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Yi Kang

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In this Korean name, the family name is Yi.

Yi Kang, Prince Imperial Ui (Korean: 의친왕 이강; 30 March 1877 – 15 August 1955), also known as Prince Uihwa, was the second son of Emperor Gojong of Korea and his concubine, Lady Jang, who was a court lady-in-waiting.

Yi Kang
Yi on his uniform as Lieutenant General in Imperial Korean Army
Born(1877-03-30)30 March 1877
Hanseong-bu, Joseon
Died15 August 1955(1955-08-15) (aged 78)
Andong Palace, Anguk-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
Burial
Hongyu-reung, Namyang-ju
SpouseKim Su-deok, Princess Imperial Ui

​
​
(m. 1892; died 1964)​

Concubines:
  • Lady Jeong of Sugwandang
  • Kim Heung-in, Lady Suindang
  • Jeong Un-seok, Lady Suhyundang
  • Cho Byung-suk
  • Yi Hui-chun, Lady Sudeokdang
  • Kim Jeong-wan, Lady Suwandang
  • Park Yeong-hui, Lady Sugildang
  • Lady Song
  • Kim Chang-hui, Lady Sokyungdang
  • Ham Kae-bong
  • Kim Hye-su
  • Hong Jeong-sun
Issue
Detail		Prince Yi Geon (Later Kenichi Momoyama)
Prince Yi U
Yi Bang
Yi Hae-wan
Yi Chang
Yi Ju
Yi Hae-won
Yi Gon (Successor of Yi Kang)
Yi Hae-chun
Yi Hae-suk
Yi Gwang
Yi Hyun
Yi Haegyeong
Yi Gap
Yi Seok
Yi Hoe-ja
Yi Hwan
Yi Hae-ran
Yi Jung
Yi Hae-ryeon
Yi Chang-hui
HouseHouse of Yi
FatherEmperor Gojong of Korea
MotherLady Jang of the Deoksu Jang clan
ReligionConfucianism → Catholic
Yi Kang
Hangul
의친왕 이강
or 의화군
Hanja
Revised RomanizationUichinwang I Gang or Uihwagun
McCune–ReischauerŬich'inwang I Kang or Ŭihwagun

He was not formally recognized as a legitimate prince until 1892, when his father issued a decree naming Yi "Prince Uihwa" with the style of Royal Highness. Yi married Lady Kim Su-deok, the daughter of court official Kim Sajun.

Prince Yi was not the Crown Prince, even though he was older than his half-brother Prince Imperial Yeong, due to various reasons including the status of his mother.

Biography

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Education and early life

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Despite being born as a son of Gojong of Korea, there are not many official records about his early life, which may be a result of having been borne by Lady Jang, a court lady-in-waiting of King Gojong but not the king's official consort or concubine during her lifetime. Lady Jang came from the Deoksu Jang clan, and Queen Inseon (Hyojong of Joseon's queen consort) was her distant relative.[i] According to the tradition, the half-brothers of the crown prince, in this case, Yi Cheok (future Sunjong of Korea), needed to move out from the palace until the latter reached the age 10; as the result, there were some years that Yi Kang lives with Pak Yung-hio, the son-in-law of King Cheoljong.[2] During the Gapsin Coup in 1884, Yi Kang and his mother were taken by Pak Yung-hio to the palace; contemporary rumors claimed that the coup d'état tried to replace the king with Yi Kang;[3] but after the coup ended, Yi left the palace again. During his young age, Yi Kang grew up with a bad reputation because of his behavior.[2]

Later, Queen Min, Gojong's wife, asked her husband to grant Yi Kang a title, so Yi Kang became Prince Uihwa (의화군) in 1892.[4] After three rounds of choosing in 1893,[5] the daughter of an official Kim Sa-jun, Lady Kim Su-deok, was chosen to be the spouse of Yi Kang, which was arranged by Queen Min.[6] Lady Kim, also known as "Lady Kim of Deokindang", was a distant relative to Queen Inmok, the queen consort of Seonjo of Joseon in the early 17th century;[ii] Yi Kang did not have children by her. Even after getting married, Yi Kang got involved in debt and lawsuit problems.[6]

Prince Yi Kang was appointed special ambassador to the Empire of Japan for the celebration ceremonies for Japan's victory in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895.[8] Yun Chi-ho, who met Yi before going Europe, assessed him as a smart 18 years old who had a good personality like his father but whom worried to study abroad.[9] In August 1895, Yi was appointed as Special ambassador and visited some European countries including, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia, Italy and Austria-Hungary.[8] In 1899, he in Japan. According to Japanese record, 3,000 Won was sent for Yi.[10] While he was not in Korea, Yi Kang was promoted to the rank of Prince Imperial Ui, and styled His Imperial Highness in 1900.[11] At the same year, he went to the United States and began studies at Roanoke College in Salem, Virginia from March 1901, where he majored in mathematics.[12] While he was in the United States, the Korean Government gave him 30,000 Won in 1902.[13] While in America, Yi was beaten by some Americans in 1903.[14] In 1904, some Korean foreign students tried to dethrone Gojong and make Yi the emperor.[15] After graduation, he spent a brief period at the Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio, and then traveled to San Francisco and Hawaii, returning to Korea on 15 March 1906.[12][16] Same year, he got Order of the Golden Ruler.[17] On 8 April 1906, Yi was appointed as Lieutenant General (부장).[18] He was appointed as Chanmogwan and was ordered to participate in the Military parade in Empire of Japan.[19] He received 1st class of Order of the Paulownia Flowers from the Japanese Government while he was in Japan.[20]

Prince Yi Kang served as the president of the Korean Red Cross from 1906 to 1907.[20] On 15 January 1907, Yi persuaded civilians and military personnels to raise Righteous army.[21] When Emperor Gojong abdicated and Emperor Sunjong succeeded as the Emperor, Yi was not appointed as the crown prince, but his younger brother, Yi Un, was appointed as the crown prince because, Yi did not receive public support and Gojong did not like him. Also, Imperial Consort Sunheon bribed Itō Hirobumi, who was the Japanese Resident General of Korea, to appoint her son as the crown prince.[22] When Itō Hirobumi was assassinated by An Jung-geun, Yi was ordered to participate the funeral as deputy of Korean Imperial House.[23] But the order was canceled and Minister of Imperial Household Min Byeong-seok [ko] was sent instead.[24]

Under Japanese rule

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Duke Yi Kang in Imperial Japanese dress uniform in 1934

Following the abdication of Emperor Gojong in 1907, and the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 by which Korea was annexed to the Empire of Japan, Prince Yi Kang grew increasingly dissatisfied with his status, even though the Japanese provided him with a huge annual allowance. At the same time, the title "Prince Imperial Ui" was abolished and he was known as the "Duke Yi Kang", a title given by Japanese.[25]

During the March 1st Movement, Yi participated as one of the representatives of Korea.[26] Since Yi used to study abroad and know much about the world, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea wanted Yi to join the government. After the escape of Gim Ga-jin, an Imperial Korean official before, the Provisional Government's objective was Yi's refuge to Shanghai.[27] On 9 November 1919, he collaborated with Choe Ik-hwan, a member of Daedongdan [ko], who attempted to support him as the new leader of Korea. Prince Yi Kang then tried to escape to the Provisional Government of Korea based in Shanghai, only to be discovered in Dandong from Manchuria and returned to his home country.[28] Lee Jong-Wook got orders from Ahn Changho to accompany Yi and help escape of Yi. With the help of Cheon Un-boek, who was an employee of the Japanese General Government Building, Yi successfully met Lee Jong-Wook, who came to rescue him. Yi faked his face by attaching mustaches on his face. However, Yi was caught near the Dandong Station, which is located in Zhenxing District.[29] On 13 November 1919, Yi was sent back to Keijō by Japanese police force.[30] After this, the Japanese government claimed that Yi Kang was "abducted" and "wanted to escape to live profligately again".[31] Later, Yi Kang asked to deprive his title multiple times but he wasn't approved. Yi's home became part of Deoksugung.[30]

On 20 November 1919, Yi had an interview with Tongnip Sinmun. He said that he would rather be a peasant of the independent Korea than a noble of Empire of Japan.[32] During the tenure of Saitō Makoto, Saitō met Yi many times and tried to change his stance about the independence.[33] As of November 10, 1925, a law for defining the status of the former Korean imperial family was made; on June 12, 1930, Yi Kang officially retired and his eldest son Yi Geon succeeded him as duke, but Yi Kang's styles and allowances still remained until the end of World War II.[34][35]

Throughout the Japanese rule, there were only few members of Yi Kang family recognized by Japan: Yi Kang himself, his wife Kim Su-deok (Duchess Consort of Yi Kang), his eldest son Duke Yi Geon with his family, and his second son Duke Yi U (adopted as the heir to Duke Yi Jun-yong in 1917) with his family.[36]

After Independence

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After the independence of Korea, he continued to live in Seoul, but in increasing poverty.[37] On 9 August 1955 he was baptized a Roman Catholic, given the Christian name "Pius"; Lady Kim was also baptized and given the name of "Maria".[38] Yi said that the reason why he was baptized a Roman Catholic was to apologize for the Anti-Catholic of Joseon led by Heungseon Daewongun.[39] Yi Kang died a week later on August 15, 1955, at the age of 78, in his mansion "Seongrakwon" Manor (now Seongnagwon Garden, in Seongbuk District, Seoul); he was buried at the Hongneung and Yureung imperial tombs in Namyangju near Seoul,[40] where his father and brothers are also buried.[41] His official heritor was chosen as his third son, Yi Bang on 30 June 1970.[42]

Family

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Prince Imperial Ui, Yi Kang married Kim Su-deok (22 December 1880 – 14 January 1964) in 1892; however, the couple had no children. Therefore, all children Yi Gang had, 12 sons and 9 daughters, were born by 13 of his various concubines. Since his first son Yi Geon was naturalized to Japan, and his second to fifth sons were adopted by royal relatives, his sixth son, Yi Gon became the successor of Yi Kang. Currently Yi Gon's first son, Yi Jun(1961~) is the current heir of Prince Imperial Ui and is the chairperson of Prince Imperial Ui Memorial Foundation.[37]

Wife

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Name Hanja and Korean Birth Death Bon-gwan Parents Issue
Kim Suk
[43][44][iii] 		金淑
김숙 		22 December 1880 14 January 1964 Yeonan Kim clan Baron Kim Sa-jun
Lady Hwang of the Changwon Hwang clan 		No issue

Concubines

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Courtesy Title Name Issue
Lady Jeong of Sugwan Hall (수관당 정씨) Lady Jeong (정씨)
Lady Kim of Suin Hall (수인당 김씨) Kim Heung-in (김흥인)
  • 2nd son: Yi U (b. 1912)
  • 5th son: Yi Ju (b. 1917)
  • 6th son: Yi Gon (b. 1919)
Lady Jeong of Suhyeon Hall (수현당 정씨) Jeong Un-seok (정운석)
  • 3rd son: Yi Bang (b. 1914)
— Cho Byeong-suk (조병숙)
  • 4th son: Yi Chang (b. 1915)
Lady Yi of Sudeok Hall (수덕당 이씨) Yi Hui-chun (이희춘)
  • 1st daughter: Yi Hae-wan (b. 1918)
  • 2nd daughter: Yi Hae-won (b. 1919)
Lady Kim of Suwan Hall (수완당 김씨) Kim Jeong-wan (김정완)
  • 3rd daughter: Yi Hae-chun (b. 1920)
Lady Park of Sugil Hall (수길당 박씨) Park Yeong-hui (박영희)
  • 4th daughter: Yi Hae-suk (b. 1920)
— Lady Song (송씨)
  • 7th son: Yi Kwang (b. 1920)
Lady Kim of Sugyeong Hall (수경당 김씨) Kim Chang-hui (김창희)
  • 8th son: Yi Hyun (b. 1922)
— Kim Geum-deok (김금덕)
— Ham Gae-bong (함개봉)
  • 9th son: Yi Gap (b. 1938)
— Kim Hye-su (김혜수)
  • 6th daughter: Yi Hoe-ja (b. 1940)
  • 11th son: Yi Hwan (b. 1944)
  • 9th daughter: Yi Chang-hui (b. 1953)
— Hong Jeong-sun (홍정순)
  • 10th son: Yi Seok (b. 1941)
  • 7th daughter: Yi Hae-ran (b. 1944)
  • 12th son: Yi Jeong (b. 1947)
  • 8th daughter: Yi Haeryeon (b. 1950)

Sons

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Name Hanja Birth Name Registered Name Birth Death Notes Family
1 Yi Geon
이건 		李鍵 Yi Yong-gil
이용길 		— 1909 1990
  • Acquired the duke title in 1930 after his father
  • Naturalized as a Japanese citizen in 1947 and changed the name to "Momoyama Kenichi" (桃山虔一)
  • Wife: Matsudaira Yoshiko (松平誠子), daughter of Captain Matsudaira Yutaka and a first cousin of Yi Bangja. They had two sons and a daughter; divorced in 1951
  • Wife: Maeda Yoshiko (前田美子), daughter of Maeda Fujiyoshi. They had a son and two daughters[46]
2 Yi U
이우 		李鍝 Yi Seong-gil
이성길 		— 1912 1945
  • Adopted as the heir to Duke Yi Jun in 1917
3 Yi Bang
이방 		李鎊 Yi Heung-gil
이흥길 		Yi Hae-jin
이해진 		1914 1951
4 Yi Chang
이창 		李鎗 Yi Chang-gil
이창길 		Yi Hae-jik
이해직 		1915 ?
  • Adopted as the heir to Yi Heon-yong [ko] (1886–1921), a 4th cousin of Yi Kang
  • He died in the United States
  • Wife: Cho Ui-hye (조의혜); they had two sons and two daughters[48]
5 Yi Ju
이주 		李鑄 Yi Su-gil
이수길 		Yi Hae-il
이해일 		1917 1982
  • Wife: Cheongija (천기자/千枝子), a Japanese; they had two sons and two daughters
  • Wife: Kim Sin-deok (김신덕);[52] they had a son
6 Yi Gon
이곤 		李錕 Yi Myung-gil
이명길 		1919 1984
  • The heir to his father upon the death of Yi Kang
  • Wife: Hwang Gyung-saeng (황경생);[53] Their son Yi Jun is the current successor of Yi Kang.
7 Yi Gwang
이광 		李鑛 Yi Hyung-gil
이형길 		Yi Hae-cheong
이해청 		1920 1952
  • Adopted as the heir to Viscount Yi Ki-yong [ko] (1889–1961), a second cousin of Yi Kang
  • Passed away of a heart attack when swimming in 1952[48]
8 Yi Hyun
이현 		李鉉 Yi Gyung-gil
이경길 		1922 1996
9 Yi Gap
이갑 		李鉀 Yi Chung-gil
이충길 		Yi Hae-ryung
이해룡 		1938 2014
  • Wife: Yi Gyung-suk (이경숙);[57] they had two sons and a daughter
10 Yi Seok
이석 		李錫 Yi Yung-gil
이영길 		Yi Hae-seok
이해석 		1941
  • Self-claimed pretender to the imperial throne upon the death of Yi Ku since 2005[58][59]
  • Wife: Dokko Jeong-hui (독고정희); they had a daughter (Yi Hong) and divorced in the 1970s[60]
  • Wife: Kim Jin-ok (김진옥); they had a daughter and later divorced[61]
11 Yi Hwan
이환 		李鐶 Yi Mun-gil
이문길 		Yi Hae-seon
이해선 		1944
12 Yi Jeong
이정 		李鉦 Yi Jeong-gil
이정길 		Yi Hae-jun
이해준 		1947

Daughters

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Name Birth Name Registered Name Hanja Birth Death Notes
1 Yi Yung
이영 		Yi Gil-sun
이길순 		Yi Hae-wan
이해완 		李海琬 1918 1981 Adopted by Viscount Yi Ki-yong[62]
2 Yi Jin
이진 		Yi Gil-un
이길운 		Yi Hae-won
이해원 		李海瑗 1919 2020
  • Husband: Yi Seung-gyu (이승규); they had three sons and a daughter[63]
  • Self-claimed "Empress of Korea" in 2006–2020[58][64]
3 Yi Chan
이찬 		Yi Gil-yun
이길연 		Yi Hae-chun
이해춘 		李海珺 1920 2009
  • Husband: Marquess Park Chan-beom (박찬범), grandson of Pak Yung-hio and his successor; they had a son but later divorced[47]
4 Yi Suk
이숙 		Yi Gil-yung
이길영 		Yi Hae-suk
이해숙 		李海璛 1920 ?
  • Husband: Yi Hak-jin (이학진); they had a daughter[65][66][67]
5 Yi Gong
이공 		Yi Gil-sang
이길상 		Yi Haegyeong
이해경 		李海瓊 1930
  • Also known as "Amy Hai Kyung Lee"[68]
  • Moved to Texas in 1956 and worked as a Korean Studies Librarian in Columbia University since the 1960s; she retired in 1996[69]
6 Yi Jang
이장 		Yi Hui-ja
이희자 		李惠子 1940 2015
  • Became a nun and went by the name, either Catalina (카타리나) or Paulina (바울리나), in the Society of Saint Paul until her death[70]
7 Yi Yong
이용 		Yi Suk-gi
이숙기 		Yi Hae-ran
이해란 		李海珃 1944
8 Yi Hyun
이현 		Yi Suk-hyang
이숙향 		Yi Hae-ryun
이해련 		李海瑢 1950
9 Yi Min
이민 		Yi Chang-hui
이창희 		李昌惠 1953

Ancestry

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Ancestors of Yi Kang[1][71][72][73]
Yi Byeong-won (1752–1822)
Prince Namyeon (1788–1836)
Lady Jeong of the Yeonil Jeong clan (1753–1792)
Heungseon Daewongun (1820–1898)
Min Gyeong-hyeok (1746–1815)
Lady Min of the Yeoheung Min clan (1788–1831)
Lady Han of the Cheongju Han clan (1744–1822)
Gojong of Korea (1852–1919)
Min Dan-hyeon (1768–1858)
Min Chi-Ku (1795–1874)
Lady Park of the Miryang Park clan (1769–1843)
Sunmok Budaebuin (1818–1898)
Yi Ok (1773–1820) [iv]
Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (1797–1873)
Lady Kim of the Gyeongju Kim clan (1770–1832)
Yi Kang, Prince Imperial Ui
(1877–1955)
Jang Seok-Jeong (1736–1796)
Jang Un (1792–1827)
Jang Jwa-geun (b. 1819)
Lady Choe of the Gyeongju Choe clan (1793–1876)
Lady Jang of the Deoksu Jang clan
Yi Buk-eung
Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (b. 1821)

Honours

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  Korean Empire

  Empire of Japan

Notes

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  1. ^ According to the Jang family genealogy book published in 1974, Lady Jang was recorded as daughter of Jang Seok-Jeong (장석정, 1736–1796) but the time didn't match; it's also conjectured that her father could be Jang Jwa-geun (장좌근, b. 1819), a grandson of Jang Seok-Jeong, and Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (b. 1821).[1]
  2. ^ Through her father, Kim Su-deok was an 8-great-grandniece of Queen Inmok.[7]
  3. ^ "Kim Suk" was her official name, while "Kim Su-deok" was her original name by birth, whereas the more known one.[45]
  4. ^ A 9-great-grandson of Deokheung Daewongun, the 7th son of Jungjong of Joseon.[74]

Further reading

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Ju, Myeong-jun (2006). 의친왕의 상해 망명기도 사건 (in Korean).

References

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  1. ^ a b 덕수장씨족보 德水張氏族譜 (Page 548-550)
  2. ^ a b "Records of the Japanese Legation in Korea", p. 384-385.
  3. ^ 清季中日韓關係史料-第三卷. Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica. 1 January 1972. p. 1530. ISBN 9789860458626. 十月十九日辰刻，承旨李鳳九筆談：「關內環衛倭人，意欲立新王：王之庶子，張氏所生子，其母子本在於關外矣。日前其母子俱入來，朝臣中用事者洪英植也、金玉均也、朴泳孝也，入于關内之朝臣，殺盡無餘。」 (Around 7am to 9am on December 17, 1884, the Royal Secretaries [承旨] Yi Bonggu [李鳳九] wrote: 'The palace was surrounded by the Japanese and they wanted to replace the king with his illegitimate son, who was born by Lady Jang and the two were previously living outside the palace. Recently, Lady Jang and her son were in the palace, and the officials in charge were Hong Yung-sik, Kim Ok-gyun and Pak Yung-hio; the rest of officials in the palace were all killed.')
  4. ^ "왕자인 강에게 의화군의 작위를 봉하다". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  5. ^ "의화군 부인으로 참봉 김사준의 딸을 정하다". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  6. ^ a b "李堈夫人金氏". Retrieved 8 July 2020. 仁穆大妃懲國婚之禍作，書遺本家，世世勿連姻王室，至是思濬上之，后愛金氏容德堅不許，……堈旣出閤，驕侈好貨賄，……干訟徵債如追贜…… (After the disastrous events due to her marriage, Queen Inmok left a note to her family, hoping them never marry the royalties again; the note was given by Kim Sajun to Queen Min, but she liked the virtue of his daughter and persisted her decision. ...After he married, Yi Kang started to live luxuriously and accept bribes,... lawsuits and those who came for debt collection appeared as if they were recovering loots... )
  7. ^ 연안김씨의민공파보 延安金氏懿愍公派譜 (The Family Tree of Yeongam Kim clan in 1901; Volume 3, Page 1 & 92)
  8. ^ a b "이강(李堈)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  9. ^ "한국사데이터베이스". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  10. ^ "자료일람 | 한국사데이터베이스". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  11. ^ "중화전에 나아가 황자를 책봉하다". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty.
  12. ^ a b Park, Seong-mo (2 May 2009). "[honaminworld.kr] 1901년 의친왕 이강의 유별난 유학생활". honaminworld.kr. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  13. ^ "한국사데이터베이스". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  14. ^ "한국사데이터베이스". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  15. ^ Journal of the Royal Secretariat. "모반 죄인 장호익 등을 처형하고 체차해 주기를 청하는 중추원 의관 안종덕의 상소". db.itkc.or.kr. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  16. ^ "한국고전종합DB". db.itkc.or.kr. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  17. ^ a b "조선왕조실록". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  18. ^ Veritable Records of Joseon Dynasty. "조선왕조실록". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  19. ^ "조선왕조실록". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  20. ^ a b "한국사데이터베이스". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  21. ^ 사단법인 대한황실문화원. "의친왕 이 강(義親王 李堈, 1877~1955)". www.imperialhouse.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  22. ^ "英親王垠을 皇太子로 封함". Retrieved 8 July 2020. 朝野皆知新皇帝不慧，且無嗣屬望，……嚴貴妃方專寵，欲貴其子，厚賂博文，冀得其力；義親王堈，年雖長，多失儀、無人望，且孤立援少……由是衆議自歸於垠，援定宗朝故事，立爲皇太子。 (The people by the time knew that the new emperor was not exactly smart and there's no hope for him to produce an heir,... Lady Eom, the Imperial Noble Consort just gained much love from the Emperor [Emeritus] and she wanted to promote her son's position, so she bribed Itō Hirobumi for his support; the Prince Imperial Ui, despite being elder, had many scandals and lost reputation, making him lack to support... and so, people eventually agreed to make Yi Un the crown prince, following the precedent from King Jeongjong of Joseon.)
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