The J, K and N class consisted of 24 destroyers built for the Royal Navy beginning in 1938. They were a return to a smaller vessel, with a heavier torpedo armament, after the Tribal class that emphasised guns over torpedoes. The ships were built in three flotillas or groups, each consisting of eight ships with names beginning with "J", "K" and "N". The flag superior of the pennant numbers changed from "F" to "G" in 1940.
 HMS Javelin in 1941
| |
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Operators | |
| Preceded by | Tribal class |
| Succeeded by | L and M class |
| Subclasses | J, K, N |
| Built | 1937–1941 |
| Planned | 25 |
| Completed | 24 |
| Cancelled | 1 |
| Lost | 13 |
| Scrapped | 11 |
| General characteristics (J and K classes as built) | |
| Type | Destroyer |
| Displacement | |
| Length | 356 ft 6 in (108.7 m) o/a |
| Beam | 35 ft 9 in (10.9 m) |
| Draught | 12 ft 6 in (3.8 m) (deep) |
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion | 2 × shafts; 2 × geared steam turbines |
| Speed | 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph) |
| Range | 5,500 nmi (10,200 km; 6,300 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) |
| Complement | 183 (218 for flotilla leaders) |
| Sensors and processing systems | ASDIC |
| Armament |
|
| General characteristics (N class where different) | |
| Displacement |
|
| Armament |
|
The ships were modified throughout their wartime service, particularly their anti-aircraft (AA) guns; they were also fitted with radar.
Design history
edit
The design was intended as a smaller follow-on from the preceding Tribal class. In a departure from all previous Royal Navy destroyers, the design used a two boiler room layout. This reduced hull length and allowed for a single funnel, both reducing the profile and increasing the arcs of fire of the light anti-aircraft (AA) weapons. It also increased vulnerability, as there were now two adjacent large compartments with the resultant risk of a single well-placed hit flooding both and resulting in a total loss of boiler power. A three-boiler-room layout was used starting with the F class in the early 1930s. Early ships also tended to use twin boiler rooms, which are still a great improvement over a single boiler room. As destroyers are lightly armoured and fast vessels meant to survive by avoiding being hit at all, the odds of a single hit striking just the right spot to disable both boiler rooms simultaneously were considered remote enough to be worth risking in exchange for the benefits given by a two-room layout. During prewar trials "...On a light displacement Jackal attained 37.492 knots, on the Arran mile in 60 fathoms, 34.37 knots deep. Jupiter in 75 fathoms made 33.835 knots light, 33.045 knots deep displacement."[1]
A significant advancement in construction techniques was developed by naval architect Albert Percy Cole. Instead of going for transverse frame sections which were unnecessarily strong, but held together by weak longitudinals, Cole opted for extra strong longitudinals and weaker transverse frames.[2]
Another advancement was changes to the bow design. The bow form was also modified from that of the preceding Tribal-class design; the clipper bow was replaced by a straight stem with increased sheer. This change was not a success and as a consequence, these ships were very wet forwards. This shortcoming was rectified from the S class onward by returning to the earlier form.
Despite the vulnerability of the boiler layout, the design was to prove compact, strong and very successful, forming the basis of all Royal Navy destroyer construction from the O class up to the last of the C class of 1943–1945.
The armament was based on that of the Tribals, but replaced one twin QF 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark XII (L/45) gun mount with an additional bank of torpedo tubes. These mountings were capable of 40° elevation and 340° of training. Curiously, 'X' mounting was positioned such that the blind 20° arc was across the stern, rather than the more logical forward position where fire was obscured by the bridge and masts anyway. This meant that they were unable to fire dead astern. With the tubes now 'pentad', a heavy load of 10 21-inch (533 mm) Mark IX torpedoes could be carried. AA armament remained the same, consisting of a quadruple QF 2-pounder (40 mm (1.6 in) Mark VIII gun mount and a pair of quadruple 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) Vickers Mark III machine gun mounts. Armament was further improved by replacing the quadruple machine guns with 20 mm Oerlikons.[3] These ships, when completed, had a comparatively heavy close range AA armament.[4] Fire control arrangements also differed from the Tribals, and the dedicated high-angle (H/A) rangefinder director was not fitted, instead only a 12 ft (3.7 m) rangefinder[5] was carried behind the nominally dual purpose[6] Director Control Tower (DCT). In the event, the rangefinder was heavily modified to allow it to control the main armament for A/A fire, and was known as the "3 man modified rangefinder". These ships used the Fuze Keeping Clock HA Fire Control Computer.[7]
The N class were ordered in 1940 as repeats of the J design, after delays and cost over-runs associated with the larger and more complicated L and M class. The only design change was to locate the 'X' 4.7-inch mounting in the more logical position with the 20° training blindspot forward. While building, the same early wartime modifications as the Js and Ks were applied, with a pair of twin power-operated 0.5 in machine gun turrets briefly carried on the quarterdeck before being replaced by single 20 mm Oerlikons.
Modifications
editIn 1940 and 1941, to improve the anti-aircraft capabilities, all ships had their aft torpedo tubes removed and replaced with a single 4 inch gun QF Mark V on a HA Mark III mounting. The relatively ineffective multiple 0.5-inch machine guns were replaced with a single 20 mm Oerlikon, with a further pair added abreast the searchlight platform amidships. The high-speed destroyer mine sweeps were replaced with a rack and two throwers for 45 depth charges and a Type 286 Radar air warning was added at the masthead alongside Type 285 fire control on the H/A rangefinder-director.
In 1942 the 4 in gun was removed and the torpedoes returned to all surviving vessels. The 20 mm Oerlikons were replaced with twin mountings (except those on the quarterdeck) and a Type 291 Radar replaced the Type 286. Jervis, Kelvin, Nerissa and Norman had the searchlight replaced with the "lantern" for centimetric target indication radar Type 271; Javelin and Kimberley having the lighter Type 272 fitted at the truck of the foremast. Napier, Nizam and Norseman (and later, Norman) had American SG1 Radar fitted at the head of a new lattice foremast, Norman replacing her Type 271 set with a single 40 mm Bofors gun. By the end of the war, the surviving J and K ships carried a lattice mast with a Type 293 radar target indication at the truck and a Type 291 air warning at the head.
Service
editBeing amongst the Royal Navy's most modern and powerful destroyers at the outbreak of war, they were extensively committed. As a result, losses were heavy. Of 24 ships built 13 were lost (six J, six K and one N class), mostly in the Mediterranean in 1941–1942, although they did serve against the Japanese later in the war. France was expected to deal with most of the enemy threat in the Mediterranean, so the French capitulation resulted in heavy British losses in the Mediterranean as the British were unable to allocate many resources to the region. The remainder were scrapped after the war.
Ships
editJ class
edit| Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Completed | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jervis [a] | Hawthorn Leslie & Company, Hebburn | 26 August 1937 | 9 September 1938 | 12 May 1939 | Sold for scrap, 1949 |
| Jackal | John Brown & Company, Clydebank | 24 September 1937 | 25 October 1938 | 31 March 1939 | Bombed off Mersa Matruh, 11 May 1942, and scuttled the following day |
| Jaguar | William Denny & Brothers, Dumbarton | 25 November 1937 | 22 November 1938 | 12 September 1939 | Sunk by the German submarine U-652, 26 March 1942 |
| Juno (ex-Jamaica) | Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company, Govan | 15 October 1937 | 8 December 1938 | 25 August 1939 | Sunk by aircraft, 21 May 1941 |
| Janus | Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson, Wallsend | 29 September 1937 | 11 October 1938 | 5 August 1939 | Sunk by German aircraft, 23 January 1944 |
| Javelin (ex-Kashmir) | John Brown & Company, Clydebank | 11 October 1937 | 21 December 1938 | 10 June 1939 | Sold for scrap, 1949 |
| Jersey | J. Samuel White, Cowes | 20 September 1937 | 26 September 1938 | 28 April 1939 | Mined, 2 May 1941, and sank 2 days later |
| Jupiter | Yarrow & Company, Scotstoun | 28 September 1937 | 27 October 1938 | 25 June 1939 | Hit a mine during the battle of the Java Sea, 27 February 1942, and sank the following day |
| Jubilant | — | — | — | — | Ordered March 1937, cancelled December 1937 |
- ^ Flotilla leader
K class
edit| Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Completed | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kelly [a] | Hawthorn Leslie & Company, Hebburn | 26 August 1937 | 25 October 1938 | 23 August 1939 | Sunk by German aircraft, 23 May 1941 |
| Kandahar | William Denny & Brothers, Dumbarton | 18 January 1938 | 21 March 1939 | 10 October 1939 | Mined off Tripoli, 19 December 1941, and later scuttled |
| Kashmir (ex-Javelin) | Thornycroft, Woolston | 18 November 1937 | 4 April 1939 | 26 October 1939 | Bombed by German aircraft, 23 May 1941 |
| Kelvin | Fairfield Shipbuilding, Govan | 5 October 1937 | 19 January 1939 | 27 November 1939 | Sold for scrap, 1949 |
| Khartoum | Swan Hunter, Wallsend | 27 October 1937 | 6 February 1939 | 6 November 1939 | Sank in Perim Harbour after an exploding torpedo air vessel started a fire which reached the aft magazine, 23 June 1940 |
| Kimberley | Thornycroft, Woolston | 17 January 1938 | 1 June 1939 | 21 February 1940 | Sold for scrap, 1949 |
| Kingston | J. Samuel White, Cowes | 6 October 1937 | 9 January 1939 | 14 September 1939 | Seriously damaged by the Italian battleship Littorio during the Second Battle of Sirte, 22 March 1942. Bombed by German aircraft while in dry dock, 11 April 1942, and written off as a constructive total loss. |
| Kipling | Yarrow & Company, Scotstoun | 26 October 1937 | 19 January 1939 | 22 December 1939 | Bombed and sunk by German aircraft off Mersa Matruh, 11 May 1942 |
- ^ Flotilla leader
N class
editNote: The N-class destroyers of the Royal Australian Navy were manned and commissioned by the Australians, but remained the property of the British government.
| Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Completed | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Noble | Denny | 10 July 1939 | 17 April 1941 | 20 February 1942 | To the Netherlands as Van Galen 1942, sold for scrap, 1957 |
| Nonpareil | 22 May 1940 | 25 June 1941 | 30 October 1942 | To Netherlands as Tjerk Hiddes 1942. To Indonesia as Gadjah Mada 1951, sold for scrap, 1961 |
| Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Completed | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Napier [a] | Fairfield | 26 July 1939 | 22 May 1940 | 11 December 1940 | Sold for scrap, 1955 |
| Nestor | 9 July 1940 | 12 February 1941 | Bombed by Italian aircraft, 15 June 1942, and scuttled | ||
| Nizam | John Brown | 27 July 1939 | 4 July 1940 | 19 December 1940 | Sold for scrap, 1955 |
| Norman | Thornycroft | 30 October 1940 | 29 September 1941 | Sold for scrap, 1958 | |
| Nepal (ex-Norseman) | 9 September 1939 | 4 December 1941 | 29 May 1942 | Sold for scrap, 1955 |
- ^ Flotilla leader
| Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Completed | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nerissa | John Brown | 26 July 1939 | 7 May 1940 | 12 February 1941 | To Poland as Piorun 1940, returned as HMS Noble 1946, sold for scrap in 1955 |
Notes
edit- ^ March 1966, p. 350
- ^ Mountbatten of Burma (December 1979). "Destroyer Design – HMS Kelly". Naval Historical Society of Australia.
originally printed in Naval Historical Review, December 1979.
Letter to the editor. - ^ Hodges & Friedman 1979, p. 31
- ^ Hodges & Friedman 1979, pp. 12, 14, 23, 24, 106, 110, 142: Previous to the Tribal class, RN destroyers carried either two 2 pdr AA guns or twin quadruple 0.5 in Vickers machine guns.
- ^ Langtree 2002, p. 36
- ^ Hodges & Friedman 1979, p. 29
- ^ Hodges & Friedman 1979, p. 30
References
edit
- Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
- Campbell, N. J. M. (1980). "Great Britain". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. New York: Mayflower Books. pp. 2–85. ISBN 0-8317-0303-2.
- English, John (2001). Afridi to Nizam: British Fleet Destroyers 1937–43. Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-64-9.
- Friedman, Norman (2006). British Destroyers and Frigates, the Second World War and After. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-86176-137-6.
- Haarr, Geirr H. (2010). The Battle for Norway: April–June 1940. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-051-1.
- Haarr, Geirr H. (2009). The German Invasion of Norway, April 1940. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-310-9.
- Hodges, Peter & Friedman, Norman (1979). Destroyer Weapons of World War 2. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-137-3.
- Langtree, Christopher (2002). The Kelly's: British J, K, and N Class Destroyers of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-422-9.
- Lenton, H. T. (1998). British & Empire Warships of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-048-7.
- March, Edgar J. (1966). British Destroyers: A History of Development, 1892–1953; Drawn by Admiralty Permission from Official Records & Returns, Ships' Covers & Building Plans. London: Seeley Service. OCLC 164893555.
- Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
- Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.