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Mount Muria or Gunung Muria is a dormant stratovolcano[5] on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia, about 66 km north of Semarang city.[6] It is located in three Regencies: Jepara on the west, Kudus on the south, and Pati on the east.[7] Some sources state the mountain has a height of 1602 m,[1][2] some state 1625 m.[4][8]
| Mount Muria | |
|---|---|
| Moerjo, Moerija | |
 Mount Muria, photographed in 1999 by the crew of the STS-93 mission | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,602 m (5,256 ft)[1][2] |
| Prominence | 1,595 m (5,233 ft)[3] |
| Listing | Ribu |
| Coordinates | 6°37′00″S 110°53′00″E / 6.616667°S 110.883333°E[4] |
| Geography | |
  Mount Muria Mount Muria (Java Island)  Mount Muria Mount Muria (Indonesia) | |
| Location | |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Stratovolcano[4] |
| Last eruption | 160 BCE[4] |
Mount Muria was once an island, separated from Java by the Muria Strait.[9][10] The strait was one of the spice trade routes connecting the Middle East with Maluku and was probably traveled by Tomé Pires on his voyage to Java.[11] The strait closed around 1657.[12]: 111–113
In 1979, the northern side of the mountain was chosen by the National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) [id] as a location for the construction of a nuclear power plant, with the understanding that the risk of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions was small compared to other parts of Java and Bali.[13] The plant's placement also took into consideration electricity consumption in Central Java.[13] Earthquakes that rocked Mount Muria in the 2010s put an end to the development plan.[citation needed]
The mountain last erupted in 160 BCE.[4]
Geology
editMount Muria is associated with the Miocene subduction zone, not an active subduction zone,[2] with the Benioff zone approximately 325 km deep.[14] There was, however, still magma activity in 2000, based on temperature maps of the Muria peninsula.[15]
Mount Muria is historically comparable to Mount Genuk [id], another volcano on the Muria peninsula, located in Donorojo [id]: both produce coherent lava, and have both lava plugs and domes as well as maars at the foot of each volcano and in the surrounding plains.[16] Volcanic breccias, lapilli and tuff can also be found around the mountain, with densities around 2.4g/cm3.[17]
Abandoned nuclear project
editFrom 1976 to 2015 there was a plan to build a nuclear power plant on Mount Muria. Construction was scheduled to begin in 1997 but halted due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In 2007, construction was scheduled to begin again but was halted by a sudden outbreak of anti-nuclear protests. After the protests continued for several months, the local branch of Nahdlatul Ulama denounced the project to build on the sacred mountain. They declared that the government's plan was haram because it would force Indonesia to import foreign uranium, hire foreign experts to manage the plant, and pay the costs to dismantle the plant and store the nuclear waste indefinitely. The national chairman of NU refused to support the local decision, but said that NU would not overrule a finding by a local branch about matters exclusively pertaining to the local branch.[18]
Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the Indonesian government suspended the project. In 2015 the project was permanently halted after nearly 40 years of planning. Indonesia no longer has active nuclear projects.[19][page needed]
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b Widjanarko 2016, p. 112.
- ^ a b c Balulu 2011, p. 104.
- ^ "Mountains of the Indonesian Archipelago". Peaklist. 2005-08-16. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
- ^ a b c d e "Muria". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
- ^ Sunarko 2016, p. 50.
- ^ "Peta visualisasi GPS". Archived from the original on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
- ^ Bronto & Mulyaningsih 2007, p. 43.
- ^ "Muria". Volcano World. Oregon State University. 25 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2022-11-30. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ Sunarto 2008.
- ^ Subandriyono, Joko (8 October 2020). "Widodo Pranowo Peneliti Pusat Riset Kelautan KKP Memastikan Bahwa Pantai Benteng Portugis Jepara Tidak Akan Terkena Tsunami" [Widodo Pranowo, Researcher at the KKP Marine Research Center, Ensures that Jepara's Portuguese Fort Beach Will Not Be Affected by the Tsunami]. Pusat Riset Kelautan Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2022-03-08. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ Roesmanto 2012, p. 11.
- ^ Dagh-register gehouden int Casteel Batavia: vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India (1656-1657), hlm. 27 via Sejara Nusantara hdl:2027/mdp.39015020146026
- ^ a b Bronto & Mulyaningsih 2007, p. 44.
- ^ Marin, Winarno & Mindasari 2019, p. 7.
- ^ Balulu 2011, p. 105.
- ^ Bronto & Mulyaningsih 2007, p. 46.
- ^ Balulu 2011, p. 106.
- ^ "Nuclear fatwa: Islamic jurisprudence and the Muria nuclear power station proposal | Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability". APSNet Policy Forum. The Nautilus Institute. 13 December 2007.
- ^ "Nuclear Power and Small Modular Reactors in Indonesia: Potential and Challenges" (PDF). The Nautilus Institute. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
Bibliography
edit- Balulu, Nasrun (2011). "Interpretasi Struktur Bawah Permukaan Gunung Muria Menggunakan Analisa Data Gravitasi". Neutrino (in Indonesian). 3 (2): 104–107. doi:10.18860/neu.v0i0.1646. ISSN 2460-5999. S2CID 129147424. Archived from the original on 2022-03-10. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
- Bronto, Sutikno; Mulyaningsih, Sri (2007). "Gunung api maar di Semenanjung Muria" [Maar volcano on the Muria Peninsula]. Jurnal Geologi Indonesia (in Indonesian). 2 (1): 43–54. doi:10.17014/ijog.2.1.43-54. ISSN 2355-9306. S2CID 128826992. Archived from the original on 2021-06-19. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
- Marin, Jenian; Winarno, Tri; Mindasari, Dewi (2019). "Mineralogy and Geochemistry Variation of Igneous Rocks from Ungaran and Muria Volcano and Its Processes related to Subduction Zone Magmatism of Sunda Arc". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 279 (1): 012017. Bibcode:2019E&ES..279a2017M. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/279/1/012017. S2CID 202921435.
- Roesmanto, Totok (2012). "Lanskap Semarang Yang Hilang" [The Lost Landscape of Semarang] (PDF). Riptek: Jurnal Pembangunan Kota Semarang Berbasis Sains & Teknologi (in Indonesian). 6 (1): 11–15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-30. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
- Sunarko (2016). "Kajian Probabilistik Jatuhan Abu Vulkanik Terhadap Tapak PLTN Muria" [Probabilistic Study of Volcanic Ash Falling on the Muria NPP Site]. Jurnal Pengembangan Energi Nuklir (in Indonesian). 18 (1): 49–57. doi:10.17146/jpen.2016.18.1.2688. ISSN 2502-9479. S2CID 132711937. Archived from the original on 2022-08-18. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
- Sunarto (December 2008). "Geomorphological Development of the Muria Palaeostrait in Relation to the Morphodynamics of the Wulan Delta, Central Java". Indonesian Journal of Geography. 40 (2): 177–185. ISSN 0024-9521. S2CID 130712911.
- Widjanarko, Mochamad (2016). "Modal Sosial Masyarakat Desa Rahtawu: Studi Kasus Pelestarian Hutan Muria Di Kabupaten Kudus". Jurnal Masyarakat & Budaya LIPI (in Indonesian). 18 (1): 109–120. ISSN 2502-1966. S2CID 114754697. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2021-01-16.
External links
edit- "Muria". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
Links relating to Sunan Muria (Raden Umar Said)
6°37′S 110°53′E / 6.617°S 110.883°E
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