Dichlorodifluoromethane

Dichlorodifluoromethane
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name Dichlorodi(fluoro)methane
	Other names Dichlorodifluoromethane; Carbon dichloride difluoride; Dichloro-difluoro-methane; Difluorodichloromethane; Freon 12; R-12; CFC-12; P-12; Propellant 12; Halon 122; Arcton 6; Arcton 12; E940; Fluorocarbon 12; Genetron 12; Refrigerant 12;
Identifiers
CAS Number	75-71-8 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL2106634 ;
ChemSpider	6151 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.813
EC Number	200-893-9;
E number	E940 (glazing agents, ...)
KEGG	D03789 ;
PubChem CID	6391;
RTECS number	PA8200000;
UNII	OFM06SG1KO ;
UN number	1028
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID6020436 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/CCl2F2/c2-1(3,4)5 Key: PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/CCl2F2/c2-1(3,4)5 Key: PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYAX;
	SMILES ClC(Cl)(F)F;
Properties
Chemical formula	CCl2F2
Molar mass	120.91 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless gas
Odor	ether-like at very high concentrations
Density	1.486 g/cm3 (−29.8 °C (−21.6 °F))
Melting point	−157.7 °C (−251.9 °F; 115.5 K)
Boiling point	−29.8 °C (−21.6 °F; 243.3 K)
Solubility in water	0.286 g/L at 20 °C (68 °F)
Solubility in alcohol, ether, benzene, acetic acid	Soluble
log P	2.16
Vapor pressure	568 kPa (20 °C (68 °F))
Henry's law; constant (kH)	0.0025 mol kg−1 bar−1
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−52.2·10−6 cm3/mol
Thermal conductivity	0.0097 W/(m·K) (300 K)
Structure
Molecular shape	Tetrahedral
Dipole moment	0.51 D
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H336, H420
Precautionary statements	P261, P271, P304+P340, P319, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, P501, P502
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	0 0 0
Flash point	Non-flammable
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LC50 (median concentration)	760,000 ppm (mouse, 30 min); 800,000 ppm (rabbit, 30 min); 800,000 ppm (guinea pig, 30 min); 600,000 ppm (rat, 2 h)
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 1000 ppm (4950 mg/m3)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 1000 ppm (4950 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger)	15000 ppm
Supplementary data page
	Dichlorodifluoromethane (data page)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) is a colorless gas popularly known by the genericized brand name Freon (as Freon-12). It is a chlorofluorocarbon halomethane (CFC) used as a refrigerant and aerosol spray propellant. In compliance with the Montreal Protocol, its manufacture was banned in developed countries (non-article 5 countries) in 1996, and in developing countries (Article 5 countries) in 2010 out of concerns about its damaging effect on the ozone layer.^[5] Its only allowed usage is as a fire retardant in submarines and aircraft. It is soluble in many organic solvents. R-12 cylinders are colored white.

Preparation

It can be prepared by reacting carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalytic amount of antimony pentachloride:

CCl₄ + 2HF → CCl₂F₂ + 2HCl

This reaction can also produce trichlorofluoromethane (CCl₃F), chlorotrifluoromethane (CClF₃) and tetrafluoromethane (CF₄).^[6]

History

Charles F. Kettering, vice president of General Motors Research Corporation, was seeking a refrigerant replacement that would be colorless, odorless, tasteless, nontoxic, and nonflammable. He assembled a team that included Thomas Midgley Jr., Albert Leon Henne, and Robert McNary. From 1930 to 1935, they developed dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl₂F₂ or R12), trichlorofluoromethane (CCl₃F or R11), chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF₂ or R22), trichlorotrifluoroethane (CCl₂FCClF₂ or R113), and dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CClF₂CClF₂ or R114), through Kinetic Chemicals which was a joint venture between DuPont and General Motors.^[7]

Use as an aerosol

The use of chlorofluorocarbons as aerosols in medicine, such as USP-approved salbutamol, has been phased out by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. A different propellant known as hydrofluoroalkane, or HFA, which was not known to harm the environment, was chosen to replace it.^[8]

Environmental Effects

R-12 has the highest ozone depletion potential among chlorocarbons due to the presence of 3 chlorine atoms in the molecule. R-12 also has intense global warming potential (GWP) with the 20yr, 100yr and 500yr GWP being 11400, 11200 and 5100 times greater than CO₂.^[9]

Retrofitting

R-12 was used in most refrigeration and vehicle air conditioning applications prior to 1994 before being replaced by 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), which has an insignificant ozone depletion potential. Automobile manufacturers began phasing in R-134a around 1993^{[citation needed]}. When older units leak or require repair involving removal of the refrigerant, retrofitment to a refrigerant other than R-12 (most commonly R-134a) is required in some jurisdictions. The United States does not require such conversion. Retrofitment requires a system flush and a new filter/dryer or accumulator, and may also involve the installation of new seals and/or hoses made of materials compatible with the refrigerant being installed. Mineral oil used with R-12 is not compatible with R-134a. Some oils designed for conversion to R-134a are advertised as compatible with residual R-12 mineral oil. Illegal replacements for R-12 include highly flammable hydrocarbon blends such as HC-12a, the flammability of which has caused injuries and deaths.^[10]^[11]

Dangers

Aside from its environmental impacts, R12, like most chlorofluoroalkanes, forms phosgene gas when exposed to a naked flame.^[12]

Properties

Table of thermal and physical properties of saturated liquid refrigerant 12:^[13]^[14]

Temperature (°C)	Density (kg/m^3)	Specific heat (kJ/kg K)	Kinematic viscosity (m^2/s)	Conductivity (W/m K)	Thermal diffusivity (m^2/s)	Prandtl Number	Bulk modulus (K^-1)
-50	1546.75	0.875	3.10E-07	0.067	5.01E-01	6.2	2.63E-03
-40	1518.71	0.8847	2.79E-07	0.069	5.14E-01	5.4	-
-30	1489.56	0.8956	2.53E-07	0.069	5.26E-01	4.8	-
-20	1460.57	0.9073	2.35E-07	0.071	5.39E-01	4.4	-
-10	1429.49	0.9203	2.21E-07	0.073	5.50E-01	4	-
0	1397.45	0.9345	2.14E-07	0.073	5.57E-01	3.8	-
10	1364.3	0.9496	2.03E-07	0.073	5.60E-01	3.6	-
20	1330.18	0.9659	1.98E-07	0.073	5.60E-01	3.5	-
30	1295.1	0.9835	1.94E-07	0.071	5.60E-01	3.5	-
40	1257.13	1.0019	1.91E-07	0.069	5.55E-01	3.5	-
50	1215.96	1.0216	1.90E-07	0.067	5.45E-01	3.5	-

Gallery

CFC-12 measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in parts-per-trillion.
Hemispheric and global mean CFC-12 concentrations (NOAA/ESRL)
Time-series of atmospheric concentrations of CFC-12 (Walker et al., 2000)
1990s sea surface CFC-12 concentration
1990s CFC-12 oceanic vertical inventory
CFC-12, CFC-11, H-1211 and SF₆ vertical profiles

References

^ Touloukian, Y. S., Liley, P. E., and Saxena, S. C. Thermophysical properties of matter – the TPRC data series. Volume 3. Thermal conductivity – nonmetallic liquids and gases. Data book. 1970.
^ Khristenko, Sergei V.; Maslov, Alexander I. and Viatcheslav P. Shevelko; Molecules and Their Spectroscopic Properties, p. 74 ISBN 3642719481.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0192". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ "Dichlorodifluoromethane". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ "1:Update on Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) and Other Gases of Interest to the Montreal Protocol". Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2018 (PDF) (Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project–Report No. 58 ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. 2018. p. 1.10. ISBN 978-1-7329317-1-8. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Plunkett, Roy J. (1986). High Performance Polymers: Their Origin and Development. Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 261–262. ISBN 978-94-011-7073-4.
^ "Asthma inhaler replacements coming to Pa. - Pittsburgh Tribune-Review". 16 February 2007. Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
^ "IPCC Sixth Assessment Report - The Physical Science Basis - Chapter 7 Supplementary Material Table 7" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
^ "Se cumplen 13 años de la Tragedia de la Cresta". Ensegundos.com.pa. 23 October 2019.
^ "Victims of the La Cresta tragedy were remembered". M.metrolibra.com. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
^ "False Alarms: The Legacy of Phosgene Gas". HVAC School. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
^ Holman, Jack P. (2002). Heat Transfer (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 600–606. ISBN 9780072406559.
^ Incropera 1 Dewitt 2 Bergman 3 Lavigne 4, Frank P. 1 David P. 2 Theodore L. 3 Adrienne S. 4 (2007). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 941–950. ISBN 9780471457282.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

External links

[1] Touloukian, Y. S., Liley, P. E., and Saxena, S. C. Thermophysical properties of matter – the TPRC data series. Volume 3. Thermal conductivity – nonmetallic liquids and gases. Data book. 1970.

[2] Khristenko, Sergei V.; Maslov, Alexander I. and Viatcheslav P. Shevelko; Molecules and Their Spectroscopic Properties, p. 74 ISBN 3642719481.

[PGCH-3] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0192". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[4] "Dichlorodifluoromethane". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[OzoneAssessment-5] "1:Update on Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) and Other Gases of Interest to the Montreal Protocol". Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2018 (PDF) (Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project–Report No. 58 ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. 2018. p. 1.10. ISBN 978-1-7329317-1-8. Retrieved 22 November 2020.

[6] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[The_History_of_Polytetrafluoroethylene:_Discovery_and_Development-7] Plunkett, Roy J. (1986). High Performance Polymers: Their Origin and Development. Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 261–262. ISBN 978-94-011-7073-4.

[8] "Asthma inhaler replacements coming to Pa. - Pittsburgh Tribune-Review". 16 February 2007. Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2022.

[9] "IPCC Sixth Assessment Report - The Physical Science Basis - Chapter 7 Supplementary Material Table 7" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.

[10] "Se cumplen 13 años de la Tragedia de la Cresta". Ensegundos.com.pa. 23 October 2019.

[11] "Victims of the La Cresta tragedy were remembered". M.metrolibra.com. Retrieved 26 April 2022.

[12] "False Alarms: The Legacy of Phosgene Gas". HVAC School. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2022.

[13] Holman, Jack P. (2002). Heat Transfer (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 600–606. ISBN 9780072406559.

[14] Incropera 1 Dewitt 2 Bergman 3 Lavigne 4, Frank P. 1 David P. 2 Theodore L. 3 Adrienne S. 4 (2007). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 941–950. ISBN 9780471457282.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[5]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]