The Great Attractor is a region of gravitational attraction in intergalactic space and the apparent central gravitational point of the Laniakea Supercluster of galaxies that includes the Milky Way galaxy, as well as about 100,000 other galaxies.
The observed attraction suggests a localized concentration of mass having the order of 1016 solar masses.[1] However, it is obscured by the Milky Way's galactic plane, lying behind the Zone of Avoidance (ZOA), so that in visible light wavelengths, the Great Attractor is difficult to observe directly.[2]
The attraction is observable by its effect on the motion of galaxies and their associated clusters over a region of hundreds of millions of light-years across the universe. These galaxies are observable above and below the Zone of Avoidance; all are redshifted in accordance with the Hubble flow, indicating that they are receding relative to the Milky Way and to each other, but the variations in their redshifts are large enough and regular enough to reveal that they are slightly drawn towards the attraction. The variations in their redshifts are known as peculiar velocities, and cover a range from about +700 km/s to −700 km/s, depending on the angular deviation from the direction to the Great Attractor. The Great Attractor itself is moving towards the Shapley Supercluster.[2]
History
editThe Great Attractor was named by Alan Dressler in 1987,[3][4] following decades of redshift surveys that built up a large dataset of redshift values. The redshift values and distance measurements independent of redshift measurements were then combined to create maps of peculiar velocity.[4]: 274
Through a series of peculiar velocity tests, astrophysicists found that the Milky Way was moving in the direction of the constellation of Centaurus at about 600 km/s. [citation needed] Then, the discovery of cosmic microwave background (CMB) dipoles was used to reflect the motion of the Local Group of galaxies towards the Great Attractor.[5] The 1980s brought many discoveries about the Great Attractor, such as the fact that the Milky Way is not the only galaxy impacted. Approximately 400 elliptical galaxies are moving toward the Great Attractor beyond the Zone of Avoidance caused by the Milky Way galaxy light.
Intense efforts to work through the difficulties caused by the occlusion by the Milky Way during the late 1990s identified the Norma Cluster at the center of the Great Attractor region.[1]
Location
editThe first indications of a deviation from uniform expansion of the universe were reported in 1973 and again in 1978. The location of the Great Attractor was finally determined in 1986: It is situated at a distance of somewhere between 150 and 250 Mly (million light-years) (47–79 Mpc), the larger being the most recent estimate, away from the Milky Way, in the direction of the constellations Triangulum Australe (The Southern Triangle) and Norma (The Carpenter's Square).[6] While objects in that direction lie in the Zone of Avoidance (the part of the night sky obscured by the Milky Way galaxy) and are thus difficult to study with visible wavelengths, X-ray observations have revealed that region of space to be dominated by the Norma Cluster (ACO 3627),[7][8] a massive cluster of galaxies containing a preponderance of large, old galaxies, many of which are colliding with their neighbours and radiating large amounts of radio waves.
Debate over apparent mass
editIn 1992, much of the apparent signal of the Great Attractor was attributed to a statistical effect called Malmquist bias.[9] In 2005, astronomers conducting an X-ray survey of part of the sky known as the Clusters in the Zone of Avoidance (CIZA) project reported that the Great Attractor was actually only one tenth the mass that scientists had originally estimated. The survey also confirmed earlier theories that the Milky Way galaxy is in fact being pulled toward a much more massive cluster of galaxies near the Shapley Supercluster, which lies beyond the Great Attractor, and which is called the Shapley Attractor.[10]
Norma Wall
edit
A massive galaxy filament, called the Norma Wall (also called Great Attractor Wall[11]) is located at the center of the supposed position of the Great Attractor. The Norma Wall contains the clusters Pavo II, Norma, Centaurus-Crux and CIZA J1324.7−5736. The most massive cluster in this region is the Norma supercluster.[12] Later studies found that the wall continues over to the constellations of Centaurus and Vela.[11]
Laniakea Supercluster
editThe proposed Laniakea Supercluster is defined as the Great Attractor's basin. It covers approximately four main galaxy superclusters, including superclusters of Virgo and Hydra–Centaurus, and spans across 500 million light years. Because it is not dense enough to be gravitationally bound, it should be dispersing as the universe expands, but it is instead anchored by a gravitational focal point. Thus the Great Attractor would be the core of the new supercluster. The local flows of the Laniakea supercluster converge in the region of the Norma and Centaurus Clusters, approximately at the position of the Great Attractor.[13]
See also
edit- CfA2 Great Wall – Immense galaxy filament
- Dark flow – A possible non-random component of the peculiar velocity of galaxy clusters
- Dark matter – Concept in cosmology
- Dipole repeller – Center of effective repulsion in the large-scale flow of galaxies near the Milky Way
- Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall – Largest known structure in the observable universe
- Shapley Supercluster – Largest concentration of galaxies in our local universe
- South Pole Wall – Massive cosmic structure
References
edit- ^ a b Kraan-Korteweg, Renée C. (2005-07-22). Röser, Siegfried (ed.). Cosmological Structures behind the Milky Way. Wiley. pp. 48–75. arXiv:astro-ph/0502217. doi:10.1002/3527608966.ch3. ISBN 978-3-527-40608-1.
- ^ a b "What is the Great Attractor?". Universe Today. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
- ^ Dressler, Alan (1987). "The Large-Scale Streaming of Galaxies". Scientific American. 257 (3): 46–55. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24979477.
- ^ a b Strauss, Michael A.; Willick, Jeffrey A. (1995-10-01). "The density and peculiar velocity fields of nearby galaxies". Physics Reports. 261 (5): 271–431. arXiv:astro-ph/9502079. Bibcode:1995PhR...261..271S. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(95)00013-7. ISSN 0370-1573.
- ^ "Cosmic Microwave Background Dipole | COSMOS". astronomy.swin.edu.au. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
- ^ "Hubble focuses on "the Great Attractor"". NASA. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ Kraan-Korteweg, Renée C. (2000). "Galaxies behind the Milky Way and the Great Attractor". From the Sun to the Great Attractor. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 556. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 301–344. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.338.3806. doi:10.1007/3-540-45371-7_8. ISBN 978-3-540-41064-5. S2CID 14507443.
- ^ Mukai, Koji; Mushotzky, Rich; Masetti, Maggie. "The Great Attractor". NASA's Ask an Astrophysicist. Archived from the original on 18 February 2003.
It is now thought that the Great Attractor is probably a supercluster, with Abell 3627 near its center.
- ^ Stephen D. Landy; Alexander S. Szalay (June 1992). "A general analytical solution to the problem of Malmquist bias due to lognormal distance errors". The Astrophysical Journal. 391: 494–501. Bibcode:1992ApJ...391..494L. doi:10.1086/171365. ISSN 0004-637X. Wikidata Q55968841.
- ^ "X-rays reveal what makes the Milky Way move" (Press release). Ifa.hawaii.edu. 11 January 2006. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ a b Jarrett, T. H.; Koribalski, B. S.; Kraan-Korteweg, R. C.; Woudt, P. A.; Whitney, B. A.; Meade, M. R.; Babler, B.; Churchwell, E.; Benjamin, R. A.; Indebetouw, R. (March 2007). "Discovery of Two Galaxies Deeply Embedded in the Great Attractor Wall". The Astronomical Journal. 133 (3): 979–986. arXiv:astro-ph/0611397. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..979J. doi:10.1086/510668. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 5930404.
- ^ Woudt, P. A.; Kraan-Korteweg, R. C.; Lucey, J.; Fairall, A. P.; Moore, S. A. W. (2008-01-01). "The Norma cluster (ACO 3627) - I. A dynamical analysis of the most massive cluster in the Great Attractor". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 383 (2): 445–457. arXiv:0706.2227. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.383..445W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12571.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ^ R. Brent Tully; Hélène Courtois; Yehuda Hoffman; Daniel Pomarède (3 September 2014). "The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies". Nature. 513 (7516): 71–73. arXiv:1409.0880. Bibcode:2014Natur.513...71T. doi:10.1038/NATURE13674. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25186900. S2CID 205240232. Wikidata Q28314882.
Further reading
edit- Dressler, Alan (1994). Voyage to the Great Attractor: Exploring Intergalactic Space. New York, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-394-58899-5.
- Mathewson D. S.; Ford V. L.; Buchhorn M. (1992). "No back-side infall into the Great Attractor". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 389: 5–8. Bibcode:1992ApJ...389L...5M. doi:10.1086/186335. ISSN 2041-8205. Wikidata Q68868628.
- Dressler A. (1988). "The supergalactic plane redshift survey: a candidate for the great attractor". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 329: 519–526. Bibcode:1988ApJ...329..519D. doi:10.1086/166398. ISSN 2041-8205. Wikidata Q68831133.
- Somak Raychaudhury (November 1989). "The distribution of galaxies in the direction of the 'Great Attractor'". Nature. 342 (6247): 251–255. Bibcode:1989Natur.342..251R. doi:10.1038/342251A0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4354365. Wikidata Q59093661.
- Bertschinger, Edmund; Juszkiewicz, Roman (1988). "Searching for the Great Attractor". The Astrophysical Journal. 334: L59. Bibcode:1988ApJ...334L..59B. doi:10.1086/185312.
External links
edit- Drake, Nadia (3 September 2014). "New map locates Milky Way in neighborhood of 100,000 galaxies". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020.
- Cosmography of the Local Universe. Vimeo (video). – video clip showing the Great Attractor
