In the People's Republic of China, grid-style social management (Chinese: 社会网格化管理; pinyin: shèhuì wǎnggé huà guǎnlǐ) is a mass surveillance system used to maintain public security and social order.[1][2][3]
History
editThe China National Grid project (CNGrid) was first implemented as a trial in Dongcheng District, Beijing in 2004,[4] and coincided with the abolition of the agricultural tax in 2004 which reduced the power of local governments in China.[5] It was inspired by the grid management of Westminster, London.[6][vague]
The pilot project was launched in the Dongcheng District, where the district's 205 communities were subdivided into 589-part grid. 120,000 community watchers were enrolled.[7]
In December 2005, the authorities launched the China Grid Computing Center was officially formed to lead and manage the CNGrid.[6] Eventually, test watchers were equipped with mobile devices designed for reporting and communications. Authorities also started to apply a multi-layer model in areas with denser populations.[6]
From 2004 to 2007, the program was rolled out to 51 new areas.[6]
In 2011, China prelaunched the program nationwide to monitor sensitive areas and ensure social stability.[6]
In 2015, the grid-style social management system was rolled out to the whole country. It is perceived as a substitute to the former community-driven social compounds composing the country's social order that faded away with the growth of the country's mega-cities.[7]
The Chinese government response to COVID-19 entailed a major expansion of grid-style social management.[3]
Description
editThe grid-style social management process consists in subdividing a country's counties into smaller zones, and assign each zone to a person that reports all activity to the local government on a regular basis. This model is applied in rural areas and cities. In cities, a person may be assigned to a specific number of households. The grid-style social manager is expected to report on the population size in the area, housing and facilities, social organizations, among other things.[5]
The number of grid-style social management people is regulated to ensure it is three times the size of local governments in human resources. The reporters are paid by their local government,[5] usually between $50 and $80 a month (and rewards for exceptional reporting), become beneficiaries of the state insurance, but receive no specific training.[7] In rural areas, taxi drivers and sanitation workers are often hired as watchers.[6] Grid-style social management watchers wear a red armband.[8]
Despite its advanced technological surveillance systems, China relies on its grid-style social management system to identify new threats, an area where technology is still shy compared to human surveillance.[7] It has been described by Wu Qiang as a model for a contemporary police state.[6]
The grid-style social management system is connected to the authorities' CCTV cameras and police databases to achieve enhanced surveillance.[9] The China Grid Computing Center divides 25.38 square kilometers into 1,652 single geographic grid cells of 100 square meters. Each single cell is assigned a unique 14-digit code.[6]
The system is not specific to a country or culture, and could be replicated in any other country.[10]
Criticism
editWhen implementing the grid-style social management network, the Chinese government did not develop a community-outreach strategy to make its local agents part of the local life. Thus locals tend to perceive grid-style social managers as spies of the central government.[5]
Some scholars have also expressed their concerns regarding the right to personal privacy, and the potential risks of giving untrained individuals extralegal authority. Officials reply that the system is legal, and that its watchers' report are genuinely true.[7]
Humanitarian NGOs are also concerned about the implementation of the grid-style social management system in regions such as Tibet where the Chinese government has been historically oppressive.[1] The situation also became critical in Xinjiang where humanitarian NGOs have reported that a biological database to track Uyghurs's DNA had been developed by the authorities and integrated within its grid-style surveillance system.[11][12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Grid locked". The Economist. June 22, 2013. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
- ^ Hornby, Lucy (3 April 2016). "China reverts to 'grid management' to monitor citizens' lives". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2018-03-26. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
- ^ a b Wang, Vivian (2024-05-25). "Xi Jinping's Recipe for Total Control: An Army of Eyes and Ears". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
- ^ "国内社区网格化管理研究综述-中国社会科学网". Archived from the original on 2021-09-21. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
- ^ a b c d Yongshun Cai, Grid Management and Social Control in China, Theasiadialogue.com, 27 April 2018 (accessed on 30 April 2019)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wu Qiang, Urban Grid Management and Police State in China: A Brief Overview Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, Chinachange.org, 12 August 2014 (accessed on 30 April 2019)
- ^ a b c d e "Is China's Grassroots Social Order Project Running Out of Money?". Sixth Tone. May 31, 2018. Archived from the original on 2024-05-30. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
- ^ Mendie McKeown, A Joint Solidarity Statement. UN Human Rights Declaration: 70 Year Milestone – Stand Up for Human Rights for All People Under Chinese Rule Archived 2024-05-30 at the Wayback Machine, Tibetnetwork.org, 9 December 2018 (accessed on 30 April 2019)
- ^ Zenz, Adrian; Leibold, James (September 21, 2017). "Chen Quanguo: The Strongman Behind Beijing's Securitization Strategy in Tibet and Xinjiang". Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 2019-12-01. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
- ^ Greenfield, Adam (2018-02-14). "China's Dystopian Tech Could Be Contagious". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2024-04-11. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
- ^ Harris, Rachel (2018-09-04). "How China's Uyghurs became quarantined from the outside world". Quartz. Archived from the original on 2024-01-16. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
- ^ "China: Minority Region Collects DNA from Millions". Human Rights Watch. 2017-12-13. Archived from the original on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-30.