The Greenland wolf (taxonomic Latin: Canis lupus orion, Danish: grønlandsulv) is a subspecies of gray wolf that is native to Greenland.[1] Historically, it was heavily persecuted, but today it is fully protected and about 90% of the wolf's range falls within the boundaries of the Northeast Greenland National Park.
| Greenland wolf | |
|---|---|
_Greenland_draught_wolf.jpg)
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Canidae |
| Genus: | Canis |
| Species: | |
| Subspecies: | C. l. orion
|
| Trinomial name | |
| Canis lupus orion | |
| |
| C. l. orion range | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Canis albus orion | |
A recent genomic study has shown that wolves of Ellesmere Island, Canada, likely should be included in the same subspecies, a view also supported by earlier morphological reviews. The entire population is very small, probably about 200 individuals but with significant uncertainty due to its very remote range.
Taxonomy and evolution
editIn 1935, the British zoologist Reginald Pocock attributed the subspecies name Canis lupus orion to a specimen from Cape York, northwest Greenland. He also attributed the name Canis lupus arctos (Arctic wolf) to a specimen from Melville Island in the nearby Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canada.[1] Both wolves are recognized as separate subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World in 2005.[2]
The oldest wolf remains in Greenland date to 7,600 years ago, however they may have been there earlier because their main prey, the caribou, date to 8,900 years ago.[3] Nowak proposed that during the Late Pleistocene two types of wolves evolved in the ice-free north of the Wisconsin glaciation, one in the Peary Land refugium in the far north of Greenland, the other in Alaska. Once the ice receded, the Peary Land wolves spread across Greenland and the Queen Elizabeth Islands. The Alaskan wolves spread to become the northern wolves referred to as Canis lupus arctos. Other wolves from south of the ice sheet would move north to interact with the northern wolves.[4][5] Other authors have disagreed that the Greenland wolf is a separate subspecies of Canis lupus because of its close proximity to the range of the Arctic wolf. One author proposed that the Greenland wolf migrated from Canada by crossing the frozen sea ice between the two regions, and another has documented wolves on the ice when the Nares Strait froze.[5]
In 2016, a study based on 582 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA indicated that Greenland wolves belong to one haplotype that had been previously found among other North American wolves, which indicates their female lineage originated from North America.[6] In 2019, a study mapped the entire mitochondrial genome of the Greenland wolf and confirmed that it fell within Canis lupus.[7]
In 2018, a whole genome study of most North American wolf populations identified three distinct populations in the high arctic, including one novel and highly distinct wolf population that inhabits both Ellesmere Island, Canada and Greenland.[8] This had already been suggested in a morphological review in 1983, where wolves of the Queen Elizabeth Islands (the main island is Ellesmere) were placed in C. l. orion together with wolves of Greenland.[9]
In 2021, the entire genome sequence of the Greenland wolf was mapped to aid further research.[10]
Description
editThe Greenland wolf has been described as being small to medium in length, at 155 cm (5 ft 1 in) but extremely light in weight, at 26 kg (57 lb), however these measures were derived from only five specimens that were caught in northeast Greenland during the winter of 1906 and could be the result of under-nutrition.[5][11] The average pack size of the wolves is 3.3; packs of four or more were rare. They are endangered due to their exceptionally low densities, smaller pack sizes, infrequent reproduction, and lower offspring production.[12] The wolves of Greenland and Ellesmere Island prey on any easily obtainable species, with hare forming an important food source. The wolf has been documented preying on seal in both Greenland and the Queen Elizabeth Islands, and there are documented eye-witness accounts of muskox killings from the Queen Elizabeth islands and from Greenland where two muskox calves were killed by a wolf pair.[5]
Population
editWolves have been fully protected in Greenland since 1988.[13] In Greenland, about 90% of the wolf's range falls within the boundaries of the Northeast Greenland National Park, where the wolf population was estimated in 1998 to be 55 wolves due to lack of prey.[14] However, in 1997, there was a decline in the wolf populations and their prey, muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and Arctic hares (Lepus arcticus) across arctic Canada. This was due to harmful weather conditions during the summers for four years. The recovery of the wolf populations came after when summer weather conditions returned to normal.[15] In 2018, it was estimated that the total population of the Greenland wolf was about 200, but with significant uncertainty due to its remote range.[16] As expected from such a tiny population, genetics have shown that the Greenland wolf is quite inbred.[8]
In east Greenland
editIn eastern Greenland between by 1899 and 1939, a small population of an estimated 38 wolves were poisoned to extinction.[17]
The Greenland wolf population was not harvested by the Europeans prior to 1899. The decline and extermination of the wolf population was studied in east Greenland between 1899 and 1939. There the wolf population was located mainly in the central part of the range, which made them vulnerable to Danish and Norwegian hunters who exterminated that population with poison.[12] Arctic wolves were considered lesser in terms of economic value by the hunters because of their low abundance, with the hunters trapping Arctic foxes for the fur trade. They sought to maximize profits by killing as many wolves as possible. Between 1899 and 1939, there were 252 sightings of the wolves or their tracks. Of 112 wolves that were sighted in the early winter, 31.3% were lone wolves, 23.2% were in pairs, and the rest stayed together in larger groups. Between 1920 and 1932, 35 wolves were killed in the core wolf range, forcing the population to decline rapidly to extinction.[17]
Wolves could not recover during the years between 1939 and 1978 in east Greenland due to factors such as geography and limited resources. Prey was insufficient and a dispersal corridor was hidden at 79 degrees north, thus restricting access to east Greenland.[12] In 1979, a wolf pair had arrived into the historical wolf range and during 1980 several wolf pairs were reported throughout eastern Greenland by military patrols.[12][15] The migrating wolves began to repopulate the area and have established a new population of wolves.[18] By 2011, they had re-established a population of 23 wolves through single and pairs of wolves following military dog-sled patrols from the northeast over distances of up to 560 km (350 mi) to eastern Greenland.[12]
References
edit- ^ a b c Pocock, R. I (1935). "The Races of Canis lupus". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 105 (3): 647–686. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1935.tb01687.x.
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 575–577. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA576
- ^ Early Holocene Plant and Animal Remains from North-East Greenland, Ole Bennike, Svante Bjorck, Jens Bocher, Louise Hansen, Jan Heinemeier and Barbara Wohlfarth. Journal of Biogeography Vol. 26, No. 3 (May, 1999), pp. 667-677.
- ^ Nowak, R.M. 1983. A perspective on the taxonomy of wolves in North America. In: Carbyn, L.N., ed. Wolves in Canada and Alaska. Canadian Wildlife Service, Report Series 45:lO-19.
- ^ a b c d Peter R. Dawes; Magnus Elander; Mats Ericson (1986). "The Wolf (Canis lupus) in Greenland: A Historical Review and Present Status". Arctic. 39 (2): 119–132. doi:10.14430/arctic2059.
- ^ Ersmark, Erik; Klütsch, Cornelya F. C.; Chan, Yvonne L.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Fain, Steven R.; Illarionova, Natalia A.; Oskarsson, Mattias; Uhlén, Mathias; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Dalén, Love; Savolainen, Peter (2016). "From the Past to the Present: Wolf Phylogeography and Demographic History Based on the Mitochondrial Control Region". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 4. doi:10.3389/fevo.2016.00134.
- ^ Cho, Hyunjun; Kim, Bo-Mi; Lee, Won Young; Rhee, Jae-Sung (2019). "Complete mitochondrial genome of the Greenland wolf, Canis lupus orion". Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 4 (2): 2836–2838. doi:10.1080/23802359.2019.1660594. PMC 7706559. PMID 33365751.
- ^ a b Sinding, M.-H. S.; et al. (2018). "Population genomics of grey wolves and wolf-like canids in North America". PLOS Genetics. 14 (11): e1007745. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007745. PMC 6231604. PMID 30419012.
- ^ Nowak, R.M. (1983), "A perspective on the taxonomy of wolves in North America", in Carbyn, L.N. (ed.), Wolves in Canada and Alaska (45 ed.), Canadian Wildlife Service, Report Series 45:Canadian Wildlife Service, pp. 10–19
- ^ Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Raundrup, Katrine; Dalén, Love; Threlfall, Jonathan; Gilbert, Tom (2021). "The genome sequence of the grey wolf, Canis lupus Linnaeus 1758". Wellcome Open Research. 6: 310. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17332.1. PMC 8649967. PMID 34926833. S2CID 244084784.
- ^ Manniche, Arner Ludvig Valdemar (1910). The terrestrial mammals and birds of North-East Greenland: Biological observations. Retziel. pp. 52–65. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
- ^ a b c d e Marquard-Petersen, Ulf (2011). "Invasion of eastern Greenland by the high arctic wolf Canis lupus arctos". Wildlife Biology. 17 (4): 383–388. doi:10.2981/11-032. S2CID 84355723.
- ^ "Amaqqut Kalaallit Nunaanni eqqissisimatinneqarnissaat pillugu Namminersornerullutik Oqartussat nalunaarutaat nr. 9, 5. maj 1988-imeersoq" [Home Rule announcement no. 5 regarding the protection of wolves in Greenland, 5 May 1988] (in Kalaallisut). Home Rule of Greenland. 5 May 1988. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ^ Marquard-Petersen, Ulf (2009). "Abundance, social organization, and population trend of the arctic wolf in north and east Greenland during 1978–1998". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 87 (10): 895–901. doi:10.1139/Z09-078.
- ^ a b Mech, David. L (2005). "Decline and Recovery of a High Arctic Wolf-Prey System". Arctic. 58 (3): 305–307. doi:10.14430/arctic432. JSTOR 40512716.
- ^ "Issittup amarua nunatsinni immikkuullarissuusoq" [The wolf in Greenland is a population of its own] (in Kalaallisut). Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (Greenlandic Broadcasting Corporation). 13 November 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ^ a b Marquard-Petersen, Ulf (2012). "Decline and Extermination of an Arctic Wolf Population in East Greenland, 1899 – 1939". Arctic. 65 (2): 155–166. doi:10.14430/arctic4197.
- ^ Marquard-Petersen, Ulf (2012). "Decline and Extermination of an Arctic Wolf Population in East Greenland, 1899-1939". Arctic. 65 (2): 155–166. doi:10.14430/arctic4197. JSTOR 41638588.