Hakham Bashi - חכם באשי[note 1] (Ottoman Turkish: حاخامباشی, Turkish: Hahambaşı, IPA: [haˈham baˈʃɯ]; Ladino: xaxam (חכם) baši; translated into French as: khakham-bachi) is the Turkish name for the Chief Rabbi of the nation's Jewish community. In the time of the Ottoman Empire it was also used for the chief rabbi of a particular region of the empire, such as Syria or Iraq, though the Hakham Bashi of Constantinople was considered overall head of the Jews of the Empire.
In 1840, a position of Hakham Bashi was established in Jerusalem.[4]
Etymology
editHakham is Hebrew for "wise man" (or "scholar"), while başı is Turkish for "head".
The Karaites used the word "Hakham" for a rabbi, something not done in Hebrew,[dubious – discuss] and the Ottoman Turks adopted this usage for this name.[5]
History
edit
The institution of the Hakham Bashi was established by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II, as part of his policy of governing his exceedingly diverse subjects according to their own laws and authorities wherever possible. Religion was considered as primordial aspect of a communities 'national' identity, so the term Ethnarch has been applied to such religious leaders, especially the (Greek Orthodox) Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (i.e. in the Sultan's imperial capital, renamed Istanbul in 1930 but replaced by Ankara as republican capital in 1923). As Islam was the official religion of both court and state, the Chief Mufti in Istanbul had a much higher status, even of cabinet rank.
Because of the size and nature of the Ottoman state, containing a far greater part of the diaspora than any other, the position of Hakham Bashi has been compared to that of the Jewish Exilarch.
In the Ottoman Empire, and as such, the Hakham Bashi was the closest thing to an overall Exilarchal authority among Jewry everywhere in the Middle East in early modern times. They held broad powers to legislate, judge and enforce the laws among the Jews in the Ottoman Empire and often sat on the Sultan's divan.
The office also maintained considerable influence outside the Ottoman Empire, especially after the forced migration of numerous Jewish communities and individuals out of Spain (after the fall of Granada in 1492) and Italy.
The Chief Rabbi of the modern, secular Republic of Turkey is still known as Hahambaşı.
The term Hakham Bashi was also used for the official Government-appointed Chief Rabbi of other important cities in the Ottoman Empire, such as Damascus and Baghdad.
The position of Hakham Bashi of Palestine terminated with the appointment of separate Ashkenazi and Sephardi Chief Rabbis in 1921.[6]
List of incumbents
editChief Rabbis of the Ottoman Empire (Hahambaşı)
edit| Moses Capsali | 1454–1495 |
| Elijah Mizrachi | 1497–1526 |
| Mordechai Komitano | 1526–1542 |
| Tam ibn Yahya | 1542–1543 |
| Eliyyah Benjamin ha-Levi | 1543 |
| Eliyyah ben Ḥayyim | 1543–1602 |
| Yeḥiel Bassan | 1602–1625 |
| Joseph Miṭrani | 1625–1639 |
| Yomṭov Ben Yaʿesh | 1639–1642 |
| Yomṭov ben Ḥananiah Ben Yaqar | 1642–1677 |
| Ḥayyim Qamḥi | 1677–1715 |
| Judah Ben Rey | 1715–1717 |
| Samuel Levi | 1717–1720 |
| Abraham ben Ḥayyim Rosanes | 1720–1745 |
| Solomon Ḥayyim Alfandari | 1745–1762 |
| Meir Ishaki | 1762–1780 |
| Elijah Palombo | 1780–1800 |
| Ḥayyim Jacob Benyakar | 1800–1835 |
| Abraham ha-Levi | 1835–1836 |
| Samuel ben Moses Ḥayyim | 1836–1837 |
| Moses Fresco | 1839–1841 |
| Jacob Behar David | 1841–1854 |
| Ḥayyim ha-Kohen | 1854–1860 |
| Jacob (or Yakup) Avigdor | 1860–1863 |
| Yakir Geron | 1863–1872 |
| Moses Levi | 1872–1908 |
| Haim Nahum Effendi | 1908–1920 |
| Shabbetai Levi | 1918–1919 |
| Ishak Ariel | 1919–1920 |
Chief Rabbis of the Turkish Republic (Hahambaşı)
edit| Haim Moşe Becerano | 1920–1931 |
| Haim Ishak Saki | 1931–1940 |
| Rafael David Saban | 1940–1960 |
| David Asseo | 1961–2002 |
| Ishak Haleva | 2002– |
Chief Rabbis of Ottoman Galilee
edit| Makhlouf Eldaoudi | 1889–1909 |
Chief Rabbis of Ottoman Palestine
edit| Chaim Abraham Gagin | 1842–1848 |
| Isaac Kovo | 1848–1854 |
| Haim Nisim Abulafia | 1854–1861 |
| Chaim David Hazan | 1861–1869 |
| Abraham Ashkenazi | 1869–1880 |
| Raphael Meir Panigel | 1880–1892 |
| Jacob Saul Elyashar | 1893–1906 |
| Elijah Moses Panigel | 1907 |
Sephardi Chief Rabbis of British Mandatory Palestine
edit| Jacob Meir | 1921–1939 |
| Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel | 1939–1948 |
| Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel | 1948–1953 |
| Yitzhak Nissim | 1955–1972 |
| Ovadia Yosef | 1972–1982 |
| Mordechai Eliyahu | 1982–1993 |
| Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron | 1993–2003 |
| Shlomo Amar | 2003–2013 |
| Yitzhak Yosef | 2013–2024 |
| David Yosef | 2024- |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ In languages of other ethnic minorities:
- Arabic: ruʾasāʾ al-khākhāmāt[1]
- Armenian: The term xaxamglxut‘iwn is used in documents even though Armenian had a word for rabbi, "rabbuni". xaxam is from the Turkish, for rabbi, and "glux" means "head".[2]
- Bulgarian: Xaxamabaši[3]
- Greek: χαχαμπάσης (chachampasēs) which is explained as "μεγάλος ραβίνος" or "Grand Rabbi".[2]
- Persian: khākhāmbāšīgarī is used in the Persian version of the Ottoman Constitution of 1876. Strauss stated that there was a possibility that Persian took the word from Ottoman Turkish as he did not see it in earlier dictionaries.[1]
References
edit- Haim Ze'ew Hirschberg, 'Hakham Bashi', Encyclopaedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0), edited by Cecil Roth (Keter Publishing House, 1997). ISBN 965-07-0665-8
- Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984). ISBN 0-691-00807-8
- Stanford J Shaw, 'Appendix 1: Grand Rabbis of Istanbul and the Ottoman Empire, and Chief Rabbis of republican Turkey', in The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic (New York City: New York University Press, 1991), 272-273.
Reference notes
edit- ^ a b Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Wurzburg. p. 21-51.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (info page on book at Martin Luther University) - Cited: p. 49-50 (PDF p. 51-52) - ^ a b Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Wurzburg. p. 21-51.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (info page on book at Martin Luther University) - Cited: p. 47-48 (PDF p. 49-50) - ^ Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Wurzburg. p. 21-51.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (info page on book at Martin Luther University) - Cited: p. 45-46 (PDF p. 47-48) - ^ ברטל, ישראל. "הארץ ויהודיה". In בן-נאה, ירון; הלד דילהרוזה, מיכל (eds.). הישוב הישן הספרדי בארץ ישראל (in Hebrew). מכון בן-צבי לחקר קהילות ישראל במזרח של יד בן-צבי והאוניברסיטה העברית. p. 16. ISSN 1565-0774.
- ^ Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Wurzburg. p. 21-51.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (info page on book at Martin Luther University) - Cited: p. 46 (PDF p. 48) - ^ Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, Number 40, April 1, 1921, page 10.