Wikipedia

Surrogate's Courthouse

(Redirected from Hall of Records (New York City))

The Surrogate's Courthouse (also the Hall of Records and 31 Chambers Street) is a historic building at the northwest corner of Chambers and Centre Streets in the Civic Center of Manhattan in New York City. Completed in 1907, it was designed in the Beaux Arts style. John Rochester Thomas created the original plans while Arthur J. Horgan and Vincent J. Slattery oversaw the building's completion. The building faces City Hall Park and the Tweed Courthouse to the south, as well as the Manhattan Municipal Building to the east.

Surrogate's Court
New York City Landmark No. 0082, 0926
A bird's-eye view of the south and east facades of the Surrogate's Courthouse, with Chambers Street on the left and Centre Street on the right
View from the Manhattan Municipal Building
Map
Location31 Chambers Street, Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates40°42′49″N 74°00′16″W / 40.71361°N 74.00444°W / 40.71361; -74.00444
Built1899–1907
ArchitectJohn Rochester Thomas; Arthur J. Horgan and Vincent J. Slattery
Architectural styleBeaux Arts
NRHP reference No.72000888
NYSRHP No.06101.000420
NYCL No.0082, 0926
Significant dates
Added to NRHPJanuary 29, 1972[4]
Designated NHLDecember 22, 1977[5]
Designated NYSRHPJune 23, 1980[1]
Designated NYCL
  • February 15, 1966 (exterior)[2]
  • May 11, 1976 (interior)[3]

The Surrogate's Courthouse is a seven-story steel-framed structure with a granite facade and elaborate marble interiors. The architects used a fireproof frame so the structure could safely accommodate the city's paper records. The exterior is decorated with 54 sculptures by Philip Martiny and Henry Kirke Bush-Brown, as well as three-story colonnades with Corinthian columns along Chambers and Reade Streets. The basement houses the New York City Municipal Archives. The fifth floor contains the New York Surrogate's Court for New York County, which handles probate and estate proceedings for the New York State Unified Court System.

The Hall of Records building had been planned since the late 19th century to replace an outdated building in City Hall Park; plans for the current building were approved in 1897. Construction took place between 1899 and 1907, having been subject to several delays because of controversies over funding, sculptures, and Horgan and Slattery's involvement after Thomas's death in 1901. Renamed the Surrogate's Courthouse in 1962, the building has undergone few alterations over the years. The Surrogate's Courthouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark, and its facade and interior are both New York City designated landmarks.

Site

edit

The Surrogate's Courthouse is in the Civic Center neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, just north of City Hall Park. It occupies an entire city block bounded by Chambers Street to the south, Centre Street to the east, Reade Street to the north, and Elk Street to the west.[6] The site measures about 191 by 152 feet (58 by 46 m).[7] Other nearby buildings and locations include 49 Chambers and 280 Broadway to the west; the Ted Weiss Federal Building and African Burial Ground National Monument to the northwest; the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse to the northeast; the Manhattan Municipal Building to the east; and the Tweed Courthouse and New York City Hall to the southwest, within City Hall Park.[6]

The ground slopes downward from south to north; the original ground elevation was below Reade Street and close to sea level.[8] The surrounding area contains evidence of the interments of individuals, mostly of African descent, but the foundations of the Surrogate's Courthouse may have destroyed any remnants of corpses on the site.[9][10] In the 18th and early 19th centuries, the Surrogate's Courthouse site was on a hill called "Pot Baker's" or "Potter's Hill", so named because several families in the pottery industry lived or worked nearby.[11][12] The site also included a water reservoir built of stone and maintained by the Manhattan Company from 1799 until 1842, when the Croton Aqueduct opened. In the mid-19th century, the site contained small loft buildings.[11] Before the completion of Elk Street in 1901,[a] the site was part of a larger city block bounded by Broadway and Chambers, Centre, and Reade Streets.[13]

Architecture

edit

The Surrogate's Courthouse was designed in the Beaux-Arts style, John Rochester Thomas being the original architect. After Thomas's death in 1901, Arthur J. Horgan and Vincent J. Slattery oversaw the completion of the plan.[2][14] Their relatively unknown firm had connections to the politically powerful Tammany Hall organization of the time. The final design largely conforms to Thomas's original plans, though Horgan and Slattery were mostly responsible for the sculptural ornamentation.[14] Fay Kellogg, who designed the prominent double staircase in the building's lobby, helped prepare plans for the Hall of Records.[15] The building has undergone relatively few alterations since its completion in 1907.[16]

The Surrogate's Courthouse's seven-story granite facade wraps around the building's structural frame, while the interiors are elaborately designed in marble.[17] The building was designed to be fireproof to house the city's paper records safely.[17] The interior spaces are popular with film and television production companies and have been used in many commercials, TV series, and movies.[16][18] Besides housing the Surrogate's Court for New York County, the building contains the New York City Municipal Archives, the New York City Department of Records and Information Services (DORIS)'s City Hall Library,[19] and the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs.[20]

Facade

edit
 
South facade as seen in 2012

The facade of the Surrogate's Courthouse consists mostly of granite from Hallowell, Maine, with ashlar masonry.[17][21] It is split vertically into a two-story rusticated base, a three-story midsection, a sixth story and a seventh story in a mansard roof. The northern and southern elevations are split vertically into five bays, with multiple windows on each floor in the center bays, while the western and eastern elevations are split into three bays.[17][21] Thirty-two granite pillars, each weighing between 20 and 40 long tons (22 and 45 short tons; 20 and 41 t), are placed along the facade.[22] The eight pillars on Chambers Street are full columns, while the other pillars are half-columns whose rear sections have been cut away.[23] The largest columns' pedestals measure 2 feet (0.61 m) thick and weigh an estimated 6 long tons (6.7 short tons; 6.1 t). The capitals measure 6 feet (1.8 m) thick and weigh an estimated 15 long tons (17 short tons; 15 t).[23]

The central portion of the southern (Chambers Street) elevation contains three double-height arched doorways, each of which contains a pair of doors and a window with bronze grilles.[17][24] The doorways are flanked by granite columns, each cast from a single granite slab and topped by modified composite capitals.[24][25] This entrance was wainscoted entirely with Siena marble at the building's completion.[25][26] There are side entrances at the center of the western elevation on Elk Street, from which there is a small flight of steps, as well as at the center of the eastern elevation on Centre Street.[27] The Reade Street elevation contains a wheelchair-accessible entrance.[28] An areaway, measuring 3 to 5 feet (0.91 to 1.52 m) wide, surrounds the building.[7]

On the northern and southern elevations, the central five windows of the third through fifth stories are flanked by a projecting Corinthian style colonnade with four single columns between two paired columns at either end. On all four elevations, the outermost bays are designed with window openings on the second, third, fifth, and sixth stories, and sculptures around porthole windows on the fourth story. The remaining six windows on the north and south, and the center nine windows on the west and east, are slightly recessed behind the end bays, with different window designs on each story.[21] An entablature and a cornice runs above the fifth story, and another cornice runs above the sixth story.[17][21] The seventh story contains dormer windows with carved hoods, projecting from the mansard roof in all except the end bays.[21]

Sculptures

edit
 
Detail of the mansard roof

The exterior features fifty-four sculptures by Philip Martiny and Henry Kirke Bush-Brown.[16][25] Martiny was hired for the main sculptural groups, while Bush-Brown designed the smaller sculptures.[29] Like the rest of the facade, the statues were carved from Hallowell granite.[30][31] The tops of the figures are nearly 150 feet (46 m) above the sidewalk.[32][33]

On Chambers and Centre Streets, Martiny carved 24 standing figures at the sixth floor, under the cornice.[30][34] These sculptures depict eminent figures from the city's past, including Peter Stuyvesant, DeWitt Clinton, David Pietersen De Vries, and mayors Caleb Heathcote, Abram Stevens Hewitt, Philip Hone, Cadwallader David Colden and James Duane.[16][25][31] Martiny also designed the groups of sculptures flanking the Chambers and Centre Street entrances.[30][34] Three sculptures flank the Chambers Street entrance, while two originally flanked the Centre Street entrance.[34] The Centre Street sculptures, depicting Justice and Authority, were removed in 1959;[35] they were relocated to the New York County Courthouse.[36][37]

On all four sides, Bush-Brown designed groups of allegorical figures for the roof.[16][25][38] The figures were arranged in standing, sitting, or reclining postures. Figures depicting Heritage and Maternity are at the base of the central dormer on Chambers Street. Above the central Chambers Street dormer is a clock with a dial measuring 4 feet (1.2 m) across, flanked by figures of Poetry and Philosophy and topped by four cherubs and two caryatids.[30][31][39] A similar dormer at the center of Reade Street has figures depicting Instruction, Study, Law, and History. The central Centre Street dormer has figures of Inscription and Custody and the central dormer on the west side has Industry and Commerce.[30][31][40]

Interior

edit

Entrance vestibules

edit
 
Chambers Street vestibule ceiling, by William de Leftwich Dodge

The rectangular entrance vestibule from Chambers Street contains rusticated yellow marble-clad walls. Just opposite the arched entryways is an arcade with decorative cartouches. Double doors made of mahogany are set within marble doorways at either end of the vestibule.[24] The German sculptor Albert Weinert created two marble sculptural groups, one above each set of doorways; these depict the 1624 purchase of Manhattan Island and the 1898 creation of the City of Greater New York.[24][31][41] The vestibule's elliptical ceiling contains mosaic murals and panels created by William de Leftwich Dodge.[16][42][43] Of the four mosaic murals, three depict the probate process (in reference to the Surrogates' Court) and the other depicts the continuity of records.[42][43] The ceiling's triangular mosaic panels depict Egyptian and Greek motifs along with zodiac signs.[37][43] The mosaic tiles are mostly colored red, green, and blue on dull gold.[16][43] The vestibule also contains a bronze chandelier, ornamental bronze radiators and a patterned marble floor.[43]

Smaller entrance vestibules also exist on the west and east ends of the Surrogate's Courthouse; they are largely similar, except for the steps outside the west vestibule. Decorative bronze-and-glass enclosures frame the doorways, while there are mosaic lunettes over the two side doors from the vestibules.[27] In the elliptical ceiling vaults of these vestibules, Dodge also designed mosaics set in glass. The mosaics are generally blue and gold but have green and rose accent strips.[27][42] The ceiling is divided into several panels with decorative elements like garlands, urns, and acanthus scrolls.[44]

Lobby and lower stories

edit
 
View of the main lobby, with a staircase leading to the second floor

The entrance vestibules lead to the main lobby, a triple-story space whose design was inspired by that of the Palais Garnier, the opera house of the Paris Opera.[25][45] Yellow Sienna marble was used throughout the lobby. Surrounding the lobby space on the first floor is an arched gallery with rusticated piers, scrolled keystones, red marble roundels, and garlands linking the roundels and keystones. A decorative frieze runs above the first floor gallery. A marble double staircase with balustrade flanks the western entrance archway on the first floor, ascending two flights to an intermediate landing, where a single flight leads to the second floor. On the second floor is a colonnaded gallery containing engaged columns with Ionic-style capitals. The tops of the lobby walls contain decorative entablatures.[45] The ceiling has a bronze elliptical arched vault reaching the height of the third floor.[37][45] Within the arched vault is a gable-shaped skylight measuring 40 by 60 feet (12 by 18 m).[18]

The hallways on the first floor contain marble walls and multicolored patterned marble floors. The passageways contain groin vaulted ceilings with chandeliers. There are recessed mahogany double-doors leading to the offices, as well as red marble roundels above each doorway. Service functions, such as fuse boxes, are contained within bronze boxes.[46] The second-floor gallery's arches divide the gallery into bays. Within each bay, there are shallow, domed ceilings supported on decorative pendentives, and a cornice runs beneath each dome. On the walls, there are arched openings with mahogany double doors. Above the double staircase in the lobby, a balustraded staircase rises from the second-floor gallery to the third floor, with an intermediate landing above the double stairway.[44]

Upper stories

edit

The third through fifth floors are largely similar in plan and surround an interior light court above the lobby. These floors are connected by a staircase similar in design to the one connecting the second and third floors. The floor surfaces of the third through fifth stories are made of mosaic tile, and the walls consist of gray-veined marble panels. Each story contains different decorative designs on the frames surrounding the doorways and on the openings facing the light court.[44]

The two Surrogates' courtrooms, on the fifth floor,[47] handle probate and estate proceedings for the New York State Unified Court System.[48] Part of the original design, the rooms contain similar layouts with minor differences in decorative detail.[47] The courtrooms have gilded, paneled plaster ceilings with decorative reliefs and ornate chandeliers.[25][37][47] The north courtroom is finished in Santo Domingo mahogany and has four carved panels signifying wisdom, truth, civilization and degradation, as well as six repeating motifs and several portraits of surrogates. The south courtroom is finished in English oak, with French Renaissance style decorative elements.[25][47][16] Overlooking each courtroom is a marble balcony, reached by staircases in the respective courtrooms. There are also ornately carved fireplaces, which contain marble mantelpieces lined with bronze surrounds made by Tiffany & Co.[25][47] The seventh floor and the attic housed the city's records on steel shelves until 2017.[49]

Basement

edit

The building is surrounded by foundation walls measuring 36 feet (11 m) deep.[7] The vaults of the building's basement extend underneath both Chambers and Reade Streets, descending 40 feet (12 m) under Chambers Street and 30 feet (9.1 m) under Reade Street.[10] The Surrogate's Courthouse had been designed with a small power plant in the basement,[25] which provided power to the building and served neighboring municipally owned buildings.[50]

When the building was completed, its basement had four record rooms.[51] By the 21st century, the basement contained the municipal government's City Hall Library as well as the Municipal Archives.[52] The library consists of two publicly accessible reading rooms, as well as several storerooms beneath the main basement for the Municipal Archives. The collection contains over 400,000 publications, including 66,000 books and 285,000 newspapers, journals, magazines, and periodical clippings.[53] The material in the collection totals over 200,000 cubic feet (5,700 m3).[19][54] The basement also included more than 720,000 photographs on rolls of nitrate film, which were stored in freezers,[55] in addition to some New York Supreme Court records.[56]

History

edit

Background

edit

In 1831, the original Hall of Records opened northeast of City Hall on the site of the "New Gaol", the old city jail, in present-day City Hall Park.[57][58] The New Gaol building dated from the late 1750s.[59][60] The New-York Mirror described the original building as a Grecian-style structure with marble-columned porticoes on each side, as well as stucco walls, a copper roof, and masonry floors.[58] In 1870, the original building was expanded by one story and a "fireproof" roof was erected.[57] The first Hall of Records became dilapidated over time and, as early as 1872, lawyers had objected to the rundown condition of the building. Despite its fireproof appearance, the first Hall of Records used wood extensively in its floors and roof.[61] By the late 19th century, the structure housed records pertaining to properties worth a total of $4 billion.[60] An 1889 New York Times article described the old building as having nearly 7,000 volumes, which were "constantly threatened by destruction".[62] The first Hall of Records was razed in 1903, and an entrance to the New York City Subway's Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall/Chambers Street station was built there.[63]

 
Segment of the ceiling mosaic by William de Leftwich Dodge

The New York City Bar Association had advocated the construction of a new Hall of Records as early as 1889.[60] A grand jury reported in March 1896 that the old Hall of Records was "unsafe and susceptible to destruction by fire".[61][64] The New York City Department of Health reportedly "repeatedly condemned" conditions in the old building.[25] In a November 1896 meeting of the New York City Board of Estimate, Ashbel P. Fitch, the New York City Comptroller, offered a resolution to create a committee to select a site for a new Hall of Records building.[65] A coalition of lawyers, businesspeople, real estate developers, and property owners formed the next month to advocate for a new building.[61][64][66] At the time, the city government preferred that new municipal buildings be erected in the area immediately outside City Hall Park, instead of inside the park, as the old Hall of Records had been.[67]

Development

edit

The state legislature authorized a new Hall of Records building in early 1897,[68][69] and the Board of Estimate recommended a 40,000-square-foot (3,700 m2) site on the west side of Centre Street, between Reade and Chambers Streets.[60][70] The site was approved in April 1897 despite the objection of Fitch, who believed that a site immediately to the north would be cheaper.[71] The site approval included an extension of Elm (now Elk) Street southward from Reade to Chambers Street.[60][a] The Elm Street extension, forming the site's western boundary,[72][73] was completed in 1901.[13] The site was valued at $1.3 million at the time of its approval (about $41 million in 2023).[60]

Design and land acquisition

edit

Initially, the city government had contemplated hosting a new architectural design competition for the new Hall of Records, but advocates of the new building's construction worried that the competition would introduce unnecessary delays.[74] Instead, they suggested that the city hire John R. Thomas,[74] who had won the second of four architectural design competitions for the Manhattan Municipal Building (held between 1892 and 1894).[75] From the 134 plans submitted,[75][76] six finalist designs were chosen in 1894.[77] In February 1896, the Municipal Building Commission of New York City awarded Thomas the first prize in the design competition, which included his employment as the architect of the municipal building.[78] The municipal building for which Thomas had prepared plans had been canceled in 1894.[79] Despite the municipal building's cancellation, the city paid Thomas $7,000 for his plans.[80][81]

Thomas was selected as the Hall of Records' architect upon the urging of then-mayor William Lafayette Strong.[82][83][84] Strong, who had been elected on a platform of political reform in 1895, said the city government could save money by adopting Thomas's existing plans.[81] According to architecture critic Montgomery Schuyler, Strong had reminded the Board of Estimate that Thomas "deserved some consolation for a failure that had occurred by no fault of his own".[83][84] Additionally, Thomas had previously revised a plan for the Elmira State Reformatory to save the New York state government $1 million on that project, and Strong appreciated Thomas's intentions to reduce costs.[60] Thomas presented his plans to the Board of Estimate in May 1897, and the board referred the plans to a committee composed of Schuyler, architect William Robert Ware and philanthropist Henry Gurdon Marquand.[85] The Board of Estimate approved them and authorized bids for the building's construction in November 1897.[86][87] The American Institute of Architects opposed Thomas's hiring, insisting that a design competition should have been hosted instead, but Thomas remained as the building's architect.[88]

Difficulties in acquiring the plots for the building's site delayed the start of work.[89] Some of the old buildings on the site were sold in early 1898.[90] Other property owners resisted the seizure of their property through eminent domain.[91] The resistance of one landowner (the Wendel family, which owned a myriad of Manhattan properties and had a policy to "never sell anything") required the state legislature to pass a special act to obtain the small portion of the site owned by the Wendels.[92][93] Lessees also objected to the fact that they would not be compensated for the unexpired terms of their leases.[94]

Start of construction

edit
 
Windows on the eastern part of the Chambers Street elevation

Thirteen companies submitted bids for granite in December 1897.[95][96] John Peirce won the contract to supply white Hallowell granite;[89][97] his bid had been the highest, at $1.997 million, but the city hired him anyway because of his reputation as a granite supplier.[88] Henry Clay Mandeville was the construction superintendent.[98][99]

Work on the foundations began in early 1899, but was halted after about ninety days.[82] The main reason was a lack of funding; several bond authorizations for the building had been delayed.[82][100] Peirce filed a lawsuit in July 1899 to receive payment for the granite he had supplied,[101] and the State Supreme Court issued a mandamus to authorize a bond issue to pay Pierce.[102] The City Council passed a bill to that effect on August 3.[103][104] The City Council adopted a resolution in a contentious vote the following week authorizing the issuance of $2.1 million in bonds (about $65 million in 2023) for the building's construction; the City Council president Randolph Guggenheimer was called to cast the deciding vote.[100] Guggenheimer said the bonds could be placed for sale.[105] Construction resumed in September 1899; the construction contract stipulated that the building's walls and roof be finished within 550 workdays.[80] The city issued $450,000 in bonds in January 1900[106] and issued the remaining $1.6 million in bonds that December.[107]

Meanwhile, the Tammany Hall-affiliated Robert Anderson Van Wyck had won the 1897 mayoral election, taking office the next year.[14] Soon after his inauguration, Van Wyck accused the Strong administration of "extravagance" in its design.[108] Van Wyck wanted to appoint Horgan and Slattery, who were friendly with the Tammany political machine, as the project's architects.[89] Initially, he wanted to add five stories to the building, which were to be used as municipal offices. He canceled these plans after he was informed not only that the existing eight-story Hall of Records would be equivalent to an eleven-story building, but also that a thirteen-story building would be extremely difficult to defend in a fire.[88] There were several other unsuccessful schemes for the site, including proposals for the municipal building[109] and a new county courthouse.[110][111] Thomas called the alternate plans impractical, saying that the foundations could not support additional stories.[112][113]

Van Wyck also appointed Horgan and Slattery in 1899 to conduct a report on possible ways to reduce the cost of the interior furnishings.[114] The original interior cost was to be $2.5 million (about $77 million in 2023). Following Horgan and Slattery's recommendations, the interior appropriation was reduced by $1 million (about $31 million in 2023).[88][115][116] In determining the revised appropriation, Horgan and Slattery had suggested that the interior surfaces be made of cement rather than marble.[115][116] Thomas unsuccessfully sought to have the appropriation restored, saying that the building's design would be "spoiled" if he did not have at least $2.25 million.[117] When Van Wyck threatened to fire Thomas, the architect agreed to reduce the cost of the interior to $1.9 million.[118] The Board of Estimate requested bids for interior decoration in June 1900.[119] The board rejected all the bids, saying the comptroller's office had received anonymous complaints that Thomas had shown favoritism to certain contractors.[120][111] Once the bids were rejected, the complaints were withdrawn without further explanation.[111] Peirce ultimately received the interior contract in 1901.[121]

Change of architect and completion

edit

Guggenheimer laid the building's cornerstone at a ceremony on April 13, 1901.[89][122] Work had progressed slightly when Thomas died in August 1901.[123] Under pressure from Van Wyck, the Board of Estimate appointed Horgan and Slattery as the new architects two weeks later,[124][125] prompting the Thomas estate to sue for damages.[111][126] The New York Times criticized the change in plans as a "Horganizing and Slatterifying" of Thomas's original design.[89] Comptroller Bird S. Coler protested against Horgan and Slattery's appointment, and Fitch refused to give Thomas's plans to Horgan and Slattery.[127] The firm could not collect fees unless they had the plans.[127][128] After Seth Low won the 1901 New York City mayoral election, he reversed some of the changes made to Thomas's plan.[89] Low also unsuccessfully tried to have Horgan and Slattery removed as the architects.[129] Pierce began installing some of the facade's smaller pillars in March 1902,[22] and the first of the eight large columns on Chambers Street was installed the next month.[130] The columns were so heavy that two derricks had to be used to lift each column.[23][130] By that October, the city had decided to demolish the old Hall of Records.[131][132] At the end of the year, records were moved to a temporary site in the Morton Building on Nassau Street.[133][134]

Early in 1903, the Board of Estimate moved to approve Thomas's original plans for the interior of the new building.[135] Horgan and Slattery unilaterally hired Philip Martiny to design the building's sculptures that year,[136] and Henry Kirke Bush-Brown was hired to design additional sculptures.[32][33] Critics said the two sculptors could not commission the sculptures to the desired specifications in a short enough time period,[89][137] while the city's Municipal Art Commission objected that Horgan and Slattery did not present them with general plans for the sculptures and decorative marble.[138][139] The few samples that Horgan and Slattery did submit to the Municipal Art Commission were minor architectural details such as pedestals.[139] The city's Fine Arts Association submitted proposals in March 1903 to decorate the interiors with murals.[140][141] Low upheld Martiny's and Bush-Brown's contracts in June, which The New York Times estimated to be worth $75,000,[29][b] but deferred the completion of the interior murals.[29][143] The statues were delivered during the middle of that year,[30] though one of the statues fell off and cracked in 1905.[144][145]

As late as 1904, there were plans to convert the nearly complete building into one wing of a new county courthouse.[146] Three city departments were scheduled to move into the new Hall of Records building in May 1904, when their existing leases expired, but the building was not complete at the time.[147] Further delays were announced in May 1905, including the plan for Horgan and Slattery to remodel the not-yet-complete interior for $500,000.[148][149] The Board of Estimate received four bids for the interior outfitting in June 1905, of which the lowest bid was $1.33 million,[150][151] but the city's borough presidents initially refused to provide additional money for the interiors.[152][153] City controller Edward M. Grout requested that the Board of Estimate grant the appropriation; at the time, the total construction cost was estimated at $7.84 million.[154][155] A New-York Tribune report that November claimed that, had the building been erected by private interests, it would have opened in 1903 and cost $2 million less.[156] The Board of Estimate launched an inquiry into the delays in 1906,[157] and the building's elevators were tested that March.[158] The Municipal Art Commission, which was still reluctant to approve the sculptures,[159][160] finally consented in September 1906.[161][162]

Use

edit

1900s to 1940s

edit
 
Chambers Street facade detail

The New York City Controller's office began moving its records to the building in mid-1906.[51] The first municipal workers began moving their records and books into the Hall of Records that October,[163] when the Department of Taxes and Assessments began meeting within the building.[51] Many of the railings and shelves had not been finished at the time.[51] The City Register moved into the building in December 1906,[164] even as work on the ceilings was still incomplete.[51][165] Horgan and Slattery claimed its final cost was $5.063 million,[c] while other estimates placed the cost as high as $10 million.[25] Ten percent of the construction cost went to Horgan and Slattery's design fee.[139] From the beginning, the Hall of Records contained space for New York City's departments of finance, taxes and assessments, and law, as well as the New York County Register, County Clerk, and Surrogate's Court.[166] A small number of records from the previous Hall of Records were never transferred to the new building and were lost.[167]

Shortly after the building's opening, news outlets reported that some of the building's "marble" was made of plaster,[168][169] but this was consistent with the construction contract calling for "plaster enrichment".[139][134] The substitution was not the result of corruption, but of the many changes in plans under the administrations of three mayors.[134][168][169] During mid-1907, the president of the Department of Taxes and Assessments suggested removing the false-marble panels above each doorway, which by then had already started to darken.[170] In addition, despite the building's high construction cost and the $90,000 annual maintenance cost, the New-York Tribune reported in 1907 that the building was already dirty and that some furnishings had been damaged to an extent described as "little short of criminal".[171]

In 1911, the Hall of Records' power plant began providing electricity to two other buildings nearby.[172] George McAneny, the borough president of New York City, also proposed installing an ice-making plant in the building's basement in 1913, which would have been supplied by the building's power plant.[173] By the mid-1910s, the building contained 8,000 books of property titles, one million mortgages, and over one million deeds.[174] Other agencies and organizations moved to the building after its completion. The Vehicular Tunnel Commission was established in the Hall of Records in 1919 to oversee the Holland Tunnel's construction,[175] and an employment bureau for soldiers opened there the same year.[176][177] The Naval Reserve Force also opened an office on the third floor in the 1910s.[178] After the city's oldest records (dating from the 16th and 17th centuries) were rediscovered in the late 1920s, they were moved to the Hall of Records.[179]

The original elevators in the Hall of Records operated for several decades and, over the years, the number of elevators was cut from ten to six.[180] Faults in the Hall of Records' elevator system had resulted in several deaths, while elevator operators were reluctant to operate them.[181] The city government spent several hundred thousand dollars to repair the faulty elevators during the 1930s and 1940s.[182]

1950s to 1990s

edit

In 1950, the city sold off around 500,000 old chattel mortgages and other records to providing space for newer documents in the Hall of Records.[183][184] New elevators were installed in the building in 1953.[185] During the decade, officials microfilmed about 845,000 of the building's records to preserve them in case of a nuclear bombing.[186] The city proposed converting all of the records to microfilm, but real-estate professionals opposed the plan because they would no longer be able to access physical record books.[187] Another modification was made to the eastern facade in 1959, when the statues flanking the Centre Street entrance were removed because of street-widening work and the expansion of the underlying subway station.[35] The statues were reinstalled at the New York County Courthouse in the early 1960s.[188]

 
Detail of the facade at the corner of Reade and Elk Streets

The Hall of Records was renamed the Surrogate's Courthouse in 1962. The New York City Council adopted a resolution to rename the structure that October because most of the building's space was used by the court and related offices.[134][189] By that decade, the records of the Surrogates' Court were spread across four stories of the building.[190] During the mid-1960s, the government of New York City proposed a new Civic Center municipal building, which would have entailed destroying several surrounding buildings. The architects of the planned building had proposed the courthouse's eventual demolition because the plans called for the new building and City Hall to be the only structures in an expanded City Hall Park.[191] Land acquisition began in late 1964,[192] but the redevelopment plans were ultimately scrapped during the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis.[193]

During a renovation of the Municipal Building in the 1970s, the Municipal Reference Center was moved to the Surrogate's Courthouse.[194][195] The facade of the Surrogate's Courthouse was also cleaned in the 1970s.[196][197] Following a $300,000 renovation of the building's first floor,[195] the Department of Records and Information Services (DORIS) was founded in 1977 on the first floor.[198] The new agency superseded the Municipal Reference Center as well as the separate Municipal Archives and Record Center, which housed the archives.[197][198]

During the late 20th century, archival materials from other locations in New York City were also relocated to the Surrogate's Courthouse.[199] In addition, exhibits of archival material were sometimes displayed in the building's main lobby.[200] New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani proposed transferring DORIS's 100,000-cubic-foot (2,800 m3) archive within the building to the New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services (DCAS) in the late 1990s, but the city's archivists opposed the move.[201] By then, most of the Municipal Archives' collection was stored at Bush Terminal in Brooklyn, rather than at the Surrogate's Courthouse. Unlike the courthouse, the Bush Terminal facility did not have climate control, prompting concerns over the deterioration of the records at Bush Terminal.[202]

2000s to present

edit

The New York City Department of Finance used part of the second floor for registering and storing mortgages and deeds until 2001.[203] New York Times reporter David W. Dunlap wrote in 2006 that, although the general public could not enter the building unless they had business there, DCAS had advised its guards to allow visitors to see the lobby.[204] The general public was allowed to access the records in the building, but the archival rooms could not fit large groups.[56] The New York City Department of Cultural Affairs moved into a 13,000-square-foot (1,200 m2) space on the second floor in 2006, following a $4.1 million renovation designed by Swanke Hayden Connell Architects.[203] The Building Energy Exchange was also established in the Surrogate's Courthouse in 2015, occupying a 5,500-square-foot (510 m2) space once used as a courtroom and as a film set.[205]

By the early 21st century, the Surrogate's Courthouse no longer provided sufficient space for the city's records. In 2017, DORIS began moving the records to the New York State Archives, as well as to the Municipal Archives in the building's basement.[49][206] In addition, between 2016 and 2020, Urbahn Architects renovated the lobby's skylight, which involved replacing several parts of the corroded steel frame as well as adding replicas of the original skylight's glass blocks.[18][207] The skylight replacement project received the 2020 Lucy Moses Preservation Award from the New York Landmarks Conservancy.[18]

Impact

edit
 
Chambers Street entrance

Upon the Hall of Records' completion, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle said: "The exterior of the big granite pile on Chambers and Centre streets may appeal to the artistic eye, but the interior is a positive revelation, and there is probably nothing like it in any city of the Union."[25] Montgomery Schuyler, who had been on the committee that approved Thomas's plans, wrote in 1905 that "the Hall of Records comes nearer than any other public building in New York to recalling" what he described as a "Parisian" quality.[208] Schuyler said that the design "has reproduced the effect of monuments designed under so much simpler conditions".[209] The Detroit Free Press praised the Hall of Records as "one of the most beautiful pieces of architecture in the country",[26] and The Christian Science Monitor similarly described the structure as one of the city's prettiest buildings.[210] Broadway Magazine said that the building "to some appears wasteful extravagance, to others wonderful and satisfying art".[211]

Architecture critic Paul Goldberger stated that the courthouse's interior was one of the city's finest Beaux-Arts interiors, and he compared the building favorably to two contemporaries in lower Manhattan, the smaller Chamber of Commerce Building and the larger Custom House.[17] Goldberger also wrote in 1977 that the structure competed with the Custom House, the New York Public Library Main Branch, and Grand Central Terminal "for the title of New York's finest Beaux-Arts building".[212] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) described the Hall of Records building as "representative of a period when the Municipality of New York felt itself coming of age".[2] The building has been used as a filming location for the television shows Law & Order,[205][213] Gotham, and Elementary.[214]

The LPC designated the exterior of the Surrogate's Courthouse as a New York City landmark in 1966,[215][3] and the interior was similarly designated in 1976.[3][216] The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972,[16][4] and it was also designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977 for its architecture.[5][217][218] The Surrogate's Courthouse building is also located within two historic districts. It is part of the African Burial Ground and the Commons Historic District,[219] which was designated a city landmark district in 1993.[220] The building is also part of the African Burial Ground Historic District,[221] a National Historic Landmark District.[222]

See also

edit

References

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ a b Elk Street was named Elm Street prior to 1939.[13]
  2. ^ According to a Architects' and Builders' Magazine article that month, $120,000 was allocated to the sculptural group, or two percent of the proposed $6 million cost.[142]
  3. ^ Of this, $4 million in contracts was awarded during Strong's mayoral administration, while the other $1 million was used for fireproofing, wooden decorative elements, furnishings, and Hall of Records equipment.[25]

Citations

edit
  1. ^ "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c "Hall of Records" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. February 15, 1966. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1.
  4. ^ a b "Federal Register: 44 Fed. Reg. 7107 (Feb. 6, 1979)" (PDF). Library of Congress. February 6, 1979. p. 7539. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Surrogate's Court". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 19, 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
  6. ^ a b "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  7. ^ a b c "Hall of Records Rising: Work Seems Slow, But the Job Is a Big One". New-York Tribune. September 2, 1900. p. A14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 570921418.
  8. ^ National Park Service 1993, p. 42.
  9. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 39.
  10. ^ a b National Park Service 1993, p. 11.
  11. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 36.
  12. ^ National Park Service 1993, pp. 8–9.
  13. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 37.
  14. ^ a b c Gray, Christopher (December 16, 2007). "The Hall of Records of 1907: Taking Credit Where Little Is Due". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  15. ^ St. Maur 1915, p. 589.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Surrogates' Court, New York County, Historical Information". N.Y. State Courts. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Goldberger, Paul (1979). The City Observed: New York: A Guide to the Architecture of Manhattan. Random House. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-394-50450-6. OCLC 4835328.
  18. ^ a b c d "Property of the Month: Skylight Replacement at Manhattan Surrogate's Courthouse Wins Preservation Award from NYLC". New York Real Estate Journal. May 19, 2020. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  19. ^ a b Colangelo, Lisa L. (March 3, 2019). "Municipal Archives Offer a Glimpse into New York City's History". amNewYork. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  20. ^ "Contact Cultural Affairs". New York City Department of Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  21. ^ a b c d e National Park Service 1977, p. 2.
  22. ^ a b "Pillars for Hall of Records; First of the Thirty-Two To Be Used to Be Placed This Week – Weigh 44,000 Pounds". The New York Times. March 6, 1902. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  23. ^ a b c "Setting the Heavy Granite Columns on the Hall of Records". Scientific American. Vol. LXXXVI, no. 23. June 7, 1902. p. 395. ProQuest 126753340.
  24. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 3; National Park Service 1977, p. 2.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Fine Ornamentation in the Hall of Records". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 30, 1906. p. 24. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  26. ^ a b "New Building Is Beautiful: Hall of Records, In Manhattan, Has Been Formally Opened by City. Cost Over $5,000,000 And Delights Public". Detroit Free Press. January 20, 1907. p. A9. ProQuest 563939767.
  27. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 5; National Park Service 1977, pp. 6–7.
  28. ^ "ADA Information for New York County". Surrogate's Court. New York State Unified Court System. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  29. ^ a b c "Sculpture Contracts Stand; Committee of Board of Estimate Considers the Decorations of the Hall of Records". The New York Times. June 18, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  30. ^ a b c d e f "On New Hall of Records: Statues Which Will Typify the Purposes of This Costly Structure". New-York Tribune. May 3, 1903. p. 35. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  31. ^ a b c d e Portland Board of Trade (1905). Board of Trade Journal. p. 475. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  32. ^ a b "Hall of Records Statues: Symbolic Figures Modelled by H. K. Bush-Brown Being Cut in Granite". New-York Tribune. October 12, 1902. p. B7. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571214044.
  33. ^ a b "Decorations for the Hall of Records". Stone. Vol. 25, no. 3. September 1, 1902. p. 272. ProQuest 910658962.
  34. ^ a b c Battey 1903, p. 402.
  35. ^ a b "2 Heroic-Sized Statues Moved In Widening of Centre Street". The New York Times. June 16, 1959. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  36. ^ Harrison, Marina; Rosenfeld, Lucy D. (2004). Artwalks in New York Delightful Discoveries of Public Art and Gardens in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx, And Staten Island. New York: New York University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-8147-7338-3. OCLC 1162233277.
  37. ^ a b c d "The Surrogate's Courthouse". New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  38. ^ Battey 1903, pp. 400–401.
  39. ^ Battey 1903, pp. 404–405.
  40. ^ Battey 1903, pp. 406–407.
  41. ^ Wanamaker, Rodman (1923). Official Book of the Silver Jubilee of Greater New York: May Twenty-Sixth To June Twenty-Third, Nineteen Hundred and Twenty-Three. Under the Auspices of Mayor's Committee on Celebration of the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Greater City of New York. M. B. Brown printing and binding Company. p. 66. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  42. ^ a b c "In Hall of Records: Ideas Set Forth in Mosaics for Ceiling Decoration". New-York Tribune. December 2, 1906. p. 24. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  43. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, pp. 3–4; National Park Service 1977, p. 5.
  44. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 5; National Park Service 1977, p. 7.
  45. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 4; National Park Service 1977, pp. 5–6.
  46. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 4; National Park Service 1977, p. 6.
  47. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, pp. 5–6; National Park Service 1977, pp. 7–8.
  48. ^ "New York City Surrogate's Courts". New York State Unified Court System. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  49. ^ a b Rojas, Rick (January 5, 2017). "Centuries of New York History Prepare for a Move". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  50. ^ "Light for City Buildings; Hall of Records Plant to Supply City Hall and Court Houses". The New York Times. March 20, 1911. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  51. ^ a b c d e "Rush to Hall of Records". The New York Times. October 19, 1906. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  52. ^ "Municipal Library – Records". Government of New York City. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  53. ^ Farrell, Stephen (August 6, 2013). "A Library Where the Hush Is Over Its Very Existence". City Room. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  54. ^ Levine, Alexandra S. (September 10, 2017). "Dry Cleaning the City's Oldest Maps". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  55. ^ Rasenberger, Jim (July 30, 2000). "City Lore; A Lost City, Frozen in Time". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  56. ^ a b Feiden, Douglas (May 14, 2006). "N. Y. History in Tatters. Papers in Old Court Archives Crumbling". New York Daily News. p. 32. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 306043026.
  57. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 1; National Park Service 1977, p. 3.
  58. ^ a b "The Hall of Record". The New-York Mirror. American periodical series, 1800–1850. Vol. 9. George P. Morris. 1831. p. 81. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  59. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 32.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g Tauranac 1985, p. 29.
  61. ^ a b c "A New Hall of Records". New York Sun. November 29, 1896. p. 17. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  62. ^ "The Records in Danger; A Little Fire in the Register's Office Yesterday Afternoon". The New York Times. October 10, 1889. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  63. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 24.
  64. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 2; National Park Service 1977, p. 10.
  65. ^ "For a New Hall of Records". New-York Tribune. November 24, 1896. p. 2. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  66. ^ "A New Hall of Records; Big Meeting of Business Men in Its Favor. The Mayor and Sinking Fund Commisson [sic] Asked to Remove Register's Office Records to a Fireproof Building at Once". The New York Times. December 9, 1896. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  67. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 29.
  68. ^ "For a New Hall of Records: The Bill Has Now Passed Both Houses–Senate Proceedings". New-York Tribune. February 18, 1897. p. 2. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  69. ^ "A Mass of New Bills". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 59, no. 1510. February 20, 1897. p. 288. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020 – via columbia.edu.
  70. ^ "For the Hall of Records; East End of the Block on Centre Street, Between Chambers and Reade, Favored". The New York Times. March 27, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  71. ^ "New Hall of Records Site.; The Chambers Street Property Formally Selected. Controller Fitch Objected, On Grounds of Economy Favoring the Reade Street Site, But Was Outvoted". The New York Times. April 3, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  72. ^ "For the Hall of Records; East End of the Block on Centre Street, Between Chambers and Reade, Favored". The New York Times. March 27, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  73. ^ "News in Brief". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 59, no. 1516. April 3, 1897. p. 554. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020 – via columbia.edu.
  74. ^ a b "The New Hall of Records: Fears That the Proposed Competition of Architects Will Result in Useless Delay". New-York Tribune. May 15, 1897. p. 9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574307702.
  75. ^ a b Landau, Sarah; Condit, Carl W. (1996). Rise of the New York Skyscraper, 1865–1913. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-300-07739-1. OCLC 32819286.
  76. ^ "To Open Municipal Building Plans". The New York Times. September 8, 1893. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  77. ^ "Plans for New Municipal Building.; Six Architects Who Did Best May Be Asked to Compete Again". The New York Times. January 17, 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  78. ^ "Thomas, John Rochester". The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. 1899. p. 329. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  79. ^ "All Its Work to Naught; Mayor Gilroy Discusses Effect of City Hall Bill. New Municipal Building Commission In Existence, But May Not Have Power to Take Action". The New York Times. May 10, 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  80. ^ a b "The New Hall of Records: Resumption of the Work Gives Promise of Its Speedy Completion—Mr. Thomas's Plans". New-York Tribune. September 17, 1899. p. 29. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574654653.
  81. ^ a b Tauranac 1985, pp. 29–30.
  82. ^ a b c "The New Hall of Records: Resumption of the Work Gives Promise of Its Speedy Completion". New-York Tribune. September 27, 1899. p. 29. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  83. ^ a b Schuyler 1905, p. 385.
  84. ^ a b National Park Service 1977, p. 10.
  85. ^ "City Money Appropriated; Board of Estimate and Apportionment Makes Many Allowances for Improvements". The New York Times. May 21, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  86. ^ "The New Hall of Records; Board of Estimate Approves the Plans and Authorizes the Advertising for Bids. Jefferson M. Levy's Protest Objects to the City Paying an Excessive Sum of Money for the Remodeling of the City Hall". The New York Times. November 27, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  87. ^ "Detailed Plans Approved: Hall of Records Design Acceptable to the Board of Estimate". New-York Tribune. November 27, 1897. p. 9. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  88. ^ a b c d Tauranac 1985, p. 30.
  89. ^ a b c d e f g Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 2; National Park Service 1977, p. 11.
  90. ^ "Preparing for the Hall of Records". New-York Tribune. March 25, 1898. p. 9. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  91. ^ "Want Two Commissioners Removed: Property-Owners Object to Men Appointed to Condemn Buildings on the Hall of Records Site". New-York Tribune. June 4, 1897. p. 4. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  92. ^ Satow, Julie (April 8, 2016). "Before the Trumps, There Were the Wendels". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  93. ^ McClure's Magazine 1912, p. 136.
  94. ^ "Hall of Records Awards and Property Owners Wrongs". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 65, no. 1678. May 12, 1900. p. 812. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020 – via columbia.edu.
  95. ^ "New York Hall of Records: Bids Opened for New Building—granite Samples Submitted". The Hartford Courant. December 15, 1897. p. 11. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 554780530.
  96. ^ "The Board of Estimate; Money for Several Institutions, But Medical Schools Are Left Out. New Hall of Records Bids". The New York Times. December 15, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  97. ^ "The New Hall of Records; The Board of Estimate Gives the Contract to John Pierce". The New York Times. December 17, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  98. ^ "Henry Clay Mandeville Dies at His Home Here: Superintended Construction of Custom House, Hall of Records". New York Herald Tribune. April 18, 1931. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1221639453.
  99. ^ "H.C. Mandeville Dies; A Prominent Builder; Was Construction Superintendent of Custom House, Hall of Records and Other Public Edifices". The New York Times. April 18, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  100. ^ a b "Bond Issue Is Passed; Council, By Vote of 22 to 5, Authorizes Hall of Records Money". The New York Times. August 10, 1899. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  101. ^ "Municipal Assembly Sued; Contractor Peirce of New Hall of Records Wants His Money". The New York Times. July 13, 1899. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  102. ^ "Defying the Supreme Court". New-York Tribune. July 26, 1899. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  103. ^ "Council Votes for $34,255 Bond Issue; But Refuses the Full $2,100,000 For the Hall of Records". The New York Times. August 3, 1899. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  104. ^ "Pierce's Bill Passed: But Councilmen Balk at Full Hall of Records Issue". New-York Tribune. August 3, 1899. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  105. ^ "Says Bonds Are Legal; Controller Will Advertise the Hall of Records Issue". The New York Times. August 11, 1899. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 6, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  106. ^ "Big Sale of City Bonds; Vermilye & Co. And Harvey Bisk & Sons Purchase Greater Part of $5,568,483.90 Worth". The New York Times. January 24, 1900. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 6, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  107. ^ "City Bonds Bring 112 11–77.; Highest Price Ever Paid for Municipal Securities Bid by Investors". The New York Times. December 27, 1900. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  108. ^ "Rents for City Offices; The Mayor Charges the Last Administration with Extravagance". The New York Times. January 15, 1898. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  109. ^ "Great Municipal Building Scheme; Space for All Courts and Offices of City and County". The New York Times. March 11, 1900. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  110. ^ "Judges Want New Home; Would Erect Big Structure on Site of New Hall of Records. County Court House Proposed as Substitute for the Latter – Architect Thomas Calls Plan Absurd". The New York Times. December 25, 1900. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  111. ^ a b c d Tauranac 1985, p. 31.
  112. ^ "Oppose Changing Records Hall: Mr. Thomas, The Architect, Eats the Foundations Would Not Stand Additional Stories". New-York Tribune. December 27, 1900. p. 5. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 570933478.
  113. ^ "Hall of Records Changes; Architect Thomas Does Not Believe Plans Will Be Modified. Says the Scheme of the Judges Is Impracticable – Corporation Counsel Whalen Is Surprised". The New York Times. December 26, 1900. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  114. ^ "Mazet Committee Back Again". Brooklyn Citizen. August 1, 1899. pp. 1, 11 – via newspapers.com.
  115. ^ a b "Decorations Too Costly: Plans for the Interior of the New Hall of Records Sent Back to the Architect". New-York Tribune. July 14, 1899. p. 4. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  116. ^ a b "The New Hall of Records; Board of Estimate Votes to Reduce Interior Cost $1,000,000". The New York Times. July 14, 1899. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  117. ^ "More Asked for Hall of Records: Instructions to Keep Down Cost of Decorations Meet With Request for Additional Money". New-York Tribune. January 17, 1900. p. 10. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 570774224.
  118. ^ Tauranac 1985, pp. 30–31.
  119. ^ "To Equip the Hall of Records". New-York Tribune. June 26, 1900. p. 10. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 570800167.
  120. ^ "J.D. Rockefeller's Workmen.; Said to Work Ten Hours a Day at Less Than Union Rates". The New York Times. July 20, 1900. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 25, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  121. ^ "New York's New Hall of Records". The Hartford Courant. July 9, 1901. p. 8. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 554989245.
  122. ^ "Hall of Records Cornerstone Laid; John D. Crimmins Gives a History of the Undertaking. S. Stanwood Menken Speaks of the Agitation Lawyers Began Years Ago for a New Building". The New York Times. April 14, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  123. ^ "John R. Thomas Dead.; He Designed New Hall of Records and Many Other Buildings Here". The New York Times. August 29, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  124. ^ "Horgan & Slattery Succeed J.R. Thomas; Board of Estimate Names Them to Complete Hall of Records". The New York Times. September 12, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  125. ^ "Horgan & Slattery Get It". New-York Tribune. September 12, 1901. p. 6. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  126. ^ "Thomas Estate to Sue City.; Will Ask for Damages Because of the Award of Hall of Records Work to Horgan & Slattery". The New York Times. September 13, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  127. ^ a b "Horgan & Slattery Now in a Dilemma; Thomas Plans of the Hall of Records Withheld. Mr. Fitch Says They Can Get No Fees Unless Work Is Certified as Being Done According to Specifications". The New York Times. November 15, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  128. ^ "Retain New Hall of Records Plans". New-York Tribune. November 13, 1901. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571016353.
  129. ^ "Tammany Incubus Fixed: Horgan & Slattery's Contracts Must Stand Under Mr. Rives's Opinion". New-York Tribune. March 4, 1902. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571066224.
  130. ^ a b "Giant Column in Place.: Largest on Any Building in the City Adorns the Facade of the New Hall of Records". The New York Times. April 29, 1902. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  131. ^ "Hall of Records Doomed; Justice Leventritt Orders the Destruction of the Old Building. Dangerous to Attempt Moving the Structure Entire, But Historical Society May Have the Debris". The New York Times. October 11, 1902. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  132. ^ "Hall of Records Must Go: Justice Leventritt Decides That It Is Dangerous to Life and Limb". New-York Tribune. October 11, 1902. p. 7. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  133. ^ "Old Hall of Records Closed: The Register's Office Will Be on Two Floors of the Morton Building". New-York Tribune. October 11, 1902. p. 7. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  134. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 3; National Park Service 1977, p. 12.
  135. ^ "Favor Plan Van Wyck Rejected: Board of Estimate Hears Report on New Hall of Records Decorations". New-York Tribune. January 10, 1903. p. 4. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  136. ^ Tauranac 1985, pp. 31–32.
  137. ^ "Hall of Records Protest.; Mayor Hears From Sculpture Society and Morgan & Slattery". The New York Times. June 3, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  138. ^ "Criticise Sculptures: For Hall of Records Friction Because Horgan & Slattery Did Not Present General Plan Trouble Long Brewing General Plan Demanded". New-York Tribune. March 6, 1903. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  139. ^ a b c d Tauranac 1985, p. 32.
  140. ^ "Hall of Records Plan; Suggestions as to Scheme of Decorations Made Public. Fine Arts Association Recommends Mural Panels Representing Historical and Allegorical Subjects for the Main Hall". The New York Times. March 12, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  141. ^ "Art Scheme for Hall: Comprehensive Plan for Records Building Submitted Historical Subjects Offered Historical Subjects Suggested Dutch Period English Period American Period". New-York Tribune. March 12, 1903. p. 9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571266044.
  142. ^ Battey 1903, p. 398.
  143. ^ "Side Track Mural Decorations: To Save Delay in Occupancy of New Hall of Records". New-York Tribune. June 18, 1903. p. 10. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  144. ^ "Hewitt Statue Falls: Drops Fifty Feet From Hall of Records—demolished". New-York Tribune. December 9, 1905. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571781010.
  145. ^ "That Unlucky Statue of Hewitt Is Smashed; Granite Figure of the ex-Mayor Falls Seven Stories". The New York Times. December 9, 1905. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 6, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  146. ^ "Plans for New County Courthouse". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 73, no. 1869. January 9, 1904. p. 49. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020 – via columbia.edu.
  147. ^ "Hall of Records Delay; Several City Departments in Difficulty Over Leases". The New York Times. March 2, 1904. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  148. ^ "Hall of Records Delay: More Cost by Changes Contract for Alterations to Take 200 Days Is Advertised". New-York Tribune. May 31, 1905. p. 7. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571523173.
  149. ^ "No Hall of Records for a Year More; Interior to Be Remodeled at a Cost of $500,000". The New York Times. May 31, 1905. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  150. ^ "Hall of Records Bids". The New York Times. June 24, 1905. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  151. ^ "Bids Astonish Board: Completion of Hall of Records to Cost More Than $1,000,000". New-York Tribune. June 24, 1905. p. 9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571561498.
  152. ^ "Lock on City Coffers: Demands for Nearly $1,500,000 More for Hall of Records Refused". New-York Tribune. September 16, 1905. p. 5. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571719197.
  153. ^ "Grout Wanted to Act on Franchises Alone; But the Borough Heads Beat Him in the Board of Estimate". The New York Times. September 16, 1905. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  154. ^ "Hall of Records Costly: Controller Says Total Expense to City Will Be $7,836,146 73". New-York Tribune. September 30, 1905. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571717398.
  155. ^ "Hall of Records, $7,836,146.; Grout Tells the Board of Estimate This Will Be the Total Cost". The New York Times. September 30, 1905. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  156. ^ "Two Million Dollars Wasted: Business Men's Investigation of the New Hall of Records Shows a Deplorable Lack of Desire to Give the Taxpayers Full Value for Their Money". New-York Tribune. November 26, 1905. p. C1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571671704.
  157. ^ "The Hall of Records Delay; Contractors Make Various Excuses to the Board of Estimate". The New York Times. May 26, 1906. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  158. ^ "Not an Egg Was Cracked; A Successful Test of the Elevators in New Hall of Records". The New York Times. March 31, 1906. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  159. ^ "M. A. C. Holds Up Plans". New-York Tribune. August 21, 1906. p. 6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571867456.
  160. ^ "The Art Commission Halts Many Contracts; It Sits Hard on Artist Coco's Plans for Queens Court House". The New York Times. August 21, 1906. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  161. ^ "Hall of Records Groups Approved". New-York Tribune. September 19, 1906. p. 6. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  162. ^ "Bridge Plans Approved; The Art Commission Also Passes on the Hall of Records Statues". The New York Times. September 19, 1906. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  163. ^ "Costly Office Palace: New York City's Hall of Records Ready". The Globe. October 19, 1906. p. 11. ProQuest 1354629351.
  164. ^ "Register Gass's New Home; He Moves Into Hall of Records and Has a Little Celebration". The New York Times. December 2, 1906. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  165. ^ "In Hall of Records: Ideas Set Forth in Mosaics for Ceiling Decoration". New-York Tribune. December 2, 1906. p. A8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571944688.
  166. ^ "The New Hall of Record: Three County and Three City Departments Will Be Provided For". New-York Tribune. September 5, 1897. p. 11. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  167. ^ "Old Real Estate Records Disappear; Formerly in the Hall of Records – Never Delivered to the Present Register". The New York Times. August 7, 1910. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  168. ^ a b "Plaster for Marble in Hall of Records; Substitute Doesn't Even Look Like the Real Thing". The New York Times. December 16, 1906. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  169. ^ a b "'All Is Not Gold.': Nor Is It All Marble in the Hall of Records". New-York Tribune. December 16, 1906. p. 9. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  170. ^ "Down With Panels!: Let the Hall of Records Be Purged of False Marble, Says Purdy". New-York Tribune. July 12, 1907. p. 3. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571859817.
  171. ^ "Rats, Dirt, Disorder, Disgrace Hall of Records". New-York Tribune. October 27, 1907. p. 9. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  172. ^ "Light for City Buildings; Hall of Records Plant to Supply City Hall and Court Houses". The New York Times. March 20, 1911. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  173. ^ "M'Aneny Urges City to Build Ice Plants; Submits Plan to Board of Estimate to Cut the Cost to Consumers". The New York Times. May 23, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  174. ^ "Fire Danger Puts Real Estate Titles in Jeopardy: Register Hopper Suggests That Duplicate Record Plant for New York County Be Erected on the Catskill Watershed—1,039,915 Deeds, Representing Property Valued at $5,000,000,000, On Record". New-York Tribune. August 29, 1915. p. B9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 129514650.
  175. ^ "New Tunnel Staff Named: Offices of Commission To Be In Hall of Records". New-York Tribune. July 9, 1919. p. 11. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  176. ^ "Jobs for Men of 27th.; Employment Bureau Established in the Hall of Records". The New York Times. April 21, 1919. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  177. ^ "Wanamaker's Helping To Find Jobs For Soldiers". Women's Wear. Vol. 18, no. 76. April 2, 1919. p. 27. ProQuest 1666157184.
  178. ^ "Sailors Can Ride Now; Elevators in Hall of Records Ordered to Stop for Them". The New York Times. June 30, 1918. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  179. ^ "County Indexes Documents Left by British in 1783; Long-Neglected Ancient Judgment Rolls Have Enabled New York to Win Land Suits". The New York Times. December 2, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  180. ^ "Tired Elevators to Rest; New Bank to Be Installed in Hall of Records Soon". The New York Times. April 29, 1953. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  181. ^ "Hall of Records Becomes Walk-Up: Officials of City and Visitors Trudge Stairways as 50-Year Elevator System Is Repaired". The New York Times. January 31, 1950. p. 21. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 111547390.
  182. ^ "Hall of Records Becomes Walk-Up; Officials of City and Visitors Trudge Stairways as 50-Year Elevator System Is Repaired". The New York Times. January 31, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  183. ^ "Old City Records to Be Sold as Scrap". The New York Times. July 22, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  184. ^ "City Register to Scrap Chattel Mortgage Files". New York Herald Tribune. July 22, 1950. p. 15. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327407784.
  185. ^ "New Lifts for Hall of Records". The New York Times. March 20, 1953. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  186. ^ Lyman, Richard B. (April 19, 1955). "City Films 300 Years of Realty Data: Just in Case Of An Atom Attack". New York Herald Tribune. p. 38. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1326896461.
  187. ^ "Film Is Opposed in Title Searches; Higher Service Charges on Policies Are Predicted Under Proposed New System". The New York Times. August 21, 1955. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  188. ^ Tauranac, John (February 12, 1999). "Lost New York, Found in Architecture's Crannies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  189. ^ "Council Asks Renaming Of the Hall of Records". The New York Times. October 3, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  190. ^ "Manhattan Surrogates' Court Is Focus of Political Disputes; Manhattan Surrogates' Court Is a Focus of Political Disputes". The New York Times. July 5, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  191. ^ "54-Story Building Planned for Civic Center; New Proposal Urges Single Skyscraper With Plazas; City Will Still Need Land on Broadway and Chambers". The New York Times. April 21, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  192. ^ "City Authorized to Buy Land for a Civic Center". The New York Times. November 17, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 13, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  193. ^ Perez-Pena, Richard (January 9, 1995). "City Hall to Let Developer Save 2 Landmarks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  194. ^ "Municipal Reference Center To Move to Hall of Records". The New York Times. September 16, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  195. ^ a b Miele, Alfred (September 16, 1973). "City Will Cure the Cramps of Reference, Research Unit". New York Daily News. p. 5. Archived from the original on May 9, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  196. ^ Goldberger, Paul (April 22, 1975). "Plans Rethought for Old Buildings of Distinction". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 13, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  197. ^ a b Lombardi, Frank (March 28, 1978). "500G Audubon Bird Book to Come Out of Its Nest". New York Daily News. p. 15. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  198. ^ a b Asbury, Edith Evans (July 29, 1977). "A Brand New Agency Will Keep Old City Records". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 22, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  199. ^ Lewis, John (August 31, 1980). "City Is Finding Its Past in Dusty Cellars". New York Daily News. p. 322. Retrieved May 9, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  200. ^ McMorrow, Tom (August 13, 1986). "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About City". New York Daily News. p. 137. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  201. ^ Lentz, Philip (April 24, 1995). "Agency's Backers Foil Rudy Raid on Archive". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 11, no. 17. p. 2. ProQuest 219155148.
  202. ^ Cooper, Michael (August 25, 1996). "Rummaging in the City's Attic". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 9, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  203. ^ a b Dunlap, David W. (August 22, 2006). "Convenience and Elegance Await Agency at New Home". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  204. ^ Dunlap, David W. (January 20, 2006). "So, You Think You Can See a Landmark?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  205. ^ a b Kusisto, Laura (January 13, 2015). "New Energy Goes Into Conserving Power Use". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
  206. ^ Cohen, Michelle (January 5, 2017). "NYC Documents Dating Back to 1674 Will Get a New Home After Gathering Dust for Centuries". 6sqft. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  207. ^ Baird-Remba, Rebecca (May 18, 2020). "Ornate Surrogate's Courthouse in Manhattan Gets a Facelift". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  208. ^ Schuyler 1905, p. 383.
  209. ^ Schuyler 1905, p. 386.
  210. ^ "New York Hall of Records a Great Credit of the City". The Christian Science Monitor. November 24, 1909. p. TH8. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 508012791.
  211. ^ "A Municipal Palace: New York Hall of Records a Castle of Luxury and Gorgeousness". The Sun. December 26, 1906. p. 10. ProQuest 537273693.
  212. ^ Goldberger, Paul (December 30, 1977). "Metropolitan Baedeker". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  213. ^ Kugel, Seth (February 4, 2007). "Loitering in the Halls of Justice". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 9, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  214. ^ Shaltiel, Jason (February 1, 2016). "Small Screen, Big Growth City's Most Popular Filming Spots: TV Industry's 'Golden Age' a Driving Force in New York's Production Boom". Newsday. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 1761400448.
  215. ^ "Poe's Cottage Made Landmark; It Is Among Buildings Named by Preservation Group". The New York Times. March 8, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 6, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  216. ^ Mason, Bryant (May 12, 1976). "Win Delay on Landmark Action". New York Daily News. p. 7. Archived from the original on May 9, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
  217. ^ "NHL Nomination for Surrogate's Courthouse". National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  218. ^ United States. Dept. of the Interior (1985). Catalogue of National Historic Landmarks. U.S. Department of the Interior. p. 157. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  219. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, PDF p. 3.
  220. ^ Dunlap, David W. (February 26, 1993). "African Burial Ground Made Historic Site". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  221. ^ National Park Service 1993, p. 30.
  222. ^ "African Burial Ground". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on October 29, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2020.

Sources

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrogate%27s_Courthouse&oldid=1259437067"