Guus Kouwenhoven,[1] often misspelled as Gus Kouwenhoven or Guus van Kouwenhoven[2] (born 15 February 1942, 's-Hertogenbosch) is a Dutch arms dealer convicted for arms trafficking in Liberia during the presidency of Charles Taylor.
Augustinus Petrus Kouwenhoven | |
|---|---|
| Born | 15 February 1942 |
| Occupation | Arms dealer |
Deported from the US
editIn the 1970s, Kouwenhoven was sentenced to two years in prison in the United States after being caught in a Federal Bureau of Investigation sting operation along with his then business partner Peter Rombouts while attempting to sell 6 stolen artworks, including a Rembrandt. In this case he was sentenced to two years incarceration but served only 17 days before being deported from the US.[3]
Involvement in Liberia
editKouwenhoven started his career in Liberia in the 1980s as the manager of Hotel Africa[4] and later on headed the Oriental Timber Corporation (OTC), the main timber company in Liberia in the early 2000s, during the Liberian Civil War. The company was used as a cover for arms smuggling from China and Serbia, via Viktor Bout an arms trader from the former Soviet Union who frequented the hotel and used it as a hub for arms sales all over Africa. Syrian-born Richard (Amar) Chichakli was the financial manager of Bout's arms operations.[5][6][7]
The United Nations issued an order in 2001 banning him from traveling because of arms trafficking, and banned arms trade with him.[6][8][9]
The three, Taylor himself, Kouwenhoven and Bout were arrested within a single year, while Chichakli evaded arrest for several years, and was caught in Australia in 2013. [10][11][12]
Trials
editKouwenhoven was arrested in the Netherlands on 18 March 2005 and stood trial at the Court of First Instance in The Hague, starting 24 April 2006, charged with arms smuggling and war crimes in Liberia in the 90s, for which the Dutch public prosecutors sought a 20-year jail sentence and a fine of €450,000. The court tried to summon Charles Taylor to testify against Kouwenhoven. On 7 June 2006 Kouwenhoven was sentenced to 8 years in jail for arms smuggling. The court did not find him guilty of war crimes. Both the public prosecutors and Kouwenhoven sought a higher court appeal and Kouwenhoven was released in March 2007 in anticipation of his new trial.[13] The Court of Appeal in The Hague acquitted him of all charges on 10 March 2008 and sharply criticized the work of the prosecution.[14]
The prosecution appealed the acquittal to the Supreme Court on 20 March 2008. In April 2010 the Supreme Court ordered a re-trial at the court in Den Bosch.[15] In November 2014, the court in Den Bosch was to hear arguments for dismissal as there were no witnesses available to testify. The Prosecutor Cara Pronk-Jordan wished to have the earlier anonymous interviews used as evidence.[16] Kouwenhoven fled to South Africa in December 2016, claiming medical grounds.[5] On 21 April 2017, Kouwenhoven was convicted in absentia to a 19-year jail sentence for illegal arms trafficking and complicity in war crimes in Liberia and Guinea.[17] A day after this conviction, “Interpol despatched a Red List Notice to the Interpol NCB in Pretoria” requesting that he be provisionally arrested.[18]
Kouwenhoven was arrested on a Dutch warrant on Friday 8 December 2017 at his home in Fresnaye, Cape Town, by the South African Police and appeared before the Cape Town Magistrate's Court from 12 December 2017.[5][19] In February 2020 the magistrate ruled "with great regret" that Kouwenhoven could not be extradited to the Netherlands in terms of South Africa's Extradition Act because the offences were not committed in the Netherlands.[20]
References
edit- ^ "Homepage". Haguejusticeportal.net. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
- ^ "Guus Kouwenhoven". www.liberiapastandpresent.org. Archived from the original on May 25, 2022.
- ^ Howden, Daniel (18 May 2006). "Crimes against humanity: Anatomy of an arms dealer". Independent. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ "How a tyrant's 'logs of war' bring terror to West Africa". the Guardian. 2001-05-27. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
- ^ a b c Behr, Mike (9 December 2017). "Gunrunner arrested in Cape Town for war crimes in Liberia". IOL. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ a b "Taylor Made: The Pivotal Role of Liberia's Forests and Flag of Convenience in Regional Conflict" (PDF). Global Witness. 2001. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ Hotel Africa and the crumbling of modernity, Malkit Shoshan, 2017 (Canadian Center for Architecture website)
- ^ Crimes against humanity - anatomy of an arms dealer, Daniel Howden, May 19, 2006 (The Independent)
- ^ UN report for assets freeze and ban on arms sales, with list including Guus Kouwenhoven, Viktor Bout and Richard Amar Chichakli.
- ^ Liberia: Taylor Allies Join Him in Prison, Othello B. Garblah, April 24, 2017 (AllAfrica.com)
- ^ Arms and the Man, a visit to Bout and Chichakli in Moscow. Peter Landesman, August 25, 2003 (with permission from The New York Times, Archived Global Policy Forum)
- ^ Australia holds arms dealer Viktor Bout's 'accomplice'. January 11, 2013 (BBC website)
- ^ "Kouwenhoven vrij tot rechtszaak" (in Dutch). Reformatorisch Dagblad. 19 March 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ "Guus Kouwenhoven". Hague Justice Portal. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ "Dutch Supreme Court quashes Court of Appeal decision in Guus K. case". The Hague Justice Portal. 20 April 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ "Anonymous witnesses lost case - Kouwenhoven kwijt" (in Dutch). De Telegraaf. 10 February 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ "Zakenman Kouwenhoven krijgt 19 jaar voor wapenhandel in Liberia" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Omroep Stichting. 21 April 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ "Kouwenhoven v Minister of Police and Others (888/2020) [2021] ZASCA 119 (22 September 2021". Southern African Legal Information Institute. Southern African Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ Dolley, Caryn (14 December 2017). "Dutch arms dealer used 'blood money' to finance his lavish lifestyle in Cape Town, court hears". IOL. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ Behr, Mike (23 February 2020). "Cape court rules that Dutch war criminal won't be extradited". Weekend Argus.