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Gundagai lore

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Gundagai lore is associated with Gundagai, Australia, a place of considerable reputed Aboriginal cultural significance, with both archaeological sites and anthropological associations related to sacred and spiritual beliefs of the local clan group and wider cultural associations.

The Gundagai area is part of the traditional lands of the Wiradjuri speaking people before and post European settlement, and also holds national significance to Indigenous Australians. The floodplains of the Murrumbidgee below the present town of Gundagai were a frequent meeting place of Wiradjuri speaking people from nearby regions. One indication of the ancient, sacred cultural landscape that is North Gundagai is the bora ring that has been identified close to town.[1]

The location of Gundagai on a sizeable prehistoric highway, (the Murrumbidgee River), along with the significant and sacred Aboriginal ceremonial ground across all of North Gundagai, and other ancient archaeology, indicates it would have been an important ceremonial, mining, manufacturing and trading place for Aboriginal people before the arrival of the Europeans.[2] As with all ancient sacred places, particularly within still continuing Australian Aboriginal culture, the sacredness of Gundagai's amazing Australian Aboriginal cultural landscape continues despite colonial and later intrusion.

Gundagai Aboriginal elders, Jimmy Clements and John Noble, attended the 1927 opening of the new Federal Parliament House in Canberra by the then-Duke of York. Jimmy Clements also known as King Billy whose traditional name was 'Yangar',[3] walked forward to respectfully salute the Duke and Duchess of York, and after that the two elders were formally presented to the royal couple as prominent citizens of Australia.[4]

Australian dialogue meeting

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Aboriginal leaders Pat Dodson and Noel Pearson; the former Chief of the Australian Army and Governor of Western Australia, Lieutenant General John Sanderson; and current Australian business leaders, met at a remote property on the Murrumbidgee River near Gundagai in September 2008 on the first stages of an Australian Dialogue to promote constitutional reform and structural change for Indigenous Australian people. Galarrwuy Yunupingu, Northern Territory Indigenous leader, could not be at the gathering of esteemed senior Australians but was kept informed of the progress of talks.[5]

Natural phenomena

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A feeling of awe and reverence for that Almighty power that formed the universe was had in Gundagai at the appearance of the comet on Saturday 21 December 1844.[6] In 1859 the 'Aurora Australis' interfered with the operation of the Gundagai electric telegraph.[7] So great can be some rainfall downpours at Gundagai that old mining dams have been known to fill and burst.[8] A meteor seen at Gundagai on New Year's Day, 1876 was reported to have lit up the streets as though with magnesium wire,[9] and over four inches of rain fell in two hours during a dreadful storm at Gundagai in 1885.[10] Very deep snowfalls and severe weather were experienced in 1899.[11]

Similar to other inland areas in Australia, the Gundagai area has often been visited by tornadoes, particularly in dry times.[12][13] There has also been numerous reports of earth tremors rattling through Gundagai since European settlement.[14][15][16]

Struck by lightning

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During a thunderstorm near Gundagai in 1876, an electric fire-ball was seen to issue from the clouds, strike the earth, and explode with a loud noise, singeing Constable Macalister's hair and whiskers, and leaving a blue mark on his side.[17] A terrific thunderstorm at Gundagai in March 1877 set fire to the inside of Armour's house.[18] In November 1899, a man named Caigan was struck by lightning and killed as he sheltered in a hollow log.[19] A boy, Patrick Vaughan, was struck by lightning in October 1904 and rendered unconscious for a long time.[20] Two horses were struck by lightning in 1904 and one horse died.[21] A few weeks later two boys were struck by lightning as they hid under a bullock hide strung over a wire fence. The electric charge travelled along the fence wire.[22] In 1938 two dead drovers were found under a tree south of Gundagai, again the victims of lightning.[23] Lightning killed a horse in 1946 but the rider escaped with her life though somewhat injured.[24] A bushfire that caused a lot of damage was started near Gundagai in February 1906 after lightning hit a tree.[25] John Bloomquist, who was camped in a hollow tree on the Gundagai Golf links, was horribly burned and died when the tree was struck by lightning in 1932.[26] There has been other victims of lightning in the Gundagai area due to the ferocity of thunderstorms that can happen locally.

Etymology and dindsenchas

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Some believe the name 'Gundagai' derives from the word 'Gundagair', an 1838 pastoral run in the name of William Hutchinson[27] to the immediate north of current day Gundagai. 'Gair' was recorded at Yass in 1836 by George Bennett (naturalist) and means 'bird', as in budgerigar or good bird. In that context 'Gundagai' means place of birds but that placename may refer to the area to the north of Gundagai not to Gundagai town. The word 'Gundagai' is also said to mean cut with a hand-axe behind the knee.[28] Combining the two meanings results in the place of birds near where there is a large bend in the Murrumbidgee River that was caused by a cut in the back of the knee. This meaning presupposes that for there to be a knee there is a leg and a body which there is.

There is a large anthropomorphic figure in the landscape at Gundagai.[29] The figure has a kangaroo or dog-like head and is several kilometres in length. It has hindquarters similar to that of an emu but with a long tail and it appears to be sitting on a bend in the river that has a box shape. The image faces to the west and its head is near the Dog on the Tuckerbox area at Gundagai. This primary landscape figure marked out by the course of the Murrumbidgee River at Gundagai, is replicated in some Sydney Rock Engravings and recorded in local Aboriginal cultural heritage. The 'Gundagai' placename meaning further refers to the reason for the bend in the Murrumbidgee River near the Gundagai showground at Gundagai and to the mythological landscape epic at Gundagai. Bunyips, understood to be where streams flood out of their usual channel in wet seasons flooding surrounding land but also drowning anyone caught on the wrong side of them, are recorded on the Gundagai floodplain; opposite 'Kimo'; and at the junction of the Tumut and Murrumbidgee rivers.[30] The Kimo bunyip is accompanied by a large slash in the earth's mantle out of which the 'Jindalee Volcanics' extruded.[31]

The area is also identified as Jones Creek diorite. 'Kimo' is 'Mt Kimo', named for one of the Nereids, (Nereids, Cymatolege or 'Kymo'[32]), that occupies the midpoint of the 'Kimo Range', facing Gundagai High School. 'Kimo' is also known as Nargun. Charles Sturt in Chapter Two of his Murrumbidgee exploration journal,[33] likened the 'verdant' Gundagai valley as having Diana of Nemi site parallels as recorded in James George Frazer's 'The Golden Bough',[34] when Sturt journeyed through the Gundagai area in 1829–1830. Mount Minerva is the old name for what today is the hill known as 'Minjary'.

Oak groves and muses featured in some succeeding cultural depictions of Gundagai no doubt assigned by early settlers who had received the benefits of an education in the classics, such as Charles Tompson, claimed to be Australia's first published native-born poet and whose father had possession of a large tract of land at Gundagai in the 1830s; and James Macarthur son of John Macarthur, Australian wool pioneer, who met up with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Europe[35] and who with his brother William Macarthur had possession of Nangus Station at Nangus, Gundagai. Goethe was one of the key figures of Classicism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. One pastoral holding on the western side of North Gundagai was named 'Jarno'.[36] Jarno is a character in Goethe's, Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, a German response to the dramas of William Shakespeare.

Gundagai also has a 'Shakespeare Terrace' that runs along the Murrumbidgee floodplain below the town that may or may not refer to the amazing grand theatre corroborees that happened in that area, eagerly shared in the 1830s for the benefit of overlanders and travellers; or in reference to several or all works of Shakespeare. Placenames such as that of Virgil Street that ascends Gundagai's Mount Parnassus lead to sites in the local landscape that for example invoke Virgil's 'Aeneid', viz ... there the fearsome cavern of the awesome Sybil lies, Whence came her prophecies. The name 'Warramore', is given for Stuckey's Station in 1836 at today's Gundagai.[37] 'Warramore' is linked to 'Warrawen', which is the large cut in the western side of the Monaro Plateau from near which western travelling geological fault lines begin, and 'Warragong', which is the section of the beginning of the Australian Alps in the Gundagai region upon which snow sometimes falls. The junction of the Murrumbidgee and Tumut Rivers is named 'Bewuck' to note the numerous Murray Cod found in that area.[38]

George Augustus Robinson, Chief Protector of Aborigines in Port Phillip, commented that Gundagai was remarkable for its nomenclature when passing through the town in 1844.[39]

As Gundagai is a place of significant Irish, Scottish and English settlement post the arrival of the Europeans, Celtic and English landscape understanding or dindsenchas is also evident at Gundagai. The story of the 'Ghost of Kimo Hill', (in 'Gundagai Ghosts' below), is one example of this. Gundagai Shire Council also had a ward system of Municipal Governance until recent times.[40] but is now composed of eight councillors elected proportionally. 'West Ward' at Gundagai is still delineated by West Street. The ward system originates from Scotland and Eastern England where wards, that are watchful spirits that protect settlements from internal troubles and external dangers, ... form nightly a ring of benevolent spiritual protection against harmful spirits. Once the spirits are driven from the landscape, the protection is no longer forthcoming and the settlement is open to psychic ills.[41] Beating the Bounds, the religious form of wards, is still practised in some parishes in the Anglican Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn.[42] Cursed is he who transgresseth the bounds or doles of his neighbour.[43] Gundagai's Anglican parish still has 'wardens'.

The Right Reverend Trevor Edwards Vicar General of the Anglican Church and Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn, commented in September 2011, on the stories held within the walls of St John's Church Gundagai when he led the commemoration of the laying of the foundation stone of that church in 1861[44] Outside the walls of the St John's church at Gundagai are also the stories of multiple events and aspects of culture not the least the two oak trees outside the Anglican Rectory.

Gundagai's rich history of song, verse, epic sagas and notable events beginning first with that of Australian Aboriginal cultural heritage then on to multiple other ontologies with the arrival of the Europeans; that are also remembered within placenames and recalled throughout landscape is evidence of the rich tapestry that is Gundagai today.

Bunyips

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The Murrumbidgee River at Gundagai has been a place of numerous bunyip sightings.[45][46][47]

Snake Tales

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Snakes do unusual things at Gundagai such as the eastern brown snake that removed itself from the stomach of a red-bellied black snake after the red-belly black had eaten it.[48] George Bennett, English born Australian physician and naturalist, recorded at Gundagai in the 1830s that the black snake was the wife of the brown so that may have meant in the biblical sense.[49] In 1908 there was a snake plague at Gundagai with several crawling around the main street and one entering the barber's shop.[50] In 1924 an eastern brown snake that had hidden under a home, was enticed out after 'Yes, We have No Bananas', 'The Road to Gundagai' and finally 'Come into the Garden Maud', were played on the harmonica.[51] A man was bitten on the finger by a snake in 1929 but couldn't get the snake to let go. His dog eventually dragged the snake away. The man chopped his finger off and survived.[52] Also in 1929, Hubert Opperman famous cyclist, had a tiger snake encounter at Gundagai.[53]

The efforts of Yarri, Jacky Jacky, and two other Indigenous men Jackie Douglas and Tommy Davis in saving many Gundagai people from the 1852 floodwaters were heroic. Between them, these men rescued more than 40 people using bark canoes.[54] Yarri and Jacky Jacky were honoured with bronze medallions for their efforts, and were allowed to demand sixpences from all Gundagai residents, although Yarri was maltreated on at least one occasion after the flood.[55] It is claimed that the Gundagai community developed a special affinity with the Wiradjuri people and that the flood and its aftermath was the birthplace of reconciliation.[1][54]

Spirit Dog, Djirri Djirris, Killimicat Craypton and Ghosts

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To the east of Gundagai, local Aboriginal cultural tradition traditionally ran downstream into the Murrumbidgee, then on to Gundagai rather than upstream to Tumut.[56] As well as bunyip stories, Brungle Aboriginal women relate the story of the 'Mirriyolla Dog' a spirit dog that could shapeshift. Willie wagtails or djirri djirris were known to listen into conversations so it was wise to not repeat confidences. A man with no head called 'Craypton' lived up on 'Killimicat' and would ride down the mountain of a night on a horse. The blue glow of the Min Min light sometimes identified as a fata morgana phenomenon, is also known in the Gundagai area and Aboriginal people were taught to run if they saw it.[57] The Mirriyolla Ghost Dog is also known of in Cootamundra a few miles to the north-west of Gundagai and lives in the Bethungra Range that is partly in Gundagai Shire. This ghost dog hunts on just one night a year, the longest night.[58]

Gundagai has recorded several ghost and will-o'-the-wisp sightings. Will-O'-the-Wisp is Will the Smith. Will is a wicked blacksmith who is given a second chance by Saint Peter at the gates to Heaven, but leads such a bad life that he ends up being doomed to wander the Earth. The Devil provides him with a single burning coal with which to warm himself, which he then used to lure foolish travellers into the marshes. One tall and shadowy ... supernatural visitant that appeared from under a culvert in Gundagai in 1869, severely alarmed a horse and its rider, and exhibited a livid, phosphoric light such as a rotting fish might display.[59]

Mrs Moroney at Jones Creek, Gundagai, was often visited by a ghost in 1873. The ghost wore a grey tweed suit and had a red beard. Sometimes one-half of him would appear to those he chose to favour with his presence, and at other times, the other half was seen. Mrs Moroney spoke to her clergyman and also the Bishop and then vacated her residence. A nearby resident, Mr Carey, then began to receive visits by the same spectre. Mr Carey corroborated Mrs Moroney's description of the ghost and dealt with it by hitting it on the head with a shovel the next time it paid him a visit.[60] The shovel bounced off so next Mr Carey set the dogs on it and the ghost retreated through the doorway.[8]

Co-founder of the Gundagai Museum, Oscar Bell, British Empire Medal recipient for services to the community including preserving and recording Gundagai history,[61] and President of the Gundagai and District Historical Society, told of the ghost of a little old woman that alarmed a newly arrived in Australia, Irish pastoral worker named Dennis Kilker. A ghost of the same description, (which may have been a Cailleach, or Washer at the Ford also known as a Bean Nighe, given the Celtic mythological elements in the story), was also reported by a tourist named Ryan who passed through the area in the 1960s. Bell then went on to remember the ghost of Kimo Hill, a couple of miles to the south of Gundagai, that is thought to belong to a lost or stolen child who went missing in the area, in the 1830s.[62] 'Kimo Hill' is a child hill of the 'Kimo Range' that has become distanced from its mother hill, 'Mount Kimo', on the northern end of the Sheahan Bridge at North Gundagai.[63]

A young lady, Bridget Moran drowned herself in Morley's Creek near the old Gundagai Flour Mill, in 1887[64] and ever since, some people when walking past the mill report seeing the image of a sad young woman looking out from the upper windows of the building.[65] More recently a Gundagai resident saw a ghost at the old Gundagai Gaol and wrote a song about her.[66]

In 1923, a Ghost Ball was held in the Gundagai hall with dancers clad in white costume.[67] Gundagai also has a long and strong oral tradition of folklore particular to place that in no small way is due to the site of Gundagai and its many thousands of years long occupation by Australian Aboriginal people being the original foundation population that holds continuing traditional custodianship of place. In turn, as a direct result of colonialism by England from the 1800s onward, the current culturally diverse Celtic and Anglo-Saxon origin dominant in numbers population evolved at Gundagai at high cost to the original inhabitants.

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gundagai, New South Wales.

Notes and references

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  1. ^ a b "Gundagai Shire". State of the Environment Reporting for the Australian Capital Region. ACT Commissioner for the Environment. 2006. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 18 July 2006.
  2. ^ Kabaila, P. (2005), 'High Country Footprints: Aboriginal pathways and movement in the high country of southeastern Australia: Recognising the ancient paths beside modern highways', Pirion Publishing Canberra
  3. ^ Australia (2 February 2012). "Aboriginal Group Sculpture 1925". Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  4. ^ "11 May 1927 – Canberra. Ceremonies End. Royal Visitors Leave". Trove.nla.gov.au. 11 May 1927. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  5. ^ Rintoul, S. 12 September 2008 'Dialogue gets under way at indigenous leaders' retreat' The Australian, http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24332900-5013172,00.html Archived 5 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "News from the Interior". Trove.nla.gov.au. 30 December 1844. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  7. ^ "The Sydney Morning Herald. Tuesday, August 30, 1". Trove.nla.gov.au. 30 August 1859. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  8. ^ a b "Gundagai. August 5". Trove.nla.gov.au. 9 August 1873. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  9. ^ "The Sydney Morning Herald". Trove.nla.gov.au. 18 January 1876. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  10. ^ "Severe Storm at Gundagai. [by Telegraph.] (From". Trove.nla.gov.au. 25 February 1885. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  11. ^ "Severe Weather in the South. Heavy Snowfalls in". Trove.nla.gov.au. 9 August 1899. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  12. ^ "29 Oct 1902 – Crumbs". Trove.nla.gov.au. 29 October 1902. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  13. ^ "26 Feb 1845 – News From the Inter[?] (From our various Corresp". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  14. ^ "17 Jan 1925 – Earth Tremor. Gundagai, Friday". Trove.nla.gov.au. 17 January 1925. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  15. ^ "3 Nov 1932 – Earth Tremor at Gundagai". Trove.nla.gov.au. 3 November 1932. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  16. ^ "1 Dec 1886 – Extensive Earthquakes in New South Wales". Trove.nla.gov.au. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  17. ^ "14 Feb 1876 – Notes of the Week". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  18. ^ "22 Mar 1877 – Terrific Thunderstorm at Guadagai. (From the Gun". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  19. ^ "18 Nov 1899 – The Sydney Morning Herald. Saturday, November". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  20. ^ "8 Oct 1904 – Boy Struck by Lightning. Gundagai. Friday". Trove.nla.gov.au. 8 October 1904. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  21. ^ "26 Oct 1904 – Horses Struck by Lightning. Gundagai, Tuesday". Trove.nla.gov.au. 26 October 1904. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  22. ^ "20 Dec 1904 – Two Boys Struck by Lightning. Gundagai, Monday". Trove.nla.gov.au. 20 December 1904. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  23. ^ "Lightning Struck Drovers' Bodies Found Under Tree". Trove.nla.gov.au. 17 January 1938. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  24. ^ "17 Jan 1946 – Lightning Kills Horse But Rider Escapes". Trove.nla.gov.au. 17 January 1946. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  25. ^ "8 Feb 1906 – Bush Fire at Gundagai. Caused by Lightning. Sydn". Trove.nla.gov.au. 8 February 1906. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  26. ^ "5 Apr 1932 – Man Struck Dead Gundagai, Monday". Trove.nla.gov.au. 5 April 1932. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  27. ^ RJE Gormly Index, Letter from the Deputy Surveyor-General, 22 January 1838, in 'Gundagai A Track Winding Back', Cliff Butcher, 2002, A.C. Butcher, Gundagai, p.11
  28. ^ "Gundagai". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales.  
  29. ^ easily viewed on any map of the area e.g. Tumut Geological Series Sheet 8527, Edition 1, 1990, Department of Minerals and Energy under the authority of the Minister for Minerals and Energy, 1990.
  30. ^ identified in Parkes, W. (1952) correspondence between Tindale, Parkes and Hancock, Noel Butlin Archives Centre, ANU Manuscript Collection, D/162, p.96
  31. ^ Geological Series Sheet 8527 (Edition 1)1990, Australia 1:100,000, Tumut Mineralogical Map.
  32. ^ 'Mythagora' "Encyclopedia: K - Kyzikos: Greek mythology, people, places and things of ancient Greece". Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  33. ^ Sturt, C., Two expeditions into the interior of southern Australia during the years 1828,1829,1830,1831 Chapter Two, University of South Australia, ebooks, Available [online] http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/sturt/charles/s93t/ [1]
  34. ^ Frazer, J.G. (1990), The Golden Bough The Classic Study in Magic and Religion, Macmillan Press Ltd, London, Melbourne, pp. 139–142, 161–167
  35. ^ Macarthur, J. 1828, Interview with Goethe, p.181, James Macarthur, in 'Quadrant Volume 12', 1968, H.R. Krygier on behalf of the Australian Committee for Cultural Freedom, 1968, Australian Committee for Cultural Freedom, Australian Association for Cultural Freedom, p.381
  36. ^ "Trove". trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  37. ^ Horton, J., (1838), 'Six Months in South Australia: Ride of Six Hundred Miles From Sydney to Melbourne Through the District of Illawarra', J. Cross, London, pp. 175–194. Available [online] http://www.ozhistorymine.com/html/t__horton_james__1838.html
  38. ^ "19 Nov 1927 – Tumut in 1832. Two Pictures". Trove.nla.gov.au. 19 November 1927. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  39. ^ George Augustus Robinson 'Report of a Journey of two thousand two hundred miles to the Tribes of the Coast and Eastern Interior during the year 1844', ca.1844, MLMSS 7335, State Library of NSW, Available [online] http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/_transcript/2010/D04795/a2078.pdf
  40. ^ "27 Jan 1904 – Municipal Elections". Trove.nla.gov.au. 27 January 1904. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  41. ^ Pennick, N., (1996), 'Celtic Sacred Landscapes', Thames and Hudson, Great Britain, p. 134.
  42. ^ The Rural Ministry Task Force Diocese of Canberra Goulburn, 2009, Anglican News, Beating the Bounds develops unity among worship centres', Vol 26, No 6, August 2009, The Newspaper of the Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn, p.11 Available [online] http://sharepoint.anglicancg.org.au/Publib/Documents/Media/Anglican%20News/Anglican%20News%20August%202009.pdf Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ Tate, William Edward (March 1969). The Parish Chest: A Study of the Records of Parochial Administration in England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-06603-7.
  44. ^ Gundagai Independent, Sheridan Street Gundagai, Thursday 29 September 2011, p.1.
  45. ^ "27 Nov 1902 – The Bunyip". Trove.nla.gov.au. 27 November 1902. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  46. ^ "20 Sep 1947 – Bunyip Hunters at Gundagai". Trove.nla.gov.au. 20 September 1947. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  47. ^ "24 Oct 1868 – Opening of the New South Wales Parliament. The G". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  48. ^ Tony Barton: User submitted (27 January 2009). "A brown snake removes itself from the red belly black snake that had 'eaten' it minutes before". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 8 March 2012. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  49. ^ Bennett, George (1834). Wanderings in New South Wales, Batavia, Pedir Coast, Singapore and China: being the journal of a naturalist in those countries, during 1832, 1833 and 1834 (Vol. 1) Archived 25 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine London: Richard Bentley, University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, China Through Western Eyes
  50. ^ "18 Nov 1908 – Snake Plague at Gundagai. Sydney, Wednesday". Trove.nla.gov.au. 18 November 1908. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  51. ^ "26 Feb 1924 – Items of News". Trove.nla.gov.au. 26 February 1924. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  52. ^ "12 Nov 1929 – Bitten by Snake. Aged Man Chops Finger Off. | GU". Trove.nla.gov.au. 12 November 1929. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  53. ^ "9 Nov 1929 – Rides 371 Miles in 24 Hours Opperman Has Fight W". Trove.nla.gov.au. 9 November 1929. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  54. ^ a b Mr Carr (Maroubra—Premier, Minister for the Arts, and Minister for Citizenship) (25 June 2002). "Gundagai Flood Sesquicentenary". NSW Legislative Assembly Hansard; Ministerial statement. Parliament of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. ^ Gundagai Times, 29 June 1879, as cited in Bodie Asimus (22 September 2003). "Yarri – a Frontier Story". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
  56. ^ 'Parkes, W. 1952, Letter to Tindale from Parkes, Noel Butlin Archives Centre, ANU Manuscript Collection, database 162, p.96
  57. ^ Department of Environment and Conservation NSW, 2004, 'Aboriginal Women's Heritage: Brungle and Tumut', Department of Environment and Conservation NSW, p.42. Also available [online] http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/nswcultureheritage/AboriginalWomensHeritageBrungleTumut.htm
  58. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110327123813/http://www.cootamundra.local-e.nsw.gov.au/files/59930/File/BrochurePicturepackage.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2012. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  59. ^ "12 Oct 1869 – No title". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  60. ^ "12 Aug 1873 – Gundagai. August 5". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  61. ^ "Mr Oscar Isaac BELL". It's An Honour. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  62. ^ Bell, O., (ndg – possibly 1970s), 'Tales of Old Gundagai' No.3, B.E.M. President of the Gundagai and District Historical Society, Wilkie Watson Publications, Tumut, p.50.
  63. ^ from Gundagai NSW map Stock No. R753X85274, 1986, Produced by the Royal Australian Survey Corps under the direction of The Chief of General Staff
  64. ^ "Death by Drowning". Gundagai Times and Tumut, Adelong and Murrumbidgee District Advertiser. 12 July 1887.
  65. ^ "12 Jul 1887 – Country News. [by Telegraph.] (From Our Own Corr". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  66. ^ ABC Country, 2010, Kerryn, Available [online] http://abccountry.net.au/users/kerryn[permanent dead link‍]
  67. ^ "20 Jun 1923 – Ghosts at Gundagai. Dance to Weird Music". Trove.nla.gov.au. 20 June 1923. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
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