unconcerned and disconnected members from other castes.[27]

Customs

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Occupation

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The Govigama are a landowning caste.[28][29] The Sinhalese caste system was based on the service to the king or 'raja kariya',[28] and land ownership. The Govigama people had the right to cultivate and use the lands of the Sinhalese Kingdom at the behest of Sinhalese King. Their contribution to rice production, leadership in Buddhism and service in royal service gave Govigama people the foremost role in the ancient agrarian society in Sri Lanka. Kings are said to have participated in harvesting festivals held end of each Yala (dry) and Maha (wet) season.[30]

In the present era, it has been a norm that the head of the country should be a Govigama caste member, though President Premadasa was not. Colonial occupiers, including the Portuguese, Dutch and British, tried to change Govigama dominance by giving prominence to other castes by granting government posts and education under them. However they were unable to change the caste hierarchy in traditional Sinhalese society. The Dutch and the British introduced the ideas of Republicanism.

Names

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An important characteristic in the Sinhalese caste system is that the family name or the surname details the ancestry. The original name was given based on where one lived. Later, honorary terms, granted by the king based on a person's service to the kingdom, were added to the original name. This continued for generations and resulted in very long names. In General, Disawe, Mudiyanse, Adikari, Mahalekam, Appuhamy, Imiya raala, Nawaratne, Jayathilaka, Gunathilaka, Jayawardana, Wijayawardhana, Wijeyasundara, Udugampola, Gunawardhana, Siriwardhana, Abeywardhana, Abeysiriwardhana, Abeygunawardhana, Dharmawardhana, Bandaranayake, Dissanayake, Ekanayake, Gajanayaka, Kulatunga, Liyanage, Madawala, Rathnasinghe, Ranasinghe, Wijesinghe, Dunuwille, Dunusinghe, Wickramasinghe, Rajapaksha, Molamure, Meedeniya, Kiriella, Herath, Yapa, Unambuwe, Rekawa, Widanapathirana, Balasooriya, Iddamalgoda, Ganegoda, Halangoda, Kodagoda, Kobbakaduwa, Arachchi, Vidhane are considered to be names taken up by Govigama people, and these names were extended according to the ranking in the service of the kingdom. Further variations exist due to changes during the colonial period. Historic literature and inscriptional evidence from the feudal period show that this hierarchy prevailed throughout the feudal period until the collapse of Sri Lankan kingdoms and social structure under the onslaught of European colonialism. However, even in the present day, Sinhalese people look at surnames and ancestry when it comes to marriages.[31][32][33][34]

As for name and religious conversions, Govigama families too became Christian and had Portuguese/Christian names (some strangely adopted during British/Dutch times) such as Don Davith (Rajapaksas),[35][36] Barthlamew (Senanayakes), Ridgeway Dias (Nilaperumal/Bandaranaykes), Pererala, Arnolis Dep (Wijewardane), Corea, Ilangakoon, de Saa Bandaranaike, Obeyesekere, de Saram, Don Johannes(Padmawansha/Kumarage), de Alwis, etc. It is also why all elite Sri Lankans of the British period be it farmer or other wise had English first names. The English first names were common among many not necessarily associated to Govigama. Some of the Goyigama such as the Bandaranayake also were pioneer arrack renters of the colonial era among many other castes.[37]

Social status

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In traditional Sinhalese society Buddhist monks are placed at the top. Irrespective of the birth caste of a monk, even the king had to worship him. However, this led to some Buddhist sects in Sri Lanka allowing only Govigama people to join, contrary to Buddha's instructions. Other castes such as Karava, Durava, Salagama and Wahumpura have their own Buddhist sects. The Govigama sect also known as the Mahavihara Wanshika Siyam Order hold the custody of Sri Dalada Maligawa (The temple of the tooth) and the sacred tooth relic of Buddha.[38][39][40]

Notable people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Hussein, Asiff (1 January 2001). The Lion and the Sword: An Ethnological Study of Sri Lanka. A. Hussein. p. 18. ISBN 9789559726203.
  2. ^ Peebles, Patrick (22 October 2015). Historical Dictionary of Sri Lanka. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 65. ISBN 9781442255852.
  3. ^ Fernando, Jude Lal (2013). Religion, Conflict and Peace in Sri Lanka: The Politics of Interpretation of Nationhoods. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 141–142. ISBN 9783643904287.
  4. ^ "Rājākariya - Sri Lankan history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 20 July 1998. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  5. ^ Silva, K. M. De; M, K. (2005). A History of Sri Lanka. Penguin Books India. p. 202. ISBN 9789558095928.
  6. ^ Padmasiri, Kulasekera Mudiyanselage (1984). British Administration in the Kandyan Provinces of Sri Lanka, 1815-1833, With Special Reference to Social Change. University of London. p. 23.
  7. ^ Brow, James; Weeramunda, Joe (1992). Agrarian change in Sri Lanka. Sage Publications. pp. 74–75. ISBN 9780803994157.
  8. ^ Nyrop, Richard F. (1985). Sri Lanka: A Country Study. Vol. 550. Washington University: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 103.
  9. ^ Spolia Zeylanica. National Museums of Sri Lanka. 1955. p. 209.
  10. ^ Holt, John (13 April 2011). The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. p. 296. ISBN 9780822349822.
  11. ^ a b Kapferer, Bruce (15 October 1997). The Feast of the Sorcerer: Practices of Consciousness and Power. University of Chicago Press. pp. 68. ISBN 9780226424132.
  12. ^ a b Obeyesekere, Gananath (1984). The cult of the goddess Pattini. University of Chicago Press. pp. 116–117. ISBN 9780226616025.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ De Silva, Kingsley M. (2005). A history of Sri Lanka (Revised ed.). Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications. ISBN 955-8095-92-3. OCLC 470682746.
  14. ^ Ariyapala, M. B. (1968). Society in mediaeval Ceylon : (The state of society in Ceylon as depicted in the Saddharmaratnāvaliya and other literature of the thirteenth century) : (2. print.). OCLC 468778864.
  15. ^ Dharmasēna, Thera; Buddhaghosa (1991). Jewels of the doctrine : stories of the Saddharma ratnāvaliya. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-0489-7. OCLC 21147752.
  16. ^ Hussein, Asiff (2013). Caste in Sri Lanka : from ancient times to the present day (1st ed.). Battaramulla: Neptune Publications. ISBN 978-955-0028-35-1. OCLC 863786412.
  17. ^ Hussein, Asiff. (2009). Zeylanica : a study of the peoples and languages of Sri Lanka (1st ed.). Colombo: Neptune Publications. ISBN 978-955-0028-04-7. OCLC 463682982.
  18. ^ Tilakartna, Gayan. "Land". Pathfinder Foundation (in Polish). Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  19. ^ Dewasiri, Nirmal Ranjith (2008). The adaptable peasant : agrarian society in western Sri Lanka under Dutch rule, 1740–1800. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-3282-1. OCLC 654684668.
  20. ^ a b Knox, Robert (13 December 2004). An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon in the East Indies: Together with an Account of the Detaining in Captivity the Author and Divers other Englishmen Now Living There, and of the Author's Miraculous Escape. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-1846-7. OCLC 57236571.
  21. ^ Jayawickrama, Sarojini (1998). An historical relation of the Island Ceylon (Thesis). The University of Hong Kong Libraries. doi:10.5353/th_b3123864 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  22. ^ A.Ramaswami, ed. (1967). Madras District Gazetteers: Salem. Vol. 1. Director of Stationery and Print. p. 129. They are popularly classed as kota balijas, who are military in origin and claim kinship with the Emperors and Viceroys of Vijayanagar and the Kandyan Dynasty.
  23. ^ Pre-Nayake kings of Kandy (children of Kusuma Devi) and their marriages to south-Indian Nayakes
  24. ^ Baldaeus, Philip (9 November 1996). A Description of the Great and Most Famous Isle of Ceylon. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-1172-6. Retrieved 9 November 2023 – via Google Books.
  25. ^ "Suchergebnisse für "Search Sikh Spectrum" – Sikhspectrum". 11 August 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  26. ^ Buddhism in Sinhalese Society, 1750–1900: A Study of Religious Revival and.... By Kitsiri Malalgoda, p. 84-87 & 91
  27. ^ "Fonseka, the political arriviste–a historical irony". Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  28. ^ a b "Asian Recipe". asian-recipe.com. 9 August 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  29. ^ Sarkar, Jayanta; Ghosh, G. C. (9 November 2003). Populations of the SAARC Countries: Bio-cultural Perspectives. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-2562-1. Retrieved 9 November 2023 – via Google Books.
  30. ^ Dewasiri, Nirmal Ranjith (2008). The Adaptable Peasant. BRILL. p. 246. ISBN 978-9004165083.
  31. ^ Raymond, Roel (27 February 2018). "Portuguese-Sri Lankan Surnames And Their Meanings". roar.media. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  32. ^ The hybrid island : culture crossings and the invention of identity in Sri Lanka. Silva, Neluka. London: Zed Books. 2002. ISBN 1-84277-202-3. OCLC 48977638.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  33. ^ Identity, consciousness and the past : forging of caste and community in India and Sri Lanka. Seneviratne, H. L., 1934-. Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-19-564001-2. OCLC 37130224.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  34. ^ Yalman, Nur. (1967). Under the bo tree; studies in caste, kinship, and marriage in the interior of Ceylon. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02054-5. OCLC 282805.
  35. ^ "The Rajapaksas and Ruhuna". Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  36. ^ "None". Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  37. ^ Nobodies to somebodies: the rise of the colonial bourgeoisie in Sri Lanka by Kumari Jayawardena (Zed Books) p.190-191 ISBN 1-84277-229-5
  38. ^ "Chapter I". lakdiva.org.lk. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  39. ^ Sridharan, K. (9 November 2000). Sea: Our Saviour. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-81-224-1245-1. Retrieved 9 November 2023 – via Google Books.
  40. ^ "Pre-Vijayan Agriculture in Sri Lanka, by Prof. T. W. Wikramanayake". Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  41. ^ Social Change in Nineteenth Century Ceylon, pg 45, Patrick Peebles
  42. ^ a b c "Premadasa Exceptionalism and challenges it currently faces..." Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  43. ^ Exploring Confrontation; Sri Lanka:Politics, Culture & History, Pg166, Michael Roberts
  44. ^ "infolanka.asia". infolanka.asia. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  45. ^ Saga of Nilame and Kumarihamy by Lakmal Welabada. Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka), Retrieved on 10 December 2006.
  46. ^ "Black July: A Note on Buddhism, Caste & The New Sinhalese Nationalism". 7 August 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  47. ^ මීලඟ ජනාධිපති උඩරටින්. Lanka E News, Retrieved 13th June 2024
  48. ^ "Left-leaning leader wins Sri Lanka election in political paradigm shift".
  49. ^ "Caste in Sri Lanka – From Ancient Times to the Present Day" (PDF). Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  50. ^ "How D.B. Wijetunga became Executive President of Sri Lanka".
  51. ^ "මීලඟ ජනාධිපති උඩරටින්...?".

Bibliography

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  • Abhayawardena H. A. P. Kadaim Poth Vimarshanaya, Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Sri Lanka
  • H. W. Codrington, Ancient land tenure and revenue in Ceylon
  • Darmapradeepikava Sri Dharmarama edition, 1951
  • Epigraphia Zeylanica (EZ) Colombo Museum, Sri Lanka
  • Gammaduwa, Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Sri Lanka
  • Jayathilake D. B. Dambadeni Asna saha Kandavuru Siritha
  • Jayawardena Kumari 2000 Nobodies to Somebodies – The Rise of the Colonial Bourgeoisie in Sri Lanka [1] Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  • Journal of Asian Studies 1990 Articles by Patrick Peebles, Amita Shastri, Bryan Pfaffenberger
  • Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka (JRASCB)
  • Kumaratunga Munidasa 1958 Parevi Sandeshaya
  • Niti Nighanduva The vocabulary of law 1880 LeMasurier C. J. R. and Panabokke T. B.
  • Peebles Patrick 1995 Social Change in Nineteenth Century Ceylon Navrang ISBN 81-7013-141-3.
  • Pfaffenberger Bryan 1982 Sudra Domination in Sri Lanka Syracuse University
  • Pujavaliya
  • Roberts Michael Caste conflict and elite formation
  • Sahithyaya 1972 Department of Cultural Affairs, Sri Lanka
  • Sarpavedakama Colombo Museum publication, 1956
  • Sri Lankáve Ithihásaya Educational Publications Department Sri Lanka
  • Ummagga Játhakaya 1978 edition Educational Publications Department, Sri Lanka
  • Wickramasinghe Nira 2001 Civil Society in Sri Lanka: New circles of power
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