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Culture of Haiti

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The culture of Haiti is a creolized blend of African, European and Taino elements due to the French colonization of Amerindian land (which was then renamed Saint-Domingue), in conjunction with the large diverse enslaved African population who had later freed themselves by a successful revolt. These attributions have largely influenced the art, cuisine, literature, music, religion as well as the languages of Haiti.

Art

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Main article: Haitian art
 
A large sequined Vodou "drapeau" or flag, created by artist George Valris.

Brilliant colors, naïve perspective, and sly humor characterize Haitian art. Big, delectable foods and lush landscapes are favorite subjects in this land. Going to market is the most social activity of country life, and figures prominently into the subject matter. Jungle animals, rituals, dances, and gods evoke the African past.

Artists paint in fable as well. People are disguised as animals and animals are transformed into people. Symbols take on great meaning. For example, a rooster often represents Aristide and the red and blue colors of the flag of Haiti, often represent his Lavalas party.

Many artists cluster in 'school' of painting, such as the Cap-Haïtien school, which features depictions of daily life in the city, the Jacmel School, which reflects the steep mountains and bays of that coastal town, or the Saint-Soleil School, which is characterized by abstracted human forms, and is heavily influenced by Vodou symbolism.

Architecture

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Haiti's most famous monuments are the Sans-Souci Palace and the Citadelle Laferrière, inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1982.[1] Situated in the Northern Massif de la Hotte, in one of Haiti's National Parks, the structures date from the early 19th century.[2] The buildings were among the first to be built after Haiti's independence from France.

Jacmel, the colonial city that was tentatively accepted as a World Heritage site, is reported to be extensively damaged by the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[2]

Since the earthquake of 2010, architecture has taken a huge turn. With damages at an estimated 10 million dollars, architectural measures were taken immediately. Directly after the earthquake Article 25 of the UK gained about 350 architects in 2010 looking to help rebuild Haiti. There was also a great effort made by the U.S. through the Architecture for Humanity effort that was initiated after the earthquake. The architecture style became very reasonable and involved minimalistic and functional style to help rebuild the damage in the most efficient way possible. There has also been a strong initiative to build more open-air clinics that are designed with health precautions as a huge priority.[3][4]

Cuisine

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Main article: Haitian cuisine

The French influences in Haiti are present in their cuisine, but more so it is representative of their location in the Caribbean. They do however have their own flavor as a result of the lack of Spanish influence on their island compared to others in the Caribbean. The cooking style used in Haiti is predominately Creole and includes heavy use of pepper in the majority of their dishes. A main staple in Haiti Is starch, and many of their dishes include potatoes, rice, corn, beans, and plantains.

There is also a strong presence of tropical fruits in their cuisine due to their ability to grow in the tropical climate. This includes pineapples, coconuts, mangoes, and other fruits that are used for many dishes and beverages. Food also has importance in religious and status-symbol type forms. Foods that are considered delicacies in Haiti include French inspired cheeses and meats and are a symbol of money and power. Typically these types of meals are only served in the richest part of Haiti, namely in the capital of Port-au-Prince. As far as religious meals go, the Catholics in Haiti typically enjoy more elaborate meals during Christmas Eve.

Fashion

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Haiti has the potential to become the fashion capital of the Caribbean due to its recent contributions and success in the industry. Haiti's culture is woven in its use of fabrics and forms of garments, which differs from many other countries, giving more focus towards color and volume with many ruffles which makes it unique; gradually making a name for itself in the fashion industry for its creativity, diversity and sustainability incorporating environmental-friendly processes in its materials, which has led to a rise in aspiring Haitian fashion designers throughout the country.[5]

In Haiti, there is a variety of fashion ranging from the more traditional attire to the day-to-day clothing. The traditional female attire consist of Quadrille (or Karabela) dress. The dresses are made of a sturdy material that mainly comes in blue and red, which is usually made from an off-the-shoulder top or bodice with a full matching skirt that is embellished with additional ruffles, lace, or rickrack to add color and visual appeal. A head-scarf or turban can also be worn especially in the more rural areas of Haiti for both traditional and day-to-day use. The traditional male attire consists of a wedding shirt (guayabera) made of lightweight fabrics and are worn untucked with a jacket of any color on top.[6]

Haiti's textile industry and its moniker ‘Made In Haiti’ has been long-established in being a key export for the country which has focused on low-end commodity apparel through the use of its low-wage sweatshops that have sewed for some of the biggest American apparel brands such as American Eagle Outfitters, Calvin Klein, DKNY, Hanes, Levi Strauss & Co., Nordstrom and Ralph Lauren.[7]

The typical day-to-day clothes that most Haitians wear are second-hand clothes that are known as pepe.[8] Largely stemmimg from the 1960s, the practice of sending and receiving pepe began. Today, you can find pepe being sold by street vendors at a price that is affordable for most Haitians. The majority of pepe that arrive on the island have been donated by Americans to charities and collection centers."[9]

Festivals

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Main article: Haitian Carnival
 
Kanaval in Jacmel Haiti 2014 03

The most festive time of the year in Haiti is during Carnival (referred to as Kanaval in Haitian Creole or Mardi Gras). The festivities start in February. The cities are filled with music, parade floats, and people dancing and singing in the streets. Carnival week is traditionally a time of all-night parties and escape from daily life. This is a significant time for Haitian musicians for an opportunity to showcase their talents and expand their audience by performing for Carnival crowds. Rara, a festival which occurs before Easter, is celebrated by a significant number of the population as well, and its celebration has been led to rara music becoming a style of Carnival music. Many of the youth also attend parties and enjoy themselves at nightclubs called discos, (pronounced "deece-ko") (not like the discos of the U.S), and attend Bal. This term derives from the word ballad, and these events are often celebrated by crowds of many people.

Folklore and mythology

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Main article: Haitian mythology

Haiti is known for its rich folklore traditions. The country has many magical tales that are part of the Haitian Vodou tradition. The Haitian dictator Papa Doc was a strong believer in the country's folklore and used elements of it to guide his brutal rule of the country during the Duvalier dynasty.

Literature

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Main article: Haitian literature

The first document of Haitian literature is the collective text Acte de l'Indépendance de la République d'Haïti (Haitian Declaration of Independence). Since then, Haitian literary culture has been ever-growing and vibrant, recognized both at home and abroad with award-winning authors and large-scale literary events locally[10] and internationally.[11]

Music and dance

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Main article: Music of Haiti
 
Haitian Folk Singer Manno Charlemagne

Haitian music combines a wide range of influences drawn from the many people who have settled on this Caribbean island. It reflects French, African rhythms, Spanish elements and others who have inhabited the island of Hispaniola and minor native Taino influences. Styles of music unique to the nation of Haiti include music derived from Vodou ceremonial traditions, rara parading music, twoubadou ballads, mini-jazz rock bands, rasin movement, hip hop kreyòl, the wildly popular compas,[12] and méringue as its basic rhythm.

Very popular today is compas, short for compas direct, made popular by Nemours Jean-Baptiste, on a recording released in 1955. The name derives from compás, the Spanish word meaning rhythm or tones. It involves mostly medium-to-fast tempo beats with an emphasis on electric guitars, synthesizers, and either a solo alto saxophone, a horn section or the synthesizer equivalent. In Creole, it is spelled as konpa dirèk or simply konpa. It is commonly spelled as it is pronounced as kompa.[13]

Dancing is an important part of Haitian life. In the case of Vodou, the religious experience of spirit possession is usually accompanied by dancing, singing, and drumming. Carnival and rara celebrations feature exuberant dancing and movement in the streets. Dancing is also a social activity, used for celebrations such as church socials and informal parties, as well as evenings out with friends. In small restaurants, social dance music is provided by relatively small twoubadou groups, while larger clubs with big dance floors often feature dance bands reminiscent of the American big bands in size. Social dance music has been one of the most heavily creolized music forms in Haiti. European dance forms such as the contradanse (kontradans), quadrille, waltz, and polka were introduced to white planter audiences during the colonial period. Musicians, either slaves or freed people of color, learned the European dance forms and adapted them for their own use. One of the most popular African-influenced dance styles was the méringue (mereng in Creole). Along with the carabinier, the méringue was a favorite dance style of the Haitian elite and was a regular feature at elite dances. The Haitian expression, Mereng ouvri bal, mereng fème ba; (The mereng opens the ball, the mereng closes the ball) alludes to the popularity and ubiquity of the méringue as an elite entertainment. In nineteenth-century Haiti, the ability to dance the méringue, as well as a host of other dances, was considered a sign of good breeding. Like other creolized dance styles, the méringue was claimed by both elite and proletarian Haitian audiences as a representative expression of Haitian cultural values.[14]

Religion

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Swearing-in ceremony of Haitian Diaspora GwètòDe (Clergy in Vodou)
Main article: Religion in Haiti

Haiti is similar to the rest of Latin America, in that it is a predominantly Christian country, with 80% Roman Catholic and approximately 16% professing Protestantism. A small population of Muslims and Hindus exist in the country, principally in the capital of Port-au-Prince.

Vodou, encompassing several different traditions, consists of a mix of Central and Western African, European, and Native American (Taíno) religions is also widely practiced, despite the negative stigma that it carries both in and out of the country. The exact number of Vodou practitioners is unknown; however, it is believed that a large amount of the population practice it, often alongside their Christian faith. Some secular Christians also have been known to participate in some rituals, although indirectly.

Social etiquette

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Main article: Etiquette in Latin America § Haiti

Sports

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See also: Haiti at the Olympics, Haitian Football Federation, List of football clubs in Haiti, Haiti national football team, List of Haitian records in athletics, and Haiti national basketball team

Football is the most popular sport in Haiti, though basketball is growing in popularity.[15] Hundreds of small football clubs compete at the local level.[15] Stade Sylvio Cator is the multi-purpose stadium in Port-au-Prince, Haiti where it is currently used mostly for association football matches that fits a capacity of 30,000 people.

Samuel Dalembert and Olden Polynice are former NBA players born in Haiti.

Haitian football player Joseph Gaetjens played for the United States national team in the 1950 FIFA World Cup, scoring the winning goal in the 1–0 upset of England.

In the early 20th century, it was reported that cockfighting was also a popular sport, though its popularity has since faded.[16]

Ludovic Augustin, Ludovic Valborge, Destin Destine, Astrel Rolland, Eloi Metullus won the country's first Olympic Medal in the Men's team free rifle at the 1924 Summer Olympics.[17]

Silvio Cator was a Haitian Long jumper that won gold in the men's Long Jump at the 1928 Summer Olympics. He is also a former world record holder in the event.[18]

Dudley Dorival is the first Haitian to win a World Champion Medal at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics in the men's 110m Hurdles.[19]

1996 Olympic Games Gold Medalist for Canada Bruny Surin was born in Cap-Haïtien. He also Holds the National Record over 100m for Canada.[20]

Olympian, Pan American Games medalist and World Indoor Championship Gold Medalist Barbara Pierre was born in Haiti. She also represented Haiti at the 2008 Olympic Games.[21]

2020 Olympic Games Gold Medalist Wadeline Jonathas was born in Gonaïves.[22]

Former NFL players Pierre Garçon and Elvis Dumervil are of Haitian descent.

Professional boxer Andre Berto is of Haitian Descent.

Traditional knowledge

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Haiti's traditional knowledge found its first prominent champion in the ethnographer Jean Price-Mars, who's seminal So spoke the uncle (in French Ainsi parla L'oncle) argued in favor of a greater respect and appreciation of Haiti's African-rooted, largely oral-based peasant culture. Since then numerous authors and thinkers have documented the country's rich and complex traditional knowledge, whether it be in its approach to education and morality,[23] architecture and construction,[24] or botany and medicine.[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "National History Park – Citadel, Sans the great Souci, Ramiers". UNESCO.org. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
  2. ^ a b "Heritage in Haiti". UNESCO.org. 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
  3. ^ "Architecture from Haiti - ArchDaily". Archdaily.com. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  4. ^ Rose, Steve (14 February 2010). "Haiti and the demands of disaster-zone architecture". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  5. ^ Handy, Gemma, ed. (6 April 2019). "Vibrant and bright: Haiti's fashion industry is on the up". BBC. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  6. ^ Iddings, Emily (2017-11-08). "Learn More About Traditional Haitian Dress". Restavek Freedom. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  7. ^ Barenblat, Ayesha, ed. (3 June 2015). "Behind "Made in Haiti"". Remake. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  8. ^ "Fashion in Haiti". The CRUDEM Foundation, Inc. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  9. ^ "PÈPÈ". Paolo Woods. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  10. ^ "Livres en folie : " Un bilan satisfaisant "". Le Nouvelliste. May 27, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
  11. ^ Valérie Marin La Meslée (March 23, 2015). "Échos de diaspora : Haïti au Salon du livre de Paris". Le Point Afrique. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
  12. ^ "Music and the Story of Haiti". Afropop Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  13. ^ Wise, Brian. "Band's Haitian Fusion Offers Fellow Immigrants a Musical Link to Home". New York Times. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  14. ^ Manuel, Peter with Kenneth Bilby, Michael Largey (2006). Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae. pp. 157–158. ISBN 9781592134649. Retrieved 28 January 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ a b Arthur, Charles (2 August 2017). Haiti: A Guide to the People, Politics and Culture. Interlink Books. ISBN 9781566563598. Retrieved 2 August 2017 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ Kelsey, p. 120
  17. ^ "Haitian Medals and Results in the Olympic Games". Olympian Data Base. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  18. ^ "Sylvio Cator used the Olympics to seek justice decades before Tommie Smith and John Carlos". Andscape. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  19. ^ "Dorival brings Olympian mindset to Rider". theridernews.com. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  20. ^ "Canadian track legend Bruny Surin named to Order of Canada". runningmagazine.ca. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  21. ^ "Barbara Pierre are all working to get details about relatives in Haiti". ESPN. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  22. ^ "A Breakthrough Season For Wadeline Jonathas". trackandfieldnews.com. 11 July 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  23. ^ Claudine Michel (1995). Aspects educatifs et moraux du vodou haïtien. p. 112.
  24. ^ Richard Campanella (12 February 2014). "Shotgun geography: the history behind the famous New Orleans elongated house". Times-Picayune. Retrieved 29 April 2017. The shotgun house of Port-au-Prince became, quite directly, the shotgun house of New Orleans.
  25. ^ Marilise Neptune Rouzier (1998). Plantes médicinales d'Haïti: description, usages et propriétés.

Sources

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  • Kelsey, Carl (1921) "The American Intervention in Haiti and the Dominican Republic" in American Academy of Political and Social Science; National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection (Library of Congress) (March 1922). Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. C. Published by A.L. Hummel for the American Academy of Political and Social Science. pp. 109–202. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
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