The Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 (Chinese: 丁戊奇荒) was marked by drought-induced crop failures and subsequent widespread starvation. Between 9.5 and 13 million people in China died [1] mostly in Shanxi province (5.5 million dead), but also in Zhili (now Hebei, 2.5 million dead), Henan (1 million) and Shandong (0.5 million).[2] The population reduction in censuses, which include famine migration, shows a drop of 23 million people, among which Shanxi lost 48% (8.18 million), Shaanxi lost 25% (2.43 million), Henan lost 22% (7.48 million).[3] The drought began in 1875 and was influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.[4]
| Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 丁戊奇荒 | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Victims of the famine forced to sell their children from The Famine in China (1878) | |
| Country | China |
| Location | Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Zhili, Shandong |
| Period | 1876–1879 |
| Total deaths | 9.5–13 million |
| Causes | Drought |
| Theory | El Niño-Southern Oscillation |
Relief efforts
editBritish missionary Timothy Richard first publicized a drought-caused famine in Shandong during the summer of 1876. He appealed to the foreign community in Shanghai for money to help the victims. In March 1877, the Shandong Famine Relief Committee was established with the participation of diplomats, businessmen, and Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries.[5]
Richard became aware that drought conditions were even worse in neighboring Shanxi province, which at that time was virtually unknown to foreigners. During early 1878, Richard journeyed to Shanxi. His "famine diary" described conditions. "That people pull down their houses, sell their wives and daughters, eat roots and carrion, clay and leaves is news which nobody wonders at...The sight of men and women lying helpless on the roadside, or if dead, torn by hungry dogs and magpies [and] of children being boiled and eaten up is so fearful as to make one shudder."[6]
Shanxi was the most seriously affected province in the famine, with an estimated 5.5 million dead out of a total population of 15 million people. Remote and inaccessible rural districts suffered most.[7]
To combat the famine, an international network was established to solicit donations, most of which came from England and foreign businesses in China. These efforts brought in 204,000 silver taels, the equivalent of $7–10 million in 2012 silver prices. The Roman Catholics raised at least 125,000 taels (about $5 million) and their greater physical presence in the famine area permitted them to work effectively at the local level.
More than 40 Roman Catholic and 31 Protestant missionaries administered the relief efforts in the field, which helped about 3.4 million people in Shanxi alone. The Protestants included Arthur Henderson Smith and William Scott Ament, who would later achieve prominence. Three Protestant missionaries died of disease, probably typhus, which was rampant in the famine area.[8][9]
The Qing government, Chinese philanthropists, and businessmen also responded to the famine, raising funds with an illustrated pamphlet titled "Pictures to Draw Tears from Iron". There was rivalry between the foreign and Chinese relief efforts. The Chinese feared the missionaries would use their famine work to spread Christianity and to adopt and Christianize orphaned children. They raised large sums of money to establish orphanages and to redeem women and children who had been sold into slavery. While most foreign relief emphasized Shanxi, the private Chinese effort was mostly in Henan, whose people they believed to be fiercely anti-foreign, and Shandong.[1]
The rains return
editDuring June 1879, heavy rains began to fall in much of the famine area, and with the harvest that autumn, the worst of the famine was over. However, many rural areas had been depopulated by starvation, disease, and the migration of destitute people to urban areas. To the foreigners, the huge loss of life during the famine was due to the "backwardness" of China and the inefficiency and corruption of the Qing government. The famine made Chinese, in the words of one scholar, increasingly aware of their "material inferiority and insulted cultural pride", increasing their dissatisfaction with the Qing.[5] The Protestant missionaries believed their work during the famine would establish good will among the Chinese for foreigners and create opportunities for missionary work.[10] Missionaries, including the Oberlin Band, began to work in sizable numbers in Shanxi province after the famine.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn. "Pictures to Draw Tears from Iron". Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ^ Forrest, R. J. (November 1879). "Report of R.J. Forrest, Esq., H.B.M. Consul at Tien-tsin and Chairman of the Famine Relief Committee at Tien-tsin". China's Millions: 139.
The authorities are assured that in Shansi five millions and a half, in Honan one million, in Shantung half a million, and in Chili two millions and a half have perished, and there is unfortunately too much reason to believe that the enormous total of nine and a half millions is substantially correct.
- ^ 刘仁团 (2001). "光绪大灾对北方人口的影响". In 曹树基 (ed.). 中国人口史 第5卷: 清时期. 复旦大学出版社. pp. 601, 677, 687–689.
- ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. Archived from the original on 2016-01-12.
- ^ a b Janku, Andrea (2001). "The North-China Famine of 1876–1879: Performance and Impact of a Non-Event" (PDF). Measuring Historical Heat: Event, Performance, and Impact in China and the West. pp. 127–134.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Thompson, Larry Clinton (2009). William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7864-4008-5.
- ^ "Epidemic Chinese Famine". Retrieved 6 December 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ China Famine Relief Fund Shanghai Committee. 1879. pp. 1, 88, 128, 157.
- ^ "Epidemic Chinese Famine". Retrieved 6 December 2012.[dead link]
- ^ Brandt, Nat (1994). Massacre in Shansi. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-8156-0282-0.
Further reading
edit- Bohr, Paul R. Famine in China and the Missionary: Timothy Richard as Relief Administrator and Advocate of National Reform, 1876-1884 (1972)
- Davis, Mike (2003). Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1859843826.
- Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn, and Cormac O'gr. Tears from iron: cultural responses to famine in nineteenth-century China (U of California Press, 2008).