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Ababda people

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The Ababda (Arabic: العبابدة, romanized: al-ʿabābdah or Arabic: العبّادي, romanized: al-ʿabbādī) are an Arab[1] or Beja[2] tribe[4] in eastern Egypt and Sudan. Historically, most were Bedouins living in the area between the Nile and the Red Sea, with some settling along the trade route linking Korosko with Abu Hamad. Numerous traveler accounts from the nineteenth century report that some Ababda at that time still spoke Beja or a language of their own, hence many secondary sources consider the Ababda to be a Beja subtribe. Most Ababda now speak Arabic and identify as an Arab tribe from the Hijaz. The Ababda have a total population of over 250,000 people.[5]

Ababda
Bedouin tribe
Bedouin of Ababda
EthnicityArab[1] or Beja[2]
LocationEastern Egypt and Sudan
Descended fromZubayr ibn al-Awwam
Population250,000+[3]
LanguageArabic
ReligionSunni Islam

Origin and history

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Two Ababda men in 1848

Ababda tribal origin narratives identify them as an Arab people from the Hijaz, descended from Zubayr ibn al-Awwam (possibly through his son Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr) following the Muslim conquest of Egypt.[1][6]

Many published sources in Western languages identify the Ababda as a subtribe of the Beja, or as descendants of speakers of a Cushitic language.[2][7]

Further information: Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1820-24 § Invasion of Nubia

Language

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Arabic

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Ababda bedouin in Wadi um Ghamis (1961)

Today, virtually all Ababda communities speak Arabic. There is no oral tradition of having spoken any other language prior to Arabic, in keeping with Ababda Arab origin narratives.[8]

In a 1996 study, Rudolf de Jong found that the Ababda dialect of Arabic was quite similar to that of the Shukriya people of the Sudan, and concluded that it was an extension of the northern Sudanese dialect area.[9]

Alfred von Kremer reported in 1863 that the Ababda had developed an Arabic-based thieves' cant that only they understood.[10]

Ababda or Beja Language

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Three Ababda men riding their dromedaries, 1851

There is rich evidence confirming that as late as the second half of the 19th century the Ababda were bilingual in Arabic and a Beja language that was either identical or closely related to Bisharin.[11] A distinct language being spoken by the Ababda has been reported by several early travellers, either identified as Beja or left without further description. In around 1770 the Scottish traveller James Bruce claimed that they spoke the "Barabra" language, Nubian.[12] At the turn of the 19th century, during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria, the engineer Dubois-Aymé wrote that the Ababda understood Arabic, but still spoke a language of their own.[13] In the 1820s Eduard Rüppell briefly stated that the Ababda spoke their own, seemingly non-Arabic language.[14] A similar opinion was written by Pierre Trémaux after his journey in Sudan in the late 1840s.[15]

John Lewis Burckhardt reported that in 1813 those Ababda who co-resided with the Bishari tribe spoke Beja.[16] Alfred von Kremer believed them to be native Beja-speakers and was told that the Ababda were bilingual in Arabic, which they spoke with a heavy accent. Those who resided with the Nubians spoke Kenzi.[17] Robert Hartmann, who visited the country in 1859/60, noted that the vast majority of the Ababda now spoke Arabic. However, in the past they used to speak a Beja dialect that was now, as he was told, solely restricted to a few nomadic families roaming the Eastern Desert. He believed that they abandoned their language in favour of Arabic due to their close contact with other arabophone tribes.[18] The Swedish linguist Herman Almkvist, writing in 1881, counted the Ababda to the Beja and noted that most had discarded the Beja language, supposedly identical to the Bishari dialect, in favour of Arabic, although "quite a lot" were still capable of understanding and even talking Beja. Bishari informants told him that in the past, the Bishari and Ababda were the same people.[19] Joseph Russegger, who visited the country around 1840, noted that the Ababda spoke their own language, although he added that it was heavily mixed with Arabic. He believed it to be a "Nubian Bedouin" language and implied that this language, and the Ababda customs and appearance in general, is similar to that of the Bishari.[20] Traveller Bayard Taylor wrote in 1856 that the Ababda spoke a language different from that of the Bishari, although it "probably sprang from the same original stock."[21] The French Orientalist Eusèbe de Salle concluded in 1840, after attending a Beja conversation between Ababda and Bishari, that both understood each other reasonably well, but that the Ababda "definitely" had a language of their own.[22] The physician Carl Benjamin Klunzinger wrote in 1878 that the Ababda would always speak Arabic while conversing with strangers, avoiding to speak their own language which he thought was a mixture of Arabic and Beja.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Paul, Andrew (1954). A History of the Beja Tribes of the Sudan. London: Frank Cass and Company, Ltd. p. 143. ISBN 0714617105.
  2. ^ a b c Stokes, Jamie, ed. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. New York: Infobase Publishing, Inc. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6.
  3. ^ Olson, James Stuart (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.
  4. ^ "The Ababda Tribe in Egypt: On the desert that suffocates its residents". Nawaat. 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
  5. ^ Olson, James Stuart (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.
  6. ^ Abdel-Qadr, Mustafa; Wendrich, Willeke; Kosc, Zbigniew; Barnard, Hans (2012). "Giving a Voice to the Ababda". The History of the Peoples of the Eastern Desert (History / Middle East / Egypt, Social Science / Archaeology, Social Science / Sociology / General, Desert people -- Congresses -- History -- Egypt -- Eastern Desert -- Antiquities, Eastern Desert (Egypt) -- Congresses -- Antiquities -- Antiquities, Roman, Excavations (Archaeology) -- Congresses -- Egypt -- Eastern Desert). Los Angeles: The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. pp. 399–418. ISBN 978-1-931745-96-3.
  7. ^ de Jong, Rudolf (2002). "Notes on the dialect of the ʿAbābda". In Arnold, Werner; Bobzin, Hartmut (eds.). "Sprich doch mit deinen Knechten aramäisch, wir verstehen es!": 60 Beiträge zur Semitistik: Festschrift für Otto Jastrwo zum 60. Geburtstag. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 337–360. ISBN 978-3447044912.
  8. ^ ضرار, محمّد صالح (2012). تاريخ شرق السودان: ممالك البجة‥ قبائلها وتاريخها. Khartoum: مكتبة التوبة. p. 36.
  9. ^ de Jong, Rudolf (2002). "Notes on the dialect of the ʿAbābda". In Arnold, Werner; Bobzin, Hartmut (eds.). "Sprich doch mit deinen Knechten aramäisch, wir verstehen es!": 60 Beiträge zur Semitistik: Festschrift für Otto Jastrow zum 60. Geburtstag. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 356–358. ISBN 978-3447044912.
  10. ^ von Kremer, Alfred (1863). Aegypten: Forschungen über Land und Volk während eines zehnjährigen Aufenthalts. Vol. 1. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus. pp. 126, 131–132.
  11. ^ Gerhards, Gabriel (2023). "Präarabische Sprachen der Ja'aliyin und Ababde in der europäischen Literatur des 19. Jahrhunderts". Der Antike Sudan. 34: 135–138.
  12. ^ James Bruce (1813): Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 & 1773. Volume VII, p. 104
  13. ^ M. du Bois Aymé (1809): "Mémoire sur la ville de Qoçeyr et ses environs" in Description de l'Égypte: ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française, publié par les ordres de Sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand, p. 6
  14. ^ Eduard Rüppel (1829): "Reisen in Nubien, Kordofan und dem peträischen Arabien". Friedrich Wilmans. p. 212
  15. ^ Trémaux, Pierre (1862): Voyage en Ethiopie au Soudan Oriental et dans la Nigritie. Hachette. pp. 168-170
  16. ^ Burckhardt, John Lewis (1819). Travels in Nubia. London: John Murray. p. 149.
  17. ^ von Kremer, Alfred (1863). Aegypten: Forschungen über Land und Volk während eines zehnjährigen Aufenthalts. Vol. 1. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus. pp. 126–127.
  18. ^ Robert Hartmann (1863): Reise des Freiherrn Adalbert von Barnim durch Nord-Ost-Afrika in den Jahren 1859 und 1860. Georg Reimer. p. 230
  19. ^ Herman Almkvist (1881): "Die Bischari-Sprache. Erster Band". EDV Berling. pp. 3; 20
  20. ^ Joseph Russegger (1843): Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika. Volume 2.1" Schweizerbart'sche Verlagshandlung. p. 379
  21. ^ Taylor, Bayard (1856): A Journey to Central Africa; or, Life and landscapes from Egypt to the Negro Kingdoms of the White Nile. G.P. Putnam. p. 184
  22. ^ Eusèbe de Salle (1840): Pérégrinations en Orient, ou Voyage pittoresque, historique et politique en Égypte, Nubie, Syrie, Turquie, Grèce pendant les années 1837-38-39. Volume 2. p. 123
  23. ^ C. B. Klunzinger (1878): Upper Egypt, Its People and its Products. Blakie & son. 263–264
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